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Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems
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Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "J1: Heat and Mass Transfer".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 36522

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jan Danielewicz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
Interests: heat and mass transfer; waste heat recovery; heat pipes; evaporative cooling; energy economics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Krzysztof Rajski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
Interests: heat and mass transfer; waste heat recovery; heat pipes; evaporative cooling; numerical simulation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Heat transfer can be found in all processes of modern engineering applications. From this point of view, it has a fundamental role in the efficiency improvement of energy conversion systems. Furthermore, reducing energy consumption by heat recovery is considered to be the main route towards sustainable energy management. Recovering waste heat can be performed through many technologies within a wide range of applications.

This Special Issue aims to present recent advances in heat transfer technology and heat recovery systems for sustainable development. While much effort is devoted to heat recovery systems, there is a constant need to innovate and highlight solutions to be implemented in this very broad field. Manuscripts are invited which cover the topics of heat exchangers, HVAC systems, wastewater heat recovery, hybrid photovoltaic/thermal collector (PV/T), and industrial waste heat recovery. Both experimental and theoretical research studies are welcome for submission. However, topics of interest are not limited to the aforementioned ones.

Prof. Dr. Jan Danielewicz
Dr. Krzysztof Rajski
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Heat transfer
  • Heat recovery system
  • Heat exchanger
  • Energy savings
  • Energy efficiency
  • Heating
  • Ventilation
  • Air conditioning
  • Waste/drain water heat recovery
  • PV/T collector
  • Heat pipes/thermosiphons
  • Heat pump
  • Low-temperature waste heat

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Published Papers (17 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

6 pages, 789 KiB  
Editorial
Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems
by Krzysztof Rajski and Jan Danielewicz
Energies 2023, 16(7), 3258; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073258 - 05 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1280
Abstract
Heat transfer is present in all modern engineering applications and plays a fundamental role in improving the efficiency of energy conversion systems [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems)
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Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

24 pages, 6134 KiB  
Article
Impact of Air Density Variation on a Simulated Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger’s Performance
by Piotr Michalak
Energies 2022, 15(9), 3215; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093215 - 27 Apr 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1735
Abstract
Due to their simple design and reliable operation, earth-to-air heat exchangers (EAHE) are used in modern buildings to reduce ventilation heat losses. EAHE operation in atmospheric conditions results in variation in ambient air temperature and pressure affecting air density. The paper presents the [...] Read more.
Due to their simple design and reliable operation, earth-to-air heat exchangers (EAHE) are used in modern buildings to reduce ventilation heat losses. EAHE operation in atmospheric conditions results in variation in ambient air temperature and pressure affecting air density. The paper presents the study on the impact of ambient air density variation on the calculated hourly air temperature at the EAHE outlet and the resulting energy use for space heating and cooling of an exemplary residential building. The ground temperature was computed from the model given in EN 16798-5-1. Then, air density was obtained using five various methods. Energy use for space heating and cooling of the building was computed using the 5R1C thermal network model of EN ISO 13790. Depending on the chosen method and concerning the base case without EAHE, a reduction in annual heating and cooling needs was obtained from 7.5% to 8.8% in heating and from 15.3% to 19% in cooling. Annual heating and cooling gain from EAHE were 600.9 kWh and 628.3 kWh for heating and 616.9 kWh and 603.5 kWh for cooling for the Typical Meteorological Years (TMY) and International Weather for Energy Calculation (IWEC) files, respectively. Unit heating and cooling gains per heat exchanger area were from 34.9 kWh/m2 to 36.8 kWh/m2 and from −35.1 kWh/m2 to −36.3 kWh/m2. Density variation with temperature from the relevant typical Polish meteorological year at constant pressure, in comparison to the method of EN 16798-5-1, resulted in an hourly difference of that unit gain up to 4.3 W/m2 and 2.0 W/m2 for heating and cooling, respectively. The same was true inthe case of IWEC files that resulted in differences of 5.5 W/m2 and 1.1 W/m2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems)
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14 pages, 22636 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Ground-Based Global Horizontal Irradiance and Direct Normal Irradiance with Satellite-Based SUNY Model
by Adnan Ayaz, Faraz Ahmad, Mohammad Abdul Aziz Irfan, Zabdur Rehman, Krzysztof Rajski and Jan Danielewicz
Energies 2022, 15(7), 2528; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072528 - 30 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1852
Abstract
Since the fossil reserves are depleting day by day, the trend of modern energy sector is going towards renewable energy. The demand of solar power plants is therefore at the peak nowadays across the globe. However, the construction of these plants is extremely [...] Read more.
