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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 February 2024) | Viewed by 22653

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Dr. Peijian Zhou

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Guest Editor

College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
Interests: hydraulic machinery; centrifugal pump; turbine; hydraulic instability of pumps; machine learning; flow control; cavitation flow; rotating stall

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hydraulic machinery and systems are the key components for the sustainable development of energy and water resources, including various transport processes of liquids. Hydropower turbines can produce electric power, while more electrical energy is consumed by pumps every year. Nowadays, key technologies and challenges in hydraulic machinery are how to develop environmentally friendly, efficient hydropower equipment and safe, stable pumped storage systems and pumps through design optimization and smart system controls. This Special Issue aims to encourage researchers to focus on the advanced technology in hydraulic machinery and propose novel technologies. The topics of interest in this Special Issue include but are not limited to the flow mechanism in hydraulic machinery, steady and unsteady analysis, fluid–structure interaction, intelligent evaluation and diagnosis technology, cavitation and multiphase flow, and machine learning applications in hydraulic machines, and so on. In addition, we look forward to attracting review articles to help researchers understand the key technologies and challenges of hydraulic machinery and systems.

Dr. Peijian Zhou
Guest Editor

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Keywords

hydraulic machinery
pump
turbine
hydraulic instability
CFD
fluid-dynamic analysis
multiphase flow
optimization methods
noise reduction
hydraulic instability
machine learning

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 4010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maximum Power Point Tracking Control of Offshore Hydraulic Wind Turbine Based on Radial Basis Function Neural Network

by Qinwei Wang, Zeli Du, Wenting Chen, Chao Ai, Xiangdong Kong, Jiarui Zhang, Keyi Liu and Gexin Chen

Energies 2024, 17(2), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020449 - 17 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1360

Abstract

A maximum power point tracking control strategy for an affine nonlinear constant displacement pump-variable hydraulic motor actuation system with parameter uncertainty, used within an offshore hydraulic wind turbine, is studied in this paper. First, we used the feedback linearization method to solve the affine nonlinear problem in the system. However, offshore hydraulic wind turbines have strong parameter uncertainty characteristics. This conflict was resolved through the further application of RBF neural network adaptive control theory. So, we combined feedback linearization with RBF adaptive control as the control theory, and then two control laws were compared by setting the pump rate and rating as outputs, respectively. It is shown by the MATLABR2016a/Simulink emulation results that power control is smoother than speed and friendlier for electric networks. It is also shown by the emulation results, in terms of the undulatory wind speed condition, that the feedback linearization–RBF neural network adaptive control strategy has perfect robustness. According to the simulation results, the feedback linearization–RBF neural network adaptive control strategy adopts the RBF neural network to approach complex nonlinear models and solve the parameter uncertainty problem. This control law also avoids the use of feedback linearization control alone, which can result in the system becoming out of control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Key Technologies and Challenges of Hydraulic Machinery and Systems)

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17 pages, 3753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Performance of Liquid–Gas Jet Pump with Square Nozzle

by Xin Xu, Jiegang Mou, Huiyan Zhang, Daohang Zou, Xuelong Yang, Xiaohui Liu, Zhi Qiu and Buyu Dong

Energies 2023, 16(24), 7951; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16247951 - 7 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1391

Abstract

An experimental study is conducted to investigate the effects of different operating parameters on the performance of liquid–gas jet pumps. A square nozzle with an area ratio of 2.25 is designed for the liquid–gas jet pump, and an experimental setup for the liquid–gas jet pump system is constructed. By varying parameters such as inlet flow rate, temperature, and inlet pressure, the variations in the pumping capacity and pumping ratio of the system are studied. The performance of liquid–gas jet pumps with square nozzles and traditional circular nozzles under the same working conditions was compared through experimental data. Explore the performance advantages and disadvantages of liquid–gas jet pumps with different shaped nozzles under the same working conditions. The experimental results indicate that as the inlet flow rate of the liquid–gas jet pump increases, the pumping capacity of the system increases, leading to an increase in the pumping ratio. The operational efficiency slightly decreases with a rise in the working water flow rate. The pumping ratio of the system increases with an increase in the inlet pressure, reaching a peak value of around 4.0 when the inlet valve is fully open. Inlet pressure significantly affects the efficiency of the liquid–gas jet pump, with the highest efficiency point achieved at Pa (inlet air pressure) = 60 kPa, reaching an operational efficiency of 42.48%. When Pa exceeds 70 kPa, the operational efficiency rapidly declines. Comparing the performance of square and circular nozzle liquid–gas jet pumps under the same operating conditions, the performance of the square nozzle liquid–gas jet pump outperforms that of the circular nozzle counterpart. The pumping system’s performance decreases continuously with an increase in the working liquid temperature; however, the decline in pumping performance becomes gradual after exceeding 40 °C. As the water level rises, both the pumping capacity and pumping ratio of the system increase. After the liquid level reaches 40 cm, the changes in the pumping system’s performance become less pronounced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Key Technologies and Challenges of Hydraulic Machinery and Systems)

