Research

12 pages, 2610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Analysis of Operation Modes of Variable Speed Pump Units with Different Circuits of Turbomachine Connection

by Mykhaylo Zagirnyak, Tetyana Korenkova, Viktoriya Kovalchuk, Artur Szczęsny and Ewa Korzeniewska

Energies 2024, 17(4), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17040882 - 14 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 424

The scientific novelty of the proposed article lies in the development of the theory of analysis of the operation modes of group pump units operating on a long pipeline network with back pressure. This was achieved by creating electric equivalent circuits of group [...] Read more.

The scientific novelty of the proposed article lies in the development of the theory of analysis of the operation modes of group pump units operating on a long pipeline network with back pressure. This was achieved by creating electric equivalent circuits of group pump units based on the method of electrohydraulic analogy. Such equivalent circuits take into account pumps’ connection circuits, the configuration of the pipeline network, and the method of regulating technological parameters. A method for determining the characteristics of pump units with series and parallel connection is proposed. The dependences of the power consumed by the pump units on the change in the frequency of rotation of the adjustable pump are obtained for various parameters of the hydraulic network. This makes it possible to determine the limits of energy-efficient regulation of pump discharge. Analytical expressions for determining the lower limit of the pump rotation frequency for various circuits of turbo mechanism connection and various numbers of pumps operating simultaneously on a pipeline network with back pressure are proposed. The necessary range of adjustment of the pump rotation frequency with different circuits for turbo mechanism connection and different numbers of hydraulic machines operating at the same time is determined. The analysis of the obtained modes of pump units is performed and the possibility of expanding the controlled properties of the group electric drive systems of turbomachines when changing the direction of the rotation frequency and reversing the liquid in the event of an emergency situation is shown. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engineering and Medical Technologies in Energy Exploitation)

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17 pages, 11195 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Demand in AR Applications—A Reverse Ablation Study of the HoloLens 2 Device

by Przemysław Skurowski, Dariusz Myszor, Marcin Paszkuta, Tomasz Moroń and Krzysztof A. Cyran

Energies 2024, 17(3), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17030553 - 23 Jan 2024

Viewed by 719

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of power consumption in the context of AR applications on the HoloLens 2. As an ablation study, the research systematically dissects various aspects, shedding light on both hardware and software components. The power consumption was examined in [...] Read more.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of power consumption in the context of AR applications on the HoloLens 2. As an ablation study, the research systematically dissects various aspects, shedding light on both hardware and software components. The power consumption was examined in diverse scenarios, ranging from the device at idle to running AR applications of increasing complexity. Overall, the study provides insights into the power management aspects associated with Hololens 2 AR devices and applications, offering cues for optimizing energy efficiency and enhancing the user experience. The findings confirm that display-related factors, such as the screen brightness and content complexity, significantly impact power consumption. However, the results reveal that power usage does not scale linearly with the number of objects in an AR scene due to overhead factors and object occlusion. Furthermore, usage scenarios such as lighting conditions and large/minor user motions are analyzed. Moreover, the influence of different development platforms, Unity and Unreal, on power consumption is discussed, highlighting their respective contributions to energy usage. These findings might be useful for researchers, developers, and users of AR technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engineering and Medical Technologies in Energy Exploitation)

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20 pages, 4431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Including Shield Wires in the Analysis of Transient Processes Occurring in HVAC Transmission Lines

by Andriy Chaban, Andrzej Popenda, Andrzej Szafraniec and Vitaliy Levoniuk

Energies 2023, 16(23), 7870; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16237870 - 01 Dec 2023

Viewed by 552

Abstract

The article presents an analysis of electromagnetic transient processes in long ultra-high voltage transmission lines, taking into account shield wires. It was shown that EMTP and Matlab/Simulink software are currently widely used in the study of transient processes in power lines. The EMTP [...] Read more.