Since the fossil reserves are depleting day by day, the trend of modern energy sector is going towards renewable energy. The demand of solar power plants is therefore at the peak nowadays across the globe. However, the construction of these plants is extremely dependent on feasibility study to estimate the real solar potential before installing it in any region. To evaluate the solar energy potential of Peshawar region in Pakistan, Ground-based global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and direct normal irradiance (DNI) were compared with satellite-based model SUNY. Ground measurements were done at the University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar (UET Peshawar) with the help of pyranometer and shadowband irradiometer. Comparison of the data showed that there was a maximum difference of 42.90% in ground and satellite-based GHI in the month of December. Minimum difference in GHI was found for the month of March that was −3.83%. Moreover, ground-based GHI was overestimated in the month of February, March, and April, while in rest of the months, satellite values of GHI exceeded the ground measurements. Similarly, maximum difference of 55.86% was found in the month of November between ground and satellite-based DNI while minimum difference of −3.34% was seen in DNI in the month of March between the two data. Furthermore, satellite-based DNI was underestimated in the months of February, March, and April while in rest of the months it was overestimated compared to ground measurements. In addition to this, correlation of ground and satellite-based GHI and DNI showed R2 value of 0.8852 and 0.4139, respectively. The results of this study revealed that the difference between ground measurements and satellite values was considerable and hence real time measurements are necessary to properly estimate solar energy resource in the country. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems)
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19 pages, 6372 KiB  
Article
Multi-Objective Optimization of Parameters of Channels with Staggered Frustum of a Cone Based on Response Surface Methodology
by Zhen Zhao, Liang Xu, Jianmin Gao, Lei Xi, Qicheng Ruan and Yunlong Li
Energies 2022, 15(3), 1240; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031240 - 08 Feb 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1709
Abstract
In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and multi-objective genetic algorithm were used to obtain optimum parameters of the channels with frustum of a cone with better flow and heat transfer performance. Central composite face-centered design (CCF) was applied [...] Read more.
In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and multi-objective genetic algorithm were used to obtain optimum parameters of the channels with frustum of a cone with better flow and heat transfer performance. Central composite face-centered design (CCF) was applied to the experimental design of the channel parameters, and on this basis, the response surface models were constructed. The sensitivity of the channel parameters was analyzed by Sobol’s method. The multi-objective optimization of the channel parameters was carried out with the goal of achieving maximum Nusselt number ratio (Nu/Nu0) and minimum friction coefficient ratio (f/f0). The results show that the root mean square errors (RSME) of the fitted response surface models are less than 0.25 and the determination coefficients (R2) are greater than 0.93; the models have high accuracy. Sobol’s method can quantitatively analyze the influence of the channel parameters on flow and heat transfer performance of the channels. When the response is Nu/Nu0, from high to low, the total sensitivity indexes of the channel parameters are frustum of a cone angle (α), Reynolds number (Re), spanwise spacing ratio (Z2/D), and streamwise spacing ratio (Z1/D). When the response is f/f0, the total sensitivity indexes of the channel parameters from high to low are Re, Z1/D, α and Z2/D. Four optimization channels are selected from the Pareto solution set obtained by multi-objective optimization. Compared with the reference channel, the Nu/Nu0 of the optimized channels is increased by 21.36% on average, and the f/f0 is reduced by 9.16% on average. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems)
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13 pages, 2614 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Impact of Plumbing Configuration on Energy Savings for Falling-Film Drain Water Heat Recovery Systems
by Ramin Manouchehri and Michael R. Collins
Energies 2022, 15(3), 1141; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031141 - 03 Feb 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1230
Abstract
Falling-film drain water heat recovery (DWHR) systems are heat exchangers utilized in residential buildings for recovering energy from greywater. A recent publication by the authors contained a validated model that can be used to predict the performance of DWHR heat exchangers under variable [...] Read more.