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18 pages, 6181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study on Cavitating Flow-Induced Pressure Fluctuations in a Gerotor Pump

by Peijian Zhou, Jiayi Cui, Gang Xiao, Chun Xiang, Jiacheng Dai and Shuihua Zheng

Energies 2023, 16(21), 7301; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217301 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1493

Abstract

Using the RNG k-ε turbulence model and a full cavitation model, this study numerically simulated cavitating flow-induced pressure fluctuations in a gerotor pump and analyzed the relationship between cavitating flow and pressure fluctuations. The results demonstrate that, as the inlet pressure decreases, the cavitation phenomenon in the gerotor pump intensifies, and the cavitation range in the rotor increases. Some of the vapor even spreads into the oil inlet groove, leading to high vapor content in the chamber that is in contact with the oil inlet groove. The pressure fluctuation characteristics of the flow field in the pump exhibit evident periodic changes. Under different cavitation conditions, the pressure fluctuation amplitude at the monitoring point decreases with increasing inlet pressure, whereas the main frequency of pressure fluctuation remains unaffected by cavitation conditions. The pressure fluctuation amplitude is the strongest at point O₁ of demarcation between the low-pressure and high-pressure zones in the chamber, and the volume between the oil inlet groove and the oil outlet groove serves as the main vibration source in the rotor pump. To ensure the stable and efficient operation of the gerotor pump, it is recommended to operate it at a larger NPSH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Key Technologies and Challenges of Hydraulic Machinery and Systems)

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20 pages, 18490 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Different Operation Conditions and Geological Formation Characteristics on CO₂ Sequestration in Citronelle Dome, Alabama

by Ebrahim Fathi, Danilo Arcentales and Fatemeh Belyadi

Energies 2023, 16(7), 3191; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073191 - 1 Apr 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2565

Abstract

Major concerns of carbon dioxide (CO₂) sequestration in subsurface formations are knowledge of the well injectivity and gas storage capacity of the formation, the CO₂ pressure and saturation plume extensions during and after injection, and the risks associated with CO₂ leakage and fault reactivation. Saline reservoirs are considered as one of the target formations for CO₂ sequestration through structural, residual, dissolution, and mineral trapping mechanisms. The boundary condition of the saline reservoir dictates the pressure and saturation plume extension of the injected supercritical CO₂ that could expand over large distances. This can lead to sources of risk, e.g., leakage and/or fault reactivation due to presence of wells, thief zones, and geological discontinuities. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop a model that describes how risk-related performance metrics (i.e., the CO₂ saturation plume size, the pressure differential plume area, and the pressure differential at specific locations) vary as a function of the size of injection, time following injection, injection operations, and geologic environment. In this study, a systematic reservoir modeling studies of anthropogenic CO₂ sequestration in Citronelle dome, Alabama, was performed where all relevant scenarios and conditions to address the questions of the saturation and pressure plume size in the area of review (AoR) and post-injection site care (PISC) are considered. The objective for this study was firstly to systematically simulate CO₂ sequestration, i.e., saturation dynamics, and pressure behavior over a range of operational and geological conditions and to derive conclusions about the factors influencing saturation and pressure plume size, post-injection behavior, and the risk associated with them, by developing third-generation reduced order models (ROMs) for reservoir behavior. Finally, to assess the uncertainty associated with our studies, Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) together with an experimental design technique, i.e., Plackett–Burman design, was used. Application of Pareto charts and respond surfaces enabled us to determine the most important parameters impacting saturation and pressure plume sizes and to quantify the auto- and cross-correlation among different parameters in both history-matched and upscaled models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Key Technologies and Challenges of Hydraulic Machinery and Systems)

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20 pages, 2094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Driven Prediction of Unsteady Vortex Phenomena in a Conical Diffuser

by Sergey Skripkin, Daniil Suslov, Ivan Plokhikh, Mikhail Tsoy, Evgeny Gorelikov and Ivan Litvinov

Energies 2023, 16(5), 2108; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052108 - 21 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1950

