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AC, DC and Hybrid Microgrids - Trends and Prospects with Distributed Generation

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 June 2025 | Viewed by 6532

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Malabika Basu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Technological University Dublin, D07 EWV4 Dublin, Ireland
Interests: grid integration of renewable energy sources; power quality conditioners; power quality control and analysis; photovoltaics (PVs) and wind energy conversion; HVdc systems; smart grid; microgrids
Dr. Sandipan Patra

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
International Energy Research Centre, Tyndall National Institute, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
Interests: microgrid; grid-forming inverter; LVDC; cybersecurity; energy community

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Low- and medium-voltage distribution systems with dispersed energy sources, storage systems, and controllable loads are the major components of a microgrid (MG) that are regulated and coordinated while being connected to the main power grid or operating independently in an islanded manner. The trend of producing and delivering electrical power to customers with the sophistication of power electronic devices has become more of a common practice.

Customers and utilities can benefit from the operation of microgrids in a number of ways, including increased energy efficiency, reduced overall energy consumption, improved reliability and resilience, network operational benefits, and more cost-effective replacement of existing electrical infrastructure, with AC, DC, or hybrid options. These may be customized according to economic feasibility, simplicity of connection and safety practice, stability and energy management challenges, etc.

This Special Issue aims to focus on relevant issues associated with various kinds of microgrids, their resilience, protection and reliability, energy storage, and EV and load controllers, which are crucial for the effective and efficient functioning of microgrids. Multi-microgrid technical and commercial integration, economic and power quality issues, future trends, and topology are also topics of interest.

This Special Issue includes but is not limited to the following topics of AC/DC/hybrid microgrids (MGs):

  • Energy resilience;
  • Cybersecurity;
  • Protection of MG;
  • Multi-microgrid operations;
  • EV and energy storage issues in MG;
  • Power quality and reliability in MG;
  • Design of converter topologies and pilot case studies of various MG;
  • Microgrid control, power management, and economics;
  • The Internet of Things and energy internet for multiple microgrids;
  • Reviews on the state of the art and future trends of AC/DC/hybrid microgrid.

Dr. Malabika Basu
Dr. Sandipan Patra
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • energy resilience
  • cybersecurity
  • protection of MG
  • multi-microgrid operations
  • EV and storage in MG
  • power quality and reliability
  • case studies
  • microgrid management and economics (Bitcoin)
  • future trends
  • AC/DC/hybrid microgrid
  • the Internet of Things and energy internet for multiple microgrids
  • reviews on the state of the art in the area of microgrids

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

32 pages, 3241 KiB  
Article
Microgrid Resilience Enhancement with Sensor Network-Based Monitoring and Risk Assessment Involving Uncertain Data
by Tangxiao Yuan, Kossigan Roland Assilevi, Kondo Hloindo Adjallah, Ayité Sénah A. Ajavon and Huifen Wang
Energies 2024, 17(23), 6141; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17236141 - 5 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 860
Abstract
This paper focuses on enhancing the resilience of microgrids—localized power systems that integrate multiple energy sources—against challenges such as natural disasters, technological obstacles, and human errors. It begins by defining the specific connotation of microgrid resilience and then proposes an innovative solution centered [...] Read more.
This paper focuses on enhancing the resilience of microgrids—localized power systems that integrate multiple energy sources—against challenges such as natural disasters, technological obstacles, and human errors. It begins by defining the specific connotation of microgrid resilience and then proposes an innovative solution centered on the use of advanced sensor technology to continuously monitor the microgrid and its operational environment, ensuring accurate and timely data collection under dynamic conditions. Subsequently, a decision risk assessment framework is constructed, integrating data quality evaluation and operational risk considerations, to drive strategy optimization through in-depth data analysis. At the application level, this framework is successfully applied to two critical decision-making scenarios: the first is to optimize the power allocation strategy between solar energy and the auxiliary grid, aiming to maximize cost efficiency and minimize power outage losses; the second is to develop low-risk maintenance plans based on the predicted failure probabilities of microgrid components with uncertain information. