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Advanced Control Technology of Integrated Wind and Wave Energy Conversion Systems: 2nd Edition

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 April 2026) | Viewed by 7022

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Chih-Ming Hong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Telecommunication Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811213, Taiwan
Interests: control theory applications; power electronics; microgrids; renewable energy systems; wind and wave energy converter
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are inviting submissions to the Energies Special Issue “Advanced Control Technology of Integrated Wind and Wave Energy Conversion Systems: 2nd Edition”.

Wind energy and ocean wave energy are a promising renewable source to contribute to supplying the world’s energy demand. The control system is a key point to increase the power generated and therefore the efficiency of Integrated Wind and Ocean Wave Energy Systems. Due to the nonlinear dynamics and uncertainties usually present in Integrated Wind and Wave Energy Systems, the efficiency of these systems can be increased by adopting advanced control strategies.

This research focuses on developing advanced control strategies for Integrated wind and wave energy converters subject to constraints. A nonlinear control strategy is studied in detail for an Integrated wind and wave energy converter (WEC) subject to constraints under regular and irregular waves. One of the key objectives is to ensure that the WECs are efficient in terms of power production for the wave field where they are placed. The control scheme has improved the real power regulation and dynamic performance of a combined wind and ocean wave energy scheme over a wide range of operating conditions. The control strategies to control the rotational speed of the wells turbine include: (a)variable frequency control; (b)constant torque control; (c)speed control; (d)uncontrolled scheme; (e)V/f control. New technology needs verified by long-term operation and satisfactory reliability of electricity generation.

This Special Issue of Energies aims to address the challenges in the control design and implementation of Wind and Wave Energy Systems used to convert wind and wave energy in electrical power. Original submissions focusing on new control techniques and the practical implementation of these new control schemes, which are useful for improving our knowledge of Integrated Wind and Wave Energy Systems, based on one or more of the following topics, are welcome in this Special Issue. The Issue will include, but is not be limited to, the following topics:

  • Integrated Wind and Wave analysis and prediction
  • Modelling of wind and wave energy converters (WECs)
  • Control system design and implementation
  • Novel concepts and integrated systems
  • WEC optimization and grid connection
  • Implementation of advanced control schemes

Dr. Chih-Ming Hong
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wind and wave energy converter (WEC)
  • wind and wave power generation system
  • intelligent control schemes
  • maximum power point tracking
  • wells turbine

