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Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Electric Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2025) | Viewed by 20373

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Marianna Jacyna

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Guest Editor

Division of Transportation Systems Engineering and Logistics, Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: transport; modeling of transportation processes and systems; multi-criteria decision support; transport ecology; risk management; artificial intelligence; simulation models; optimization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Mariusz Izdebski

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Guest Editor

Division of Transportation Systems Engineering and Logistics, Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: transport; transportation planning; logistics; optimization algorithms; artificial intelligence; mathematical modeling; operations research; public transport

Prof. Dr. Emilian Szczepański

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Guest Editor

Division of Transportation Systems Engineering and Logistics, Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: modeling of transport systems and processes; public transport; electric vehicles; fleet management and mobility
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The idea of a smart city assumes the use of modern information and communication technologies to maximize the quality of life and functioning of the city. Solutions for its implementation include, among others: organization of traffic, urban infrastructure, energy, environment, health, etc. An important area of activities is also the use of ecological means of transport. Currently, the transition from conventionally powered vehicles to electric vehicles is currently an irreversible trend in many countries around the world. This involves difficult challenges related to the need to provide an appropriate infrastructure and adopt a rational strategy of action.

Electric vehicles include not only cars, buses, trolleybuses, and trams but also other vehicles powered by electricity, including railways, e-scooters, and e-bikes. In smart cities, these systems should be integrated in terms of infrastructure and transport organization.

This Special Issue aims to present and disseminate the most recent advances related to the functioning of electric vehicles in Smart Cities.

Both original research and review works are welcome for submission. Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to:

Parameters of electric vehicles in terms of energy management;
Location of charging stations and their use in Smart Cities;
Energy efficiency of electric vehicles;
IT systems supporting the operation of electric vehicles;
Modern technologies used in the equipment and charging processes of electric vehicles;
Transport policy versus the implementation of electric vehicles in Smart Cities;
Use of renewable energy sources to power electric vehicles;
Fleet conversion processes in smart cities;
Economic and ecological aspects related to electric vehicles;
Methods of decision support in the problems of operating electric vehicles;
Electric autonomous and shared vehicles in Smart Cities;
Electric vehicles versus traffic safety;
Risk management aspects related to electric vehicles;
Modern technologies used in managing a fleet of electric vehicles;
Infrastructure development scenarios for servicing electric vehicles;
Energy efficiency in the area of green mobility in Smart Cities.

Prof. Dr. Marianna Jacyna
Dr. Mariusz Izdebski
Prof. Dr. Emilian Szczepański
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

electric vehicles
smart cities
energy efficiency
support decision making
risk management
transport ecology
fleet conversion processes
electric vehicles

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 3661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Electric Cold-Chain Vehicle Scheduling for Sustainable Urban Logistics: A Novel Framework Balancing Freshness and Vehicle Charging

by Zhenkun Gan, Peiwu Dong, Zhengtang Fu, Yanbing Ju and Yajun Shen

Energies 2025, 18(7), 1705; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071705 - 28 Mar 2025

Viewed by 314

Abstract

Cold-chain logistics, characterized by high energy consumption and significant emissions, pose a critical challenge for the green transformation of global transportation. Electric cold-chain vehicles have emerged as a promising solution to reduce carbon emissions in urban logistics. However, their scheduling is highly complex due to the need to balance freshness and charging requirements, presenting operational challenges for cold-chain companies. To address this issue, this paper proposes an optimization model and algorithm for the efficient scheduling of these innovative electric cold-chain vehicles. First, we define the unique features of these vehicles and establishes an operational framework tailored to cold-chain logistics. Subsequently, we develop a mixed-integer programming model to optimize freshness preservation. Additionally, we design a state-of-the-art algorithm based on an improved genetic algorithm to solve the scheduling model effectively. Numerical experiments conducted using operational data from Shanghai, China, validate the proposed method and algorithm. This study provides valuable insights and tools to support the green transformation of urban cold-chain logistics and contributes to the reduction of urban carbon emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities)

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14 pages, 613 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Challenges for Implementing Vehicle-to-Grid Services in Parking Lots: A State of the Art

by Antonio Comi and Elsiddig Elnour

Energies 2024, 17(24), 6240; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246240 - 11 Dec 2024