Abstract

The application of machine learning to solve engineering problems is in extremely high demand. This article proposes a tool that employs machine learning algorithms for predicting the frequency response of an unsteady vortex phenomenon, the precessing vortex core (PVC), occurring in a conical diffuser behind a radial swirler. The model input parameters are the two components of the time-averaged velocity profile at the cone diffuser inlet. An empirical database was obtained using a fully automated experiment. The database associates multiple inlet velocity profiles with pressure pulsations measured in the cone diffuser, which are caused by the PVC in the swirling flow. In total, over 10³ different flow regimes were measured by varying the swirl number and the cone angle of the diffuser. Pressure pulsations induced by the PVC were detected using two pressure fluctuations sensors residing on opposite sides of the conical diffuser. A classifier was constructed using the Linear Support Vector Classification (Linear SVC) model and the experimental data. The classifier based on the average velocity profiles at the cone diffuser inlet allows one to predict the emergence of the PVC with high accuracy (99%). By training a regression artificial neural network, the frequency response of the flow was predicted with an error of no more than 1.01 and 5.4% for the frequency and power of pressure pulsations, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Key Technologies and Challenges of Hydraulic Machinery and Systems)

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15 pages, 9629 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Fault Diagnosis Method of the Shearer Hydraulic Heightening System Based on a Rough Set and RBF Neural Network

by Min Liu, Zhiqi Liu, Jinyuan Cui and Yigang Kong

Energies 2023, 16(2), 956; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020956 - 14 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1494

Abstract

The hydraulic heightening system is the core component of the shearer, and its stable operation directly affects the safety and reliability of the equipment, so it is of great significance to realize an efficient and accurate fault diagnosis. This paper proposes a fault diagnosis method combining a rough set and radial basis function neural network (RS-RBFNN). Firstly, the RS is used to discretize the original fault data set and attribute reduction, remove the redundant information, and mine the implicit knowledge and potential rules. Then, the topology structure of the RBFNN is determined. The mapping relationship is established between the fault symptom and category. The fault diagnosis is carried out with Python language. Finally, the method is compared with two diagnostic methods including a back propagation neural network (BPNN) and RBFNN. The research results show that the RS-RBFNN has the highest fault diagnosis accuracy, with an average of 98.68%, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed fault diagnosis method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Key Technologies and Challenges of Hydraulic Machinery and Systems)

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19 pages, 13541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Relationship between Sediment Concentration and Centrifugal Pump Performance Parameters Based on CFD Mixture Model

by Xinhao Wu, Peilan Su, Jianhua Wu, Yusheng Zhang and Baohe Wang

Energies 2022, 15(19), 7228; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197228 - 1 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1679

Abstract

To study the relationship between sediment concentration and the performance parameters of centrifugal pumps, Jiamakou water supply pumping station with total installed capacity of 30,880 kW was selected to analyze characteristics of the centrifugal pump in this paper. Based on a CFD mixture model, the effects of different sediment concentrations on the movement of solid–liquid two-phase flow and the performance parameters of the centrifugal pump were obtained. Then, fitting equations were established between performance parameters (head, flow rate, shaft power, and efficiency) of the centrifugal pump and sediment concentration at three working conditions (0.8 Q = 2 m³/s, Q = 2.5 m³/s, 1.2 Q = 3 m³/s) by the polynomial least-square method. Calculated values of fitting equations were compared with the measured values in centrifugal pump operation. The results show that, as the sediment concentration increases from 0.1% to 1%, the maximum volume fraction of sediment at blade outlet increased from 0.14% to 1.14%, and the maximum volume fraction of sediment at blade outlet increased from 0.7% to 2.29%. The turbulent kinetic energy inside the centrifugal pump increased from 8.74 m²/s² to 10.78 m²/s². The calculated values of fitting equation are in good agreement with the measured values in centrifugal pump operation, and the maximum errors of head, flow rate, and efficiency are 6.48%, 3.54%, and 2.87%, respectively. Therefore, the reliability of the fitting equations is verified. The research method can provide a reference for the calculation of performance parameters for centrifugal pumps in other water supply pumping stations with sediment-laden flow. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Key Technologies and Challenges of Hydraulic Machinery and Systems)

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21 pages, 6019 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experiment and Numerical Simulation on Hydraulic Loss and Flow Pattern of Low Hump Outlet Conduit with Different Inlet Water Rotation Speeds

by Lei Xu, Tao Jiang, Chuan Wang, Dongtao Ji, Wei Shi, Bo Xu and Weigang Lu

Energies 2022, 15(15), 5371; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155371 - 25 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1556

Abstract

The rotation speed of water at the inlet of the low hump outlet conduit has a great effect on its hydraulic performance. Therefore, the influence of different inlet water rotation speeds on hydraulic loss and flow pattern of low hump outlet conduit is studied in this paper. By solving RANS equations and the RNG k-ε turbulence model, the hydraulic loss and 3D flow field of the low hump outlet conduit were calculated under different inlet water rotation speeds. To verify the numerical results, the model tests of low hump outlet conduit with different guide vanes were conducted. The results show that along with the growth of inlet water rotation speed, the hydraulic loss of outlet conduit will firstly decrease by degrees and then increase dramatically, the vortex location moves from the whole bottom of the descent segment to the right bottom of descent segment and the vortex area becomes smaller, the flow pattern of the whole conduit is improved obviously. The hydraulic loss and flow field of numerical simulation are consistent with those of the model test. Because of its great influence on hydraulic performance, inlet water rotation speed must be taken into consideration in the hydraulic optimization design of guide vane and low hump outlet conduit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Key Technologies and Challenges of Hydraulic Machinery and Systems)