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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25 pages, 2734 KB  
Article
Coordinated Frequency Regulation Control Strategy for Wind-Storage Systems Based on Dynamic Weighting Coefficients and Model Predictive Control
by Dingran Wang and Tingting Cai
Energies 2026, 19(10), 2354; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19102354 - 14 May 2026
Viewed by 216
Abstract
Wind-storage coordinated frequency regulation enhances the frequency stability of large-scale wind power systems. However, existing methods often rely on fixed parameters, limiting adaptability and accelerating energy storage depletion. To address these limitations, a coordinated control strategy based on dynamic weighting coefficients and model [...] Read more.
Wind-storage coordinated frequency regulation enhances the frequency stability of large-scale wind power systems. However, existing methods often rely on fixed parameters, limiting adaptability and accelerating energy storage depletion. To address these limitations, a coordinated control strategy based on dynamic weighting coefficients and model predictive control (MPC) is proposed. First, a dynamic weighting mechanism is designed to adaptively adjust the contributions of virtual inertia and droop control based on the system frequency state and the energy storage system’s (ESS) state of charge (SOC), thereby avoiding abrupt power variations and maintaining the SOC within safe limits. Second, an MPC-based rolling optimization model is established to continuously allocate the active power outputs between the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and the ESS, aiming to minimize both frequency deviations and regulation costs. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed strategy. Under a step load disturbance, the maximum frequency deviation is reduced by 11.3%, and the peak time is shortened by 13% compared to conventional droop control. Furthermore, under continuous load fluctuations, the proposed approach significantly mitigates SOC depletion and minimizes system frequency fluctuations, proving its effectiveness in enhancing the frequency resilience of wind-storage combined systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control Technology of Integrated Wind and Wave Energy Conversion Systems: 2nd Edition)
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29 pages, 5645 KB  
Article
A Wind–Storage Coordinated Frequency Regulation and Power Optimization Control Strategy Based on Multivariable Fuzzy Logic and Model Predictive Control
by Tingting Cai and Yugang Sun
Energies 2026, 19(9), 2071; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19092071 - 24 Apr 2026
Viewed by 423
Abstract
With the large-scale integration of wind power, modern power systems are facing reduced equivalent inertia, weakened primary frequency regulation capability, and insufficient coordination between wind turbines and energy storage during joint frequency support. To address these issues, this paper investigates a wind–storage hybrid [...] Read more.
With the large-scale integration of wind power, modern power systems are facing reduced equivalent inertia, weakened primary frequency regulation capability, and insufficient coordination between wind turbines and energy storage during joint frequency support. To address these issues, this paper investigates a wind–storage hybrid system composed of doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) and supercapacitor energy storage and proposes a coordinated primary frequency regulation strategy combining fuzzy logic control (FLC) and model predictive control (MPC). Considering the variations in rotor kinetic energy reserve and frequency support capability under different wind speed regions, a coordinated regulation mechanism is developed for multiple operating conditions. In addition, a variable-coefficient synthetic inertia control scheme with rotor speed safety constraints is designed to adaptively adjust the turbine regulation coefficients, while an SOC-feedback-based adaptive virtual droop strategy is introduced to improve the sustained support capability of the energy storage unit. On this basis, a multi-objective model predictive control framework is established to optimize the reference power allocation between the wind turbine and the energy storage unit in a rolling manner. The proposed method is characterized by three coordinated features, namely, multi-region wind–storage frequency regulation, rotor-speed-safe adaptive support of the wind turbine and SOC-aware adaptive support of the storage unit, as well as MPC-based rolling power allocation. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy improves the frequency nadir, reduces the steady-state frequency deviation, and enhances coordinated power sharing, thereby improving the primary frequency regulation performance and overall frequency stability of the wind–storage hybrid system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control Technology of Integrated Wind and Wave Energy Conversion Systems: 2nd Edition)
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24 pages, 15380 KB  
Article
Emergency Power Regulation of Wind Turbines Based on LVRT Energy Dissipation Circuit Reuse
by Lexuan Chen, Qingqin Ma and Weike Mo
Energies 2026, 19(7), 1757; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19071757 - 3 Apr 2026
Viewed by 464
Abstract
Under high-power disturbances such as HVDC blocking, stability strategies such as generator tripping are employed to ensure the frequency stability of the sending-end power grid. For renewable energy units, rapid emergency power reduction instead of direct tripping can quickly reduce active power and [...] Read more.
Under high-power disturbances such as HVDC blocking, stability strategies such as generator tripping are employed to ensure the frequency stability of the sending-end power grid. For renewable energy units, rapid emergency power reduction instead of direct tripping can quickly reduce active power and suppress frequency spikes, while maintaining grid connection to provide dynamic reactive power support, avoiding voltage collapse, and smoothly restoring power after a fault, thus improving the transient stability and resilience of a high-proportion renewable energy grid. However, the control performance of rapid emergency power reduction for wind turbines is limited by the converter’s overcurrent capacity and the unit-side load limit. Sudden large-scale active power reduction can easily cause motor speed fluctuations and mechanical stress accumulation, and may trigger current limiting and protection actions when the inverter current is saturated, or the DC bus voltage exceeds the limit, thus strictly limiting the range and duration of the adjustable power. To address the engineering requirements for rapid active power reduction in wind turbines, this paper proposes a control scheme based on low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) energy dissipation circuit reuse, and simultaneously conducts a special study on LVRT reuse conditions. When the unit receives a command to rapidly reduce active power, the scheme uses a percentage current duty cycle control strategy to drive the energy-consuming circuit to quickly dissipate excess energy. Simultaneously, it controls the pitch angle to increase at the maximum adjustment rate, thus completely eliminating excess power. This scheme leverages the existing LVRT hardware of the wind turbine to expand its functionality without requiring additional equipment. Furthermore, research on LVRT reuse conditions provides crucial support for the reliable operation of the scheme, demonstrating both outstanding economic efficiency and engineering practicality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control Technology of Integrated Wind and Wave Energy Conversion Systems: 2nd Edition)
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22 pages, 2696 KB  
Article
Adaptive Maximum Power Capture Control for Wind Power Systems with VRB Storage Using SVR-Based Sensorless Estimation and FPNN-IPSO Optimization
by Kai-Hung Lu, Chih-Ming Hong and Fu-Sheng Cheng
Energies 2025, 18(20), 5461; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205461 - 16 Oct 2025
Viewed by 619
Abstract
This study proposes a novel sensorless maximum power capture control strategy for variable-speed wind energy conversion systems employing a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The proposed method integrates a fuzzy probabilistic neural network (FPNN) with an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm to [...] Read more.
This study proposes a novel sensorless maximum power capture control strategy for variable-speed wind energy conversion systems employing a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The proposed method integrates a fuzzy probabilistic neural network (FPNN) with an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm to enable adaptive learning capabilities. Additionally, support vector regression (SVR) is employed to estimate wind speed without the use of mechanical sensors, thereby enhancing system reliability and reducing maintenance requirements. A vanadium redox battery (VRB) is integrated to enhance power stability under fluctuating wind conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed FPNN-IPSO-based controller achieves superior performance compared to conventional Takagi–Sugeno–Kang (TSK) fuzzy and proportional–integral (PI) controllers. Specifically, the FPNN-IPSO controller exhibits notable improvements in average power output, tracking accuracy, and overall system efficiency. The proposed method increases power output by 9.71% over the PI controller and supports Plug-and-Play operation, making it suitable for intelligent microgrid integration. This work demonstrates an effective approach for intelligent, sensorless MPC control in hybrid wind–battery microgrids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control Technology of Integrated Wind and Wave Energy Conversion Systems: 2nd Edition)
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27 pages, 5057 KB  
Article
Development and Hydrodynamic Performance of an Oscillating Buoy-Type Wave Energy Converter
by Yeison Berrio, Germán Rivillas-Ospina, Gregorio Posada Vanegas, Rodolfo Silva, Edgar Mendoza, Victor Pugliese and Augusto Sisa
Energies 2025, 18(16), 4383; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164383 - 18 Aug 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1745
Abstract
The development of wave energy converters (WECs) faces several technical challenges, particularly enhancing the capturing efficiency, improving the conversion of mechanical to electric energy, and reducing energy losses in the transmission of electricity to land-based facilities. The present study is an assessment of [...] Read more.
The development of wave energy converters (WECs) faces several technical challenges, particularly enhancing the capturing efficiency, improving the conversion of mechanical to electric energy, and reducing energy losses in the transmission of electricity to land-based facilities. The present study is an assessment of the interaction between an oscillating buoy-type wave energy converter (WEC) and waves using experimental and numerical methods. A small-scale model was tested in a wave tank to evaluate its energy capturing efficiency, taking wave heights and periods as independent variables. The recorded data were used to validate OpenFOAM (version 9.0) simulations, which provided insights into system response characteristics. The findings highlight the critical role of resonance in optimizing energy capture, with maximum efficiency observed for medium wave periods, and with specific buoy configurations. The study also identified an inverse relationship between the capture width ratio and wave height, suggesting the need for customized buoy designs, tailored to specific sea states. The integrated approach used in this research provides a comprehensive understanding of WEC behaviour and offers valuable insights for advancing wave energy technologies and improving their sustainability and efficiency in diverse marine environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control Technology of Integrated Wind and Wave Energy Conversion Systems: 2nd Edition)
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18 pages, 9412 KB  
Article
Classical and Advanced Controllers for Ideal Halbach Magnetic Lead Screw for Ocean Wave Energy Applications
by Doha Mostafa, Mohamed Zribi and Hussain A. Hussain
Energies 2025, 18(6), 1447; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061447 - 15 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 979
Abstract
A magnetic lead screw (MLS) uses the magnetic field of permanent magnets to convert between linear and rotational motions while achieving a gearing action. This mechanism converts low-speed, high-force linear motion to high-speed, low-torque rotational motion. The MLS is ideal for wave energy [...] Read more.
A magnetic lead screw (MLS) uses the magnetic field of permanent magnets to convert between linear and rotational motions while achieving a gearing action. This mechanism converts low-speed, high-force linear motion to high-speed, low-torque rotational motion. The MLS is ideal for wave energy applications, where the low-speed oscillatory motion of waves can be converted into usable electrical energy. It harnesses the high-force, low-speed linear motion of waves and converts it into rotational motion for generators, all while maintaining contact-free power transfer, reducing maintenance and machine size compared to linear machines. In this study, two controllers are proposed for an ideal Halbach magnetic lead screw: a proportional-resonant (PR) controller and an observer-based state feedback controller (O-SFC). The proportional-integral (PI) controller is also presented as a benchmark. These controllers are developed based on the linearized model of the ideal Halbach MLS and validated through simulation studies of its non-linear model. Results show that both the PR and O-SFC controllers significantly improve system performance compared to the PI controller, with the O-SFC providing superior performance over both the PR and PI controllers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control Technology of Integrated Wind and Wave Energy Conversion Systems: 2nd Edition)
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Review