The article presents an analysis of electromagnetic transient processes in long ultra-high voltage transmission lines, taking into account shield wires. It was shown that EMTP and Matlab/Simulink software are currently widely used in the study of transient processes in power lines. The EMTP software package uses the finite element method when integrating the equation that mathematically models the distributed parameter transmission line. The Matlab/Simulink software uses the d’Alembert method. In both cases, it is not known how the boundary conditions for the partial differential equation that mathematically models the transmission line are determined. The power line is analyzed as a distributed parameter system, described by a second-order partial differential equation. The advantage of the proposed method of calculating the boundary conditions for the abovementioned equation is the use of boundary conditions of the second and third types of Neumann and Poincaré, which allowed us to take into account the mutual influence of shield wires and phase conductors of the line in one power system. On this basis, the methodology for obtaining time domain graphs, spatial distributions, and traveling wave distributions of voltages and currents for phase conductors and line shielding wires is presented. The results of a computer simulation of transient processes when switching on the power line, taking into account controlled phase commutation and under single-phase earth fault conditions, are presented. All calculation results of transient processes presented in the article were obtained exclusively using numerical methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engineering and Medical Technologies in Energy Exploitation)

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17 pages, 10411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cooperation of the Plasma Reactor with a Converter Power Supply Equipped with a Transformer with Special Design

by Grzegorz Komarzyniec and Michał Aftyka

Energies 2023, 16(19), 6825; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196825 - 26 Sep 2023

Viewed by 630

Abstract

Plasma generation by means of electrical discharge requires specialized power supply systems. The applicability of plasma for various plasma processes depends on its parameters, and these, in turn, depend on the parameters of power supply systems. Arc plasma can be unstable, generating a [...] Read more.

Plasma generation by means of electrical discharge requires specialized power supply systems. The applicability of plasma for various plasma processes depends on its parameters, and these, in turn, depend on the parameters of power supply systems. Arc plasma can be unstable, generating a lot of electromagnetic interference, overvoltage and overcurrent. The power system of a plasma reactor must guarantee good plasma control characteristics, be immune to disturbances and ensure good cooperation with the power grid. This article analyzes the cooperation of a three-phase plasma reactor, with a gliding arc discharge and a power supply system of a new type. This system integrates an AC/DC/AC converter and a five-column transformer with a special design in a single device. Using the properties of magnetic circuits, it is possible to integrate the functions of ignition and sustaining the burning of the discharge in the reactor in a single transformer. The proper design of the transformer is crucial to achieve the good cooperation of the AC/DC/AC converter with both the plasma reactor and the power supply network. The presented power supply design shows a number of positive features, predisposing it to powering arc plasma reactors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engineering and Medical Technologies in Energy Exploitation)

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31 pages, 11245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Machine Learning in Electrical Tomography for Building Energy Efficiency through Moisture Detection

by Grzegorz Kłosowski, Anna Hoła, Tomasz Rymarczyk, Mariusz Mazurek, Konrad Niderla and Magdalena Rzemieniak

Energies 2023, 16(4), 1818; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041818 - 11 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1515

Abstract

Wet foundations and walls of buildings significantly increase the energy consumption of buildings, and the drying of walls is one of the priority activities as part of thermal modernization, along with the insulation of the facades. This article discusses the research findings of [...] Read more.

Wet foundations and walls of buildings significantly increase the energy consumption of buildings, and the drying of walls is one of the priority activities as part of thermal modernization, along with the insulation of the facades. This article discusses the research findings of detecting moisture decomposition within building walls utilizing electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and deep learning techniques. In particular, the focus was on algorithmic models whose task is transforming voltage measurements into spatial EIT images. Two homogeneous deep learning networks were used: CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) and LSTM (Long-Short Term Memory). In addition, a new heterogeneous (hybrid) network was built with LSTM and CNN layers. Based on the reference reconstructions’ simulation data, three separate neural network algorithmic models: CNN, LSTM, and the hybrid model (CNN+LSTM), were trained. Then, based on popular measures such as mean square error or correlation coefficient, the quality of the models was assessed with the reference images. The obtained research results showed that hybrid deep neural networks have great potential for solving the tomographic inverse problem. Furthermore, it has been proven that the proper joining of CNN and LSTM layers can improve the effect of EIT reconstructions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engineering and Medical Technologies in Energy Exploitation)

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22 pages, 15947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Reconstruction Energy Efficiency in EIT and ECT 3D Tomography Based on Elastic Net

by Bartosz Przysucha, Dariusz Wójcik, Tomasz Rymarczyk, Krzysztof Król, Edward Kozłowski and Marcin Gąsior

Energies 2023, 16(3), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031490 - 02 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1355

Abstract

The main goal of this paper is to research and analyze the problem of image reconstruction performance using machine learning methods in 3D electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) and electrical impedance tomography (EIT) by comparing the areas inside the tank to determine the finite [...] Read more.