Falling-film drain water heat recovery (DWHR) systems are heat exchangers utilized in residential buildings for recovering energy from greywater. A recent publication by the authors contained a validated model that can be used to predict the performance of DWHR heat exchangers under variable flowrates and temperatures, and this work shows the implementation of the model into Transient System Simulation Tool (TRNSYS) software to perform energy simulations. This work aims to show the different plumbing configurations in which DWHR heat exchangers could be installed, and to simulate their performance under various conditions. The results show that plumbing configuration has a significant impact on energy savings expected from DWHR heat exchangers, and maximum savings are achieved in equal-flow configuration. However, other plumbing configurations provide significant savings, and the mains temperature could dictate which configuration provides higher energy savings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems)
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17 pages, 5639 KiB  
Article
Aerodynamics and Complicated Heat Transfer with the Mixed Motion of Air in the Flat Duct of a High-Temperature Heat Exchanger
by Borys Basok, Vyacheslav Kremnev, Anatoliy Pavlenko and Andriy Timoshchenko
Energies 2022, 15(3), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15030865 - 25 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1791
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to study the aerodynamics and heat transfer in the duct of a high-temperature recuperation system. The object of the research is a flat duct with a thickness-to-height ratio a:b = 1:10, length c = 400·a with one-sided [...] Read more.
The purpose of the research is to study the aerodynamics and heat transfer in the duct of a high-temperature recuperation system. The object of the research is a flat duct with a thickness-to-height ratio a:b = 1:10, length c = 400·a with one-sided heat input to the duct surface, complicated heat transfer and mixed air movement in the duct. The objectives of the research are to determine: (a) average temperatures on the duct surfaces; (b) air temperature distribution along the length of the duct; (c) local and average integral temperature values along the length of the duct; (d) local and average integral heat flow densities on the duct surfaces; (e) local and average integral heat exchange coefficients and Nusselt numbers on the duct surfaces; and (f) pressure distribution along the length and total pressure drop in the duct. The research method is based on conducting a mathematical numerical experiment in a stationary three-dimensional Cartesian formulation and physical modeling of processes on a prototype. It is established that the dominant heat transfer between the duct walls and the air is a complicated convective heat transfer, in which forced convection is affected by free convection. There is a 1.5–2.0-fold difference in the values of the heat flow density on the hot and non-heated surfaces of the duct. Generalizing dependences of Nusselt numbers, temperature pressures and friction resistance coefficients as functions of a dimensionless coordinate are obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems)
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10 pages, 1756 KiB  
Article
Designing for the Environment: An Example of Multi-Criteria Analysis Used for Solar Hot Water System Selection
by Agnieszka Żelazna and Justyna Gołębiowska
Energies 2022, 15(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010065 - 22 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2117
Abstract
In the European Union, the building sector accounts for more than 40% of final energy consumption, contributing to the deterioration of the quality of the environment. Among the various solutions that aim to reduce the negative environmental impact caused by the operation of [...] Read more.
In the European Union, the building sector accounts for more than 40% of final energy consumption, contributing to the deterioration of the quality of the environment. Among the various solutions that aim to reduce the negative environmental impact caused by the operation of buildings, solar hot water systems (SHW) are popular. The choice of a SHW system is associated with the comfort of use and the access to low-cost energy. The design guidelines include the technical parameters for system operation such as materials, dimensions, sizing and operation temperatures. However, the legitimacy of choosing a particular solution and the available technical parameters are key issues. In the presented study, a multi-criteria analysis was proposed as a basis for the proper selection of system parameters, e.g., collector type, solar tank volume. A model of the SHW system was used to calculate the possible solutions, ensuring the same comfort of usage for several design options. The analyzed model was then used for the calculation of three various indicators: Simple Payback Time (SPBT), Primary Energy consumption (PE) and IMPACT 2002+. The application of a multi-criteria analysis based on a Life Cycle Assessment allowed for beneficial solutions to be found from the point of view of economics, non-renewable resources and environmental protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems)
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15 pages, 2704 KiB  
Article
Peak Power of Heat Source for Domestic Hot Water Preparation (DHW) for Residential Estate in Poland as a Representative Case Study for the Climate of Central Europe
by Łukasz Amanowicz
Energies 2021, 14(23), 8047; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14238047 - 01 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1593
Abstract
Due to the energy transformation in buildings, the proportions of energy consumption for heating, ventilation and domestic hot water preparation (DHW) have changed. The latter component can now play a significant role, not only in the context of the annual heat demand, but [...] Read more.