Viewed by 967

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) play a vital role in the transition to renewable energy and decarbonisation, and there is increasing global interest in expanding their use. However, the growing number of EVs poses challenges to the electricity grid due to increasing energy demand. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology can address these issues by allowing for EVs to charge and discharge energy, thus helping to balance the grid when needed. Aggregating vehicles in designated parking areas optimises energy transfer, making it crucial to identify suitable parking locations and forecast the energy available from parked vehicles. A spatial–temporal framework ensures that V2G services operate efficiently considering both the location and the timing of vehicle parking. This paper reviews studies on temporal–spatial V2G parking demand, identifying high-demand areas such as shopping centres and workplaces, where vehicles park for extended periods. Strategic locations of V2G hubs in these areas ensures seamless integration into existing mobility patterns without disrupting users’ routines. In addition, this review examines user acceptance, technical feasibility, and V2G’s role in reducing grid demand peaks. The findings indicate the potential of effectively implemented V2G services to enhance electricity grid stability and efficiency while minimising disruptions to EV users. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities)

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27 pages, 7922 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Method of Determining New Locations for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Using GIS Tools

by Piotr Soczówka, Michał Lasota, Piotr Franke and Renata Żochowska

Energies 2024, 17(18), 4546; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17184546 - 10 Sep 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2284

Abstract

The growing awareness of environmental issues, climate policies, and rapidly developing technologies is contributing to the increasing number of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) around the world. A key requirement for their widespread implementation is providing a charging infrastructure that allows users to operate these vehicles comfortably. Lack of access to charging stations can be a major barrier to the development of electromobility in a given area. Therefore, each additional charging infrastructure can support a change in the structure of the vehicle fleet. One of the key challenges facing this transformation is the selection of suitable locations for charging stations. It is necessary to ensure that they are uniformly distributed so that range anxiety for EV users is reduced and equal access to charging infrastructure is provided to all residents. One of the most important stakeholders in this market is local authorities. Therefore, the objective of this research was to develop a method of determining optimal locations for electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) from the perspective of local authorities that also takes into account equal access to the charging infrastructure for all residents, which seems to be a unique approach to this problem. We used commonly available spatial data as input to enable the method to be applied on a larger scale and over an urban area. We carried out our research using a case study: the city of Gliwice in Poland. The city area was divided into hexagonal basic fields, for which potentials for locations of new charging stations were calculated. The analysis was carried out using the geographic information system (GIS) QGIS (ver. 3.34). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities)

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25 pages, 6717 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting and Forecasting of Vehicle Charging Station Using ECNN with DHFO Algorithm

by Rosebell Paul and Mercy Paul Selvan

Energies 2024, 17(17), 4308; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174308 - 28 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1065

Abstract

The forecast of the optimal placement of a charging station (CS) according to the real-time consumption of electric vehicles is a subject of urgency in this new era. The demand of a charging station in an area based on the trend of consumption can be predicted by means of interpolation and the extrapolation of historical data using a linear function of prediction model. The prediction of the charging station system was performed with distance relevancy methods. An adaptive optimal learning model was proposed to enhance the prediction performance for charging station management and to represent the pattern of vehicles’ travelling directions. The proposed model uses Distributional Homogeneity Feature Optimization (DHFO) using artificial intelligence (AI) to categorize and forecast the charging station from the database. The prediction performance of this model is improved more than the conventional classification model by filtering the apt features from all the electric vehicular and charging station attributes in the database. The Enhanced Cladistic Neural Network (ECNN) is used to improve the pattern learning model and increase learning accuracy. By comparing statistical parameters with other state-of-the-art methodologies, the suggested model’s overall findings were verified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities)

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15 pages, 1606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Electric Vehicle Power Supply Systems—Case Study Analysis of the Impact on a Selected Urban Network in Türkiye

by Wojciech Lewicki, Hasan Huseyin Coban and Jacek Wróbel

Energies 2024, 17(14), 3596; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143596 - 22 Jul 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 1462

Abstract

Undoubtedly, the transition to electromobility with several million new, efficient charging points will have consequences for the energy industry, and in particular for network operators of the distribution infrastructure. At the same time, in the coming years the energy landscape will change into a system in which an increase in decentralized systems based on renewable energy sources will take over the leading function. This transformation process will further increase the complexity and overall pressure for change in energy systems over the next decade. In order to be able to ensure the energy supply and the reliable system operation of the grids in the future as well, communicative networking of generators, storage systems, electrical consumers and grid equipment is indispensable. This study aims to investigate the consequences of including electric vehicles in Istanbul’s power system using a unit commitment simulation model. The presented considerations analyze how uncertain and managed charging strategies affect the power system in terms of operating costs and renewable resources. The presented simulations indicate that, in economic terms, the use of a managed charging strategy saves 2.3%, reducing the total cost from USD 66.71 million to USD 65.18 million. The recipients of the presented research are both the demand and supply sides of the future energy transformation based on the idea of synergy of electromobility and renewable energy sources within the framework of the smart city idea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities)