The main goal of this paper is to research and analyze the problem of image reconstruction performance using machine learning methods in 3D electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) and electrical impedance tomography (EIT) by comparing the areas inside the tank to determine the finite elements for which one of the method reconstructions is more effective. The research was conducted on 5000 simulated cases, which ranged from one to five inclusions generated for a cylindrical tank. The authors first used the elastic net learning method to perform the reconstruction and then proposed a method for testing the effectiveness of reconstruction. Based on this approach, the reconstructions obtained by each method were compared, and the areas within the object were identified. Finally, the results obtained from the simulation tests were verified on real measurements made with two types of tomographs. It was found that areas closer to the edge of the tank were more effectively reconstructed by EIT, while ECT reconstructed areas closer to the center of the tank. Extensive analysis of the inclusions makes it possible to use this measurement for energy optimization of industrial processes and biogas plant operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engineering and Medical Technologies in Energy Exploitation)

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14 pages, 4472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Reduction with Super-Resolution Convolutional Neural Network for Ultrasound Tomography

by Dariusz Wójcik, Tomasz Rymarczyk, Bartosz Przysucha, Michał Gołąbek, Dariusz Majerek, Tomasz Warowny and Manuchehr Soleimani

Energies 2023, 16(3), 1387; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031387 - 30 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1421

Abstract

This study addresses the issue of energy optimization by investigating solutions for the reduction of energy consumption in the diagnostics and monitoring of technological processes. The implementation of advanced process control is identified as a key approach for achieving energy savings and improving [...] Read more.

This study addresses the issue of energy optimization by investigating solutions for the reduction of energy consumption in the diagnostics and monitoring of technological processes. The implementation of advanced process control is identified as a key approach for achieving energy savings and improving product quality, process efficiency, and production flexibility. The goal of this research is to develop a cost-effective system with a minimal number of ultrasound sensors, thus reducing the energy consumption of the overall system. To accomplish this, a novel method for obtaining high-resolution reconstruction in transmission ultrasound tomography (t-UST) is proposed. The method involves utilizing a convolutional neural network to take low-resolution measurements as input and output high-resolution sinograms that are used for tomography image reconstruction. This approach allows for the construction of a super-resolution sinogram by utilizing information hidden in the low-resolution measurement. The model is trained on simulation data and validated on real measurement data. The results of this technique demonstrate significant improvement compared to state-of-the-art methods. The study also highlights that UST measurements contain more information than previously thought, and this hidden information can be extracted and utilized with the use of machine learning techniques to further improve image quality and object recognition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engineering and Medical Technologies in Energy Exploitation)

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20 pages, 2561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning-Enhanced Radio Tomographic Device for Energy Optimization in Smart Buildings

by Michał Styła, Bartłomiej Kiczek, Grzegorz Kłosowski, Tomasz Rymarczyk, Przemysław Adamkiewicz, Dariusz Wójcik and Tomasz Cieplak

Energies 2023, 16(1), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010275 - 27 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1523

Abstract

Smart buildings are becoming a new standard in construction, which allows for many possibilities to introduce ergonomics and energy savings. These contain simple improvements, such as controlling lights and optimizing heating or air conditioning systems in the building, but also more complex ones, [...] Read more.

Smart buildings are becoming a new standard in construction, which allows for many possibilities to introduce ergonomics and energy savings. These contain simple improvements, such as controlling lights and optimizing heating or air conditioning systems in the building, but also more complex ones, such as indoor movement tracking of building users. One of the necessary components is an indoor localization system, especially without any device worn by the person being located. These types of solutions are important in locating people inside smart buildings, managing hospitals of the future and other similar institutions. The article presents a prototype of an innovative energy-efficient device for radio tomography, in which the hardware and software layers of the solution are presented. The presented example consists of 32 radio sensors based on a Bluetooth 5 protocol controlled by a central unit. The preciseness of the system was verified both visually and quantitatively by the image reconstruction as a result of solving the inverse tomographic problem using three neural networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engineering and Medical Technologies in Energy Exploitation)

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