Due to the energy transformation in buildings, the proportions of energy consumption for heating, ventilation and domestic hot water preparation (DHW) have changed. The latter component can now play a significant role, not only in the context of the annual heat demand, but also in the context of selecting the peak power of the heat source. In this paper, the comparison of chosen methods for its calculation is presented. The results show that for contemporary residential buildings, the peak power for DHW preparation can achieve the same or higher value as the peak power for heating and ventilation. For this reason, nowadays the correct selection of the peak power of a heat source for DHW purposes becomes more important, especially if it uses renewable energy sources, because it affects its size and so the investment cost and economic efficiency. It is also indicated that in modern buildings, mainly accumulative systems with hot water storage tanks should be taken into account because they are less sensitive to design errors (wrongly selected peak value in the context of the uncertainty of hot water consumption) and because they result in acceptable value of peak power for DHW in comparison to heating and ventilation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems)
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19 pages, 3699 KiB  
Article
Application of Thermal and Cavitation Effects for Heat and Mass Transfer Process Intensification in Multicomponent Liquid Media
by Anatoliy M. Pavlenko and Hanna Koshlak
Energies 2021, 14(23), 7996; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237996 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 2042
Abstract
In this paper, the authors consider the processes of dynamic interaction between the boiling particles of the dispersed phase of the emulsion leading to the large droplet breakup. Differences in the consideration of forces that determine the breaking of non-boiling and boiling droplets [...] Read more.
In this paper, the authors consider the processes of dynamic interaction between the boiling particles of the dispersed phase of the emulsion leading to the large droplet breakup. Differences in the consideration of forces that determine the breaking of non-boiling and boiling droplets have been indicated in the study. They have been determined by the possibility of using the model to define the processes of displacement, deformation, or fragmentation of the inclusion of the dispersed phase under the influence of a set of neighboring particles. The dynamics of bubbles in a compressible liquid with consideration for interfacial heat and mass transfer has also been analyzed in the paper. The effect of standard and system parameters on the intensity of cavitation processes is considered. Physical transformations during the cavitation treatment of liquid are caused not only by shock waves and radiated pressure pulses but also by extreme thermal effects. At the stage of ultimate bubble compression, vapor inside the bubble and the liquid in its vicinity transform into the supercritical fluid state. The model analyzes microflow features in the inter-bubble space and quantitatively calculates local values of the velocity and pressure fields, as well as dynamic effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems)
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21 pages, 7441 KiB  
Article
Feasibility Study and Economic Analysis of a Fuel-Cell-Based CHP System for a Comprehensive Sports Center with an Indoor Swimming Pool
by Jie Liu, Sung-Chul Kim and Ki-Yeol Shin
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6625; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206625 - 14 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2255
Abstract
Unlike a general commercial building, heating for a building with an indoor swimming pool is highly energy-intensive due to the high energy demand for swimming water heating. In Korea, the conventional heating method for this kind of building is to use boilers and [...] Read more.
Unlike a general commercial building, heating for a building with an indoor swimming pool is highly energy-intensive due to the high energy demand for swimming water heating. In Korea, the conventional heating method for this kind of building is to use boilers and heat storage tanks that have high fuel costs and greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, a combined heat and power (CHP) system for such a building using the electricity and waste heat from a Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) system was designed and analyzed in terms of its primary energy saving, CO2 reduction, fuel cell and CHP efficiency, and economic feasibility. The mathematical model of the thermal load evaluation was used with the 3D multi-zone building model in TRNSYS 18 software (Thermal Energy System Specialists, LLC, Madison, MI, USA) to determine the space heating demand and swimming pool heat losses. The energy efficiency of the fuel cell unit was evaluated as a function of the part-load ratio from the operating data. The fundamental components, such as the auxiliary boiler, thermal storage tank, and heat exchanger are also integrated for the simulation of the system’s operation. The result shows that the system has a high potential to improve the utilization efficiency of fuel cell energy production. Referring to the local condition of the energy market in Korea, an economic analysis was also carried out by using a specific FC-CHP capacity at 440 kW. The economic benefit is significant in comparison with a conventional heating system, especially for the full-time operating (FTO) mode. The net profit made by comparison with the conventional energy supply system is about 178,352 to 273,879 USD per year, and the payback period is expected to be 6.9 to 10.7 years under different market conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems)
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15 pages, 19021 KiB  
Article
Thermal Performance Investigation of Slotted Fin Minichannel Heat Sink for Microprocessor Cooling
by Taha Baig, Zabdur Rehman, Hussain Ahmed Tariq, Shehryar Manzoor, Majid Ali, Abdul Wadood, Krzysztof Rajski and Herie Park
Energies 2021, 14(19), 6347; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196347 - 04 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1576
Abstract
Due to high heat flux generation inside microprocessors, water-cooled heat sinks have gained special attention. For the durability of the microprocessor, this generated flux should be effectively removed. The effective thermal management of high-processing devices is now becoming popular due to high heat [...] Read more.