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19 pages, 1829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Virtual Energy Storage System Scheduling for Commercial Buildings with Fixed and Dynamic Energy Storage

by Grmay Yordanos Brhane, Eunsung Oh and Sung-Yong Son

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3292; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133292 - 4 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1314

Abstract

This study presents a virtual energy storage system (VESS) scheduling method that strategically integrates fixed and dynamic energy storage (ES) solutions to optimize energy management in commercial buildings. Fixed ES, such as batteries, provides stable flexibility but is expensive and can be inefficiently operated. In contrast, dynamic ES can be utilized as needed but requires validation of their flexibility. By combining fixed ES with dynamic ES utilizing vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities, this approach enhances grid stability and manages energy costs more effectively. Empirical validation using real-world data from Korea demonstrates significant improvements in total net benefits by reducing energy costs, which are crucial for the economic sustainability of commercial energy use. Additionally, the analysis of Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient with demand identifies where benefits occur in the scheduling process. The integrated system reduces the need for costly upgrades to the utility grid, suggesting a strategic advantage for large-scale adoption. This study establishes a framework for the broader implementation of such integrated systems, highlighting the potential for substantial improvements in energy efficiency, reduced carbon emissions, and enhanced grid reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities)

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18 pages, 1695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electromobility as a Challenge of Modern City Logistics—Indicator Analysis

by Agnieszka Pokorska and Tomasz Wiśniewski

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3167; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133167 - 27 Jun 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1219

Abstract

Electromobility is the challenge of modern cities. The following article explores this issue. The article presents the authors’ assessment of the impact of sustainable urban mobility indicators on the development of electromobility strategies in cities. The purpose of the paper is to describe which indicators of sustainable urban mobility may influence the development of electromobility strategies in cities by increasing the number of not only low-emission cars (electric and hybrid) and low-emission buses but also public bicycles. The hypothesis posited in the work is: sustainable urban mobility is an important factor in the development of electromobility in cities. Our literature analysis, expert research, and statistical analysis allowed us to prepare a possibly comprehensive set of indicators for sustainable urban mobility that have a potential impact on the development of electromobility strategies. We ran a thematic analysis of systematic literature reviews and collected around 50 specific types of indicators and measures of sustainable mobility. After consulting the indicator database with experts, we expanded a list of 21 indicators of sustainable mobility. Next, using regression analysis, it was determined which of the sustainable urban mobility indicators is the most important for the development of electromobility strategies in the three identified transport systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities)

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21 pages, 5047 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Minimisation of the Energy Expenditure of Electric Vehicles in Municipal Service Companies, Taking into Account the Uncertainty of Charging Point Operation

by Mariusz Izdebski, Marianna Jacyna and Jerzy Bogdański

Energies 2024, 17(9), 2179; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092179 - 2 May 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 993

Abstract

This article presents an original method for minimising the energy expenditure of electric vehicles used in municipal service undertakings, taking into account the uncertainty in the functioning of their charging points. The uncertainty of the charging points’ operation was presented as the probability of the occurrence of an emergency situation hindering a point’s operation, e.g., a breakdown or lack of energy supply. The problem is how to calculate the driving routes of electric vehicles so that they will arrive at charging points at times at which there is a minimal probability of breakdowns. The second aspect of this problem to be solved is that the designated routes are supposed to ensure the minimum energy expenditure that is needed for the vehicles to complete the tasks assigned. The developed method is based on two heuristic algorithms, i.e., the ant algorithm and genetic algorithms. These algorithms work in a hybrid combination, i.e., the ant algorithm generates the initial population for the genetic algorithm. An important element of this method is the decision-making model for defining the driving routes of electric vehicles with various restrictions, e.g., their battery capacity or the permissible risk of charging point breakdown along the routes of the vehicles. The criterion function of the model was defined as the minimisation of the energy expenditure needed by the vehicles to perform their transport tasks. The method was verified against real-life data, and its effectiveness was confirmed. The authors presented a method of calibrating the developed optimisation algorithms. Theoretical distributions of the probability of charging point failure were determined based on the Statistica 13 program, while a graphical implementation of the method was carried out using the PTV Visum 23 software. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities)