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23 pages, 1778 KB  
Review
A Review of Synergies Between Advanced Grid Integration Strategies and Carbon Market for Wind Energy Development
by Kai-Hung Lu, Chih-Ming Hong, Junfang Lian and Fu-Sheng Cheng
Energies 2025, 18(3), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030590 - 27 Jan 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1888
Abstract
The integration of wind energy into power systems is essential for achieving global decarbonization goals but poses significant challenges, including transmission losses, grid instability, and risks of wind farm disconnection during contingencies. This review focuses on advanced grid stability technologies, optimization strategies, and [...] Read more.
The integration of wind energy into power systems is essential for achieving global decarbonization goals but poses significant challenges, including transmission losses, grid instability, and risks of wind farm disconnection during contingencies. This review focuses on advanced grid stability technologies, optimization strategies, and carbon trading mechanisms, proposing a synergistic framework to address these issues. By enhancing transmission efficiency and maintaining grid stability, these solutions reduce energy losses, contribute to carbon reduction, and create economic incentives through carbon credits. Moreover, optimization models enable wind farms to remain operational during severe faults, ensuring their active participation in carbon markets. This review connects recent technical advancements with economic and policy frameworks, offering a comprehensive pathway to achieving sustainable and stable power systems while maximizing the economic potential of wind energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control Technology of Integrated Wind and Wave Energy Conversion Systems: 2nd Edition)
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