Due to high heat flux generation inside microprocessors, water-cooled heat sinks have gained special attention. For the durability of the microprocessor, this generated flux should be effectively removed. The effective thermal management of high-processing devices is now becoming popular due to high heat flux generation. Heat removal plays a significant role in the longer operation and better performance of heat sinks. In this work, to tackle the heat generation issues, a slotted fin minichannel heat sink (SFMCHS) was investigated by modifying a conventional straight integral fin minichannel heat sink (SIFMCHS). SFMCHSs with fin spacings of 0.5 mm, 1 mm, and 1.5 mm were numerically studied. The numerical results were then compared with SIFMCHSs present in the literature. The base temperatures recorded for two slots per fin minichannel heat sink (SPFMCHS), with 0.5 mm, 1 mm, and 1.5 mm fin spacings, were 42.81 °C, 46.36 °C, and 48.86 °C, respectively, at 1 LPM. The reductions in base temperature achieved with two SPFMCHSs were 9.20%, 8.74%, and 7.39% for 0.5 mm, 1 mm, and 1.5 mm fin spacings, respectively, as compared to SIFMCHSs reported in the literature. The reductions in base temperature noted for three SPFMCHSs were 8.53%, 9.05%, and 5.95% for 0.5 mm, 1 mm, and 1.5 mm fin spacings, respectively, at 1 LPM, as compared to SIFMCHSs reported in the literature. In terms of heat transfer performance, the base temperature and thermal resistance of the 0.5 mm-spaced SPFMCHS is better compared to 1 mm and 1.5 mm fin spacings. The uniform temperature distribution at the base of the heat sink was observed in all cases solved in current work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems)
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25 pages, 14237 KiB  
Article
Study of the Influence of the Lack of Contact in Plate and Fin and Tube Heat Exchanger on Heat Transfer Efficiency under Periodic Flow Conditions
by Marcin Łęcki, Dariusz Andrzejewski, Artur N. Gutkowski and Grzegorz Górecki
Energies 2021, 14(13), 3779; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14133779 - 23 Jun 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1945
Abstract
Plate fin-tube heat exchangers are widely used in air conditioning and refrigeration systems and other industry fields. Various errors made in the manufacturing process can result in the formation of an air gap between the tube and fin. Several numerical simulations were carried [...] Read more.
Plate fin-tube heat exchangers are widely used in air conditioning and refrigeration systems and other industry fields. Various errors made in the manufacturing process can result in the formation of an air gap between the tube and fin. Several numerical simulations were carried out for a symmetric section of plate fin-tube heat exchanger to study the influence of air gap on heat transfer under periodic flow conditions. Different locations and sizes of an air gap spanning 1/2 circumference of the tube were considered for the range of airflow velocities. Velocity and temperature fields for cases with air gap were compared with ideal thermal contact cases. Blocking of heat flow by the gap leads to the reduction of heat transfer rate. Fin discontinuity in the front of the tube causes the smallest reduction of the heat transfer rate in comparison to the ideal tube-fin contact, especially for thin slits. The rear gap position is the worst in the smallest gap range. Therefore, reversing the flow direction can lead to up to a 15% heat transfer increase, if mainly the rear gaps are present. The introduction of a thin slit in the front of the tube leads to convective heat transfer enhancement, which should be further investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems)
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18 pages, 8517 KiB  
Article
New Deterministic Mathematical Model for Estimating the Useful Energy Output of a Medium-Sized Solar Domestic Hot Water System
by Miroslaw Zukowski and Walery Jezierski
Energies 2021, 14(10), 2753; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102753 - 11 May 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1381
Abstract
According to the authors of this paper, the mathematical point of view allows us to see what sometimes cannot be seen from the designer’s point of view. The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of the most important parameters (volume [...] Read more.