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23 pages, 7716 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Design of Three Electric Vehicle Charging Tariff Systems to Improve Photovoltaic Self-Consumption

by Garazi Etxegarai, Haritza Camblong, Aitzol Ezeiza and Tek Tjing Lie

Energies 2024, 17(8), 1806; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17081806 - 9 Apr 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1644

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) are emerging as one of the pillars for achieving climate neutrality. They represent both a threat and an opportunity for the operation of the network. Used as flexible loads, they can favor the self-consumption of photovoltaic (PV) energy. This paper presents three EV charging tariff systems (TSs) based on the self-consumption of excess PV energy. The TS objectives are to increase the self-consumption rate (SCR) and thus indirectly decrease the charging cost of the EV users. Two of the proposed TSs correspond to an indirect control of EV charging. The third TS is a hybrid system where the charging power is controlled. The TS is designed using a series of rules that consider the momentary PV surplus and the charging power of each EV. The influence of the TS is simulated by considering real data from a PV collective self-consumption project in the Basque Country (Spain). The TS simulations performed with 6 months of data show a 13.1% increase in the SCR when applying the third TS, reaching an average of 93.09% for the SCR. In addition, the cost of EV charging is reduced by 25%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities)

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24 pages, 3448 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Analysis of the Overhead Crane Energy Consumption Using Different Container Loading Strategies in Urban Logistics Hubs

by Michał Kłodawski, Roland Jachimowski and Norbert Chamier-Gliszczyński

Energies 2024, 17(5), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17050985 - 20 Feb 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2524

Abstract

This study addresses the critical gap in the literature regarding the energy efficiency of intermodal terminals in smart cities, mainly focusing on crane operations during train loading processes. Novelty’s contribution lies in developing a comprehensive simulation model in FlexSim, where quantitative analysis of crane energy consumption, factoring in container location in the storage yard, rehandling operations, and crane movement strategies were performed. Moreover, the analysis of hoist, trolley, and gantry movements was performed to evaluate their impact on overall container loading process energy efficiency. The findings reveal that the choice of train loading method significantly influences crane energy consumption, thereby affecting the operational costs, environmental footprint, and energy efficiency of the logistics hub in the form of an intermodal terminal. This research provides a methodology for assessing and enhancing the energy efficiency of intermodal terminals and highlights the broader implications for smart city sustainability goals, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions, lower operating costs, and improved transportation infrastructure. The outcomes of this research can possibly support smart city planners and logistics managers in making informed decisions to optimise intermodal terminal operations, contributing to urban areas’ sustainable development and economic resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities)

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24 pages, 6298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Priority in Coordinated Traffic Lights on Tram Energy Consumption

by Anna Górka, Andrzej Czerepicki and Tomasz Krukowicz

Energies 2024, 17(2), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020520 - 21 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1941

Abstract

Traffic signal priority issues have been a research subject for several decades in Poland and worldwide. Traffic control algorithms have evolved considerably during this period and have become increasingly advanced. Most of them operate within coordinated street sequences, which adds to their complexity. Tramway priority affects traffic conditions for other road users, so many aspects must be taken into account when choosing a priority solution. Typically, one of the main criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of priority is reducing travel time for the priority vehicle while ensuring that the travel times of other traffic participants through the intersection are maintained or slightly deteriorated. However, the energy aspects are often overlooked. This publication aims to investigate how local priority for tramways in traffic signals of coordinated streets affects energy consumption for tramway traction needs. The study was conducted using a microscopic modeling method with PTV Vissim software (ver. 2021). The models were built for coordinated sequences with different levels of priority. Real traffic control algorithms with priority were implemented into the model on the sequence of Marymoncka Street and Grochowska Street in Warsaw. Then, by introducing changes to the parameters of the algorithms, their effect on traffic characteristics, including estimated power consumption, was studied. The results obtained from the computer simulation were statistically processed using R software (ver. 4.3.2). The analysis results prove the effectiveness of tramway priority operation, show its impact on electricity consumption, and allow us to determine the limits of its effective application. Thus, they complement the knowledge of the impact of tramway priority on traffic. The research results also have practical value, as they help us to make rational decisions in the process of designing traffic control algorithms at intersections with a multi-criteria approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities)