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11 pages, 6604 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Visualized Experimental Study on the Influence of Reflux Hole on the Double Blades Self-Priming Pump Performance

by Heng Qian, Denghao Wu, Chun Xiang, Junwei Jiang, Zhibing Zhu, Peijian Zhou and Jiegang Mou

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4617; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134617 - 24 Jun 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1730

Abstract

The self-priming pump is a kind of centrifugal pump product with self-priming function, and the structural parameters of its reflux hole determine the performance. In order to reveal the mechanism of the self-priming process, we summarized the influence of structure parameters of the reflux hole on the performance of the self-priming pump. In this study, the transparent experimental pump was designed and manufactured, and a visual test bench was built. The gas–liquid two-phase flow pattern during the self-priming process with different reflux hole structure parameters was captured by high-speed camera. Results showed that: (1) the reflux hole of the self-priming pump affected the self-priming performance of the pump by affecting the backflow rate of the gas and liquid phases during the self-priming process. (2) Due to the uneven distribution of liquid velocity in the pump, the position of reflux hole had an obvious impact on the duration of self-priming middle stage, and the shortest duration was 13 s when φ = +15° and the longest duration was 45 s when φ = −30°. (3) The diameter of reflux hole had a very significant impact on the duration of the self-priming middle stage, and the shortest duration was 17 s when d = 10 mm and the longest duration was 94 s when d = 0 mm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Key Technologies and Challenges of Hydraulic Machinery and Systems)

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16 pages, 2809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Optimization of Jet Fish Pump Design Based on a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm

by Maosen Xu, Guorui Zeng, Dazhuan Wu, Jiegang Mou, Jianfang Zhao, Shuihua Zheng, Bin Huang and Yun Ren

Energies 2022, 15(11), 4104; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15114104 - 2 Jun 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2417

Abstract

Jet fish pumps are efficient hydraulic machinery for fish transportation. Yet, the complex flow phenomenon in it is the major potential risk for damage to fish. The dangerous flow phenomena for fish, such as radial pressure gradient and exposure strain rate, are usually controlled by the structural parameters of jet fish pumps. Therefore, the injury rate of fish can be theoretically decreased by the structural optimization design of jet fish pumps. However, there is a complex nonlinear relation between flow phenomena and key structural parameters. To solve this problem, the present paper established a complex mapping between flow phenomena and structural parameters, based on computational fluid dynamics and a back-propagation neural network. According to this mapping, an NSGA-II multi-objective genetic algorithm was used to optimize the structure of jet fish pumps. The results showed that the optimized jet fish pumps could reduce the internal radial pressure gradient, exposure strain rate and danger zone to 40%, 12.5% and 50% of the pre-optimization level, respectively. Therefore, the optimized jet fish pump could significantly reduce the risk of fish injuries and keep the pump efficiency at a high level. The results could provide a certain reference for relevant structural optimization problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Key Technologies and Challenges of Hydraulic Machinery and Systems)

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Review

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27 pages, 7399 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research on the Vortex Rope Control Techniques in Draft Tube of Francis Turbines

by Lei Wang, Jiayi Cui, Lingfeng Shu, Denghui Jiang, Chun Xiang, Linwei Li and Peijian Zhou

Energies 2022, 15(24), 9280; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249280 - 7 Dec 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3778

Abstract

Francis turbines are most widely used in hydropower due to their characteristics which include a fast response and wide time-scale operation. The vortex rope inside Francis turbines is a common flow phenomenon, which always causes strong vibration, pressure pulsations, fatigue load, and even serious failure of the components. Vortex suppression methods can effectively change the velocity and pressure distribution of the flow field in the draft tube, reduce the volume of vortex rope and the amplitude of pressure pulsation, inhibit the development of cavitation erosion, and improve the operation stability of the hydro turbine. However, the vortex suppression method is not suitable for all working conditions, and the vortex suppression effect is also different. There are still many problems with how to analyze the vortex suppression effect and practicability of the turbine from multi-dimensions. It is of great significance to analyze the vortex suppression techniques and their practicability in hydraulic turbines from various aspects. The primary focus of the present study is to analyze the hazards of vortex rope in draft tubes and summarize the methods of suppressing vortex rope and pressure pulsation. This review article provides a basis for controlling the vortex rope in the draft tube, which can help the designers choose the suitable control method to mitigate it. Future research directions are also briefly discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Key Technologies and Challenges of Hydraulic Machinery and Systems)

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