According to the authors of this paper, the mathematical point of view allows us to see what sometimes cannot be seen from the designer’s point of view. The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of the most important parameters (volume of heat storage tanks, daily consumption of domestic hot water, optical efficiency, heat loss coefficient, and total area of a solar collector) on the thermal power output of solar domestic hot water (SDHW) system in European climatic conditions. Three deterministic mathematical models of these relationships for Madrid, Budapest, and Helsinki were created. The database for the development of these models was carried out using computer simulations made in the TRNSYS software environment. The SDHW system located at the Bialystok University of Technology (Poland) was the source of the measurement results used to validate the simulation model. The mathematical optimization procedure showed that the maximum annual useful energy output that can be obtained from 1 m2 of gross collector area is 1303 kWh in the case of Madrid, 918.5 kWh for Budapest, and 768 kWh for Helsinki weather conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems)
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11 pages, 1340 KiB  
Article
Techno-Economic Analysis of Waste Heat Utilization in Data Centers: Application of Absorption Chiller Systems
by Leyla Amiri, Edris Madadian, Navid Bahrani and Seyed Ali Ghoreishi-Madiseh
Energies 2021, 14(9), 2433; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092433 - 24 Apr 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3432
Abstract
Modern data centers are playing a pivotal role in the global economic situation. Unlike high-quality source of waste heat, it is challenging to recover the decentralized and low-quality waste heat sourced from data centers due to numerous technological and economic hurdles. As such, [...] Read more.
Modern data centers are playing a pivotal role in the global economic situation. Unlike high-quality source of waste heat, it is challenging to recover the decentralized and low-quality waste heat sourced from data centers due to numerous technological and economic hurdles. As such, it is of the utmost importance to explore possible pathways to maximize the energy efficiency of the data centers and to utilize their heat recovery. Absorption chiller systems are a promising technology for the recovery of waste heat at ultra-low temperatures. In fact, the low temperature heat discharged from data centers cannot be retrieved with conventional heat recovery systems. Therefore, the present study investigated feasibility of waste heat recovery from data centers using an absorption chiller system, with the ultimate goal of electrical energy production. To fulfill this objective, a techno-economic assessment of heat recovery using absorption chiller (AC) technique for the data centers with power consumption range of 4.5 to 13.5 MW is performed. The proposed AC system enables saving electricity for the value of 4,340,000 kWh/year and 13,025,000 kWh/year leading to an annual reduction of 3068 and 9208 tons CO2 equivalent of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, respectively. The results of this study suggest an optimum change in the design of the data center while reducing the payback period for the investors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems)
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21 pages, 10754 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Evaluation of Desiccant Dehumidification Evaporative Cooling Options for Greenhouse Air-Conditioning Application in Multan (Pakistan)
by Hadeed Ashraf, Muhammad Sultan, Redmond R. Shamshiri, Farrukh Abbas, Muhammad Farooq, Uzair Sajjad, Hafiz Md-Tahir, Muhammad H. Mahmood, Fiaz Ahmad, Yousaf R. Taseer, Aamir Shahzad and Badar M. K. Niazi
Energies 2021, 14(4), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041097 - 19 Feb 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4378
Abstract
This study provides insights into the feasibility of a desiccant dehumidification-based Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling (M-DAC) system for greenhouse air-conditioning application. Conventional cooling techniques include direct evaporative cooling, refrigeration systems, and passive/active ventilation. which are commonly used in Pakistan; however, they are either [...] Read more.