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Review

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45 pages, 9786 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electric Vehicles Empowering the Construction of Green Sustainable Transportation Networks in Chinese Cities: Dynamic Evolution, Frontier Trends, and Construction Pathways

by Dacan Li, Albert D. Lau and Yuanyuan Gong

Energies 2025, 18(8), 1943; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18081943 - 10 Apr 2025

Viewed by 624

Abstract

As the global ecological environment faces serious challenges and extreme climate change threatens the survival of humankind, the promotion of green development has become the focus for all countries in the world. As one of the world’s major greenhouse gas emitters, China has put forward the “twin goals” of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality and is committed to promoting the green and low-carbon transformation of its cities. As the core of economic and social development, cities are the main source of carbon emissions. In response to the dual challenges of carbon emission control and traffic growth, it is particularly important to promote the development of green transportation. With the acceleration of urbanization, urban traffic pollution is becoming more and more serious. As a zero-emission transportation mode, electric vehicles have become a key way to achieve the carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets. In order to deeply analyze the research status of electric vehicles in the field of the green and low-carbon transformation of urban transportation in China and to explore the research hot spots, evolution trends, and their roles and strategies in the construction of green transportation networks, this paper uses the CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Tableau analysis tools to review and analyze the 2460 articles and reviews in the Web of Science Core Collection (WOS) and 2650 articles and reviews in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), including the “publication volume and publication trend”, “subject citation path”, “countries cooperation and geographical distribution”, “author cooperation and institution cooperation”, “keyword co-occurrence and keywords clusters”, and the “evolution trend of research hot spots in timeline”. The results show that: (1) Since 2010, the research focus on electric vehicles has gradually increased, and especially in the past three years, the number of such publications has increased significantly. (2) China holds the lead in research output regarding electric vehicles and related fields, but its international cooperation needs to be strengthened. (3) In recent years, the research has focused on “energy transformation”, “energy-saving technology”, “carbon emissions”, “battery recycling”, and other relevant topics. The promotion and development of electric vehicles will continue to usher in new opportunities concerning technological innovation, policy support, and market expansion. Finally, based on the research hot spots and evolution trends of electric vehicles in the field of urban green transportation and low-carbon transportation in China, this paper discusses the key paths and strategies for electric vehicles to promote the transformation of urban transportation in China to green and low-carbon types and looks forward to future research directions. The research in this paper can provide theoretical support and practical guidance for China to promote electric vehicles, build low-carbon cities, and realize green transportation. It is expected to act as a useful reference for relevant policy formulation and academic research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities)

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21 pages, 5233 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

One Health Ecological Approach to Sustainable Wireless Energy Transfer Aboard Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities

by Adel Razek

Energies 2024, 17(17), 4349; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174349 - 30 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 953

Abstract

This investigation is part of a topical situation where wireless equipment is gradually being used for energy transfer, particularly for autonomous systems and the use of decarbonized energies. A characteristic example of decarbonized autonomous use is linked to the substitution of thermal engine vehicles for electric vehicles (EVs) equipped with energy storage batteries. This response was considered in an ecological context of reducing air pollution and defending planetary biodiversity, which are currently vital. These EVs ultimately operate thanks to the wireless charging of their batteries when stationary or running. By changing long-established means of transport that have become a threat to biodiversity, it is necessary to ensure that innovative replacement solutions protect this biodiversity. In addition, the construction of wireless power transfer (WPT) battery chargers for these EVs must offer an optimal ecology of clean energy saving. In such a context, the two concepts of One Health (OH) and Responsible Attitude (RA) will find their place in the design and control of WPT tools in EVs. This contribution aims to illustrate and analyze the roles of the green and non-wasteful OH and RA approaches in the design and control of WPT embedded in EVs for the smart city (SC) environment. In the paper, WPT tools are first introduced. The design and control of EV battery charging tools are then examined. The biological effects on living tissues due to the electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation of WPT are analyzed. The phenomena and equations governing the design of WPT and the effects of EMF radiation are then exposed. The OH and RA approaches in the SC context are afterward analyzed. The protection against the unsafe effects of WPT tools in the SC environment is consequently explored. The analyses followed in the paper are supported by examples from the literature. The explorations proposed in this contribution have made it possible to highlight certain notions, allowing a more in-depth understanding of the use of EVs with WPT rechargeable batteries for SCs. Thus, the analysis and fusion of these topics are at the heart of this contribution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities)

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