This study provides insights into the feasibility of a desiccant dehumidification-based Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling (M-DAC) system for greenhouse air-conditioning application. Conventional cooling techniques include direct evaporative cooling, refrigeration systems, and passive/active ventilation. which are commonly used in Pakistan; however, they are either not feasible due to their energy cost, or they cannot efficiently provide an optimum microclimate depending on the regions, the growing seasons, and the crop being cultivated. The M-DAC system was therefore proposed and evaluated as an alternative solution for air conditioning to achieve optimum levels of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) for greenhouse crop production. The objective of this study was to investigate the thermodynamic performance of the proposed system from the viewpoints of the temperature gradient, relative humidity level, VPD, and dehumidification gradient. Results showed that the standalone desiccant air-conditioning (DAC) system created maximum dehumidification gradient (i.e., 16.8 g/kg) and maximum temperature gradient (i.e., 8.4 °C) at 24.3 g/kg and 38.6 °C ambient air conditions, respectively. The DAC coupled with a heat exchanger (DAC+HX) created a temperature gradient nearly equal to ambient air conditions, which is not in the optimal range for greenhouse growing conditions. Analysis of the M-DAC system showed that a maximum air temperature gradient, i.e., 21.9 °C at 39.2 °C ambient air condition, can be achieved, and is considered optimal for most greenhouse crops. Results were validated with two microclimate models (OptDeg and Cft) by taking into account the optimality of VPD at different growth stages of tomato plants. This study suggests that the M-DAC system is a feasible method to be considered as an efficient solution for greenhouse air-conditioning under the climate conditions of Multan (Pakistan). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems)
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Review

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17 pages, 1865 KiB  
Review
A Review on Geothermal Renewable Energy Systems for Eco-Friendly Air-Conditioning
by Adriana Greco, Edison Gundabattini, Darius Gnanaraj Solomon, Raja Singh Rassiah and Claudia Masselli
Energies 2022, 15(15), 5519; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155519 - 29 Jul 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2612
Abstract
Nowadays, air conditioning consumes, on average, around one-fifth of the total power used in buildings globally. The present paper aims to provide the present status on the employment of Earth-to-Air Heat eXchangers (EAHX) to contain the consumption of energy and to reduce the [...] Read more.
Nowadays, air conditioning consumes, on average, around one-fifth of the total power used in buildings globally. The present paper aims to provide the present status on the employment of Earth-to-Air Heat eXchangers (EAHX) to contain the consumption of energy and to reduce the effect on the environment in response to the Montreal and Kyoto protocols in a way to achieve cleaner energy production with a low Global Warming Potential (GWP) and a low ozone depletion potential (ODP). Different peculiarities and applications (direct or hybrid) are critically analyzed and reviewed. Specifically, in this paper, the different hybrid applications presented in the literature, where the Earth-to-Air Heat eXchangers are coupled to advanced systems, are reviewed. Finally, an IoT-based EAHX control system plan is reported and discussed to optimize energy efficiency and thermal comfort to suit operating conditions under different time zones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems)
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14 pages, 356 KiB  
Review
Two-Phase Volumetric Expanders: A Review of the State-of-the-Art
by Xander van Heule, Michel De Paepe and Steven Lecompte
Energies 2022, 15(14), 4991; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15144991 - 08 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1741
Abstract
Two-phase expansion is the process where a fluid undergoes a pressure drop through or in the liquid–vapor dome. This operation was historically avoided. However, currently it is studied for a multitude of processes. Due to the volume increase in volumetric expanders, a pressure [...] Read more.
Two-phase expansion is the process where a fluid undergoes a pressure drop through or in the liquid–vapor dome. This operation was historically avoided. However, currently it is studied for a multitude of processes. Due to the volume increase in volumetric expanders, a pressure drop occurs in the fluid resulting in flashing phenomena occurring. These phenomena have been studied before in other processes such as two-phase flows or static flash. However, this has not been extensively studied in volumetric expanders and is mostly neglected. Even if data has shown this is not always neglectable depending on the expander type. The thermal non-equilibrium occurring can be modeled on different principles of flashing flows, such as the mixture model, boiling delay model, and homogeneous relaxation model. The main application area in current literature for volumetric two-phase expansion machines, is in low-temperature two-phase heat-to-power cycles. These cycles have shown benefit over classic options if expanders are available with efficiencies in the range of at least 75%. Experimental investigation of expanders in two-phase operation, though lacking in quantity, has shown that this is an achievable goal. However, the know-how to accomplish this requires more studies, both experimentally and in modeling techniques for the different phenomena occurring within these expanders. The present work provides a brief but comprehensive overview of the available experimental data, applicable flashing modeling techniques, and available models of volumetric two-phase expanders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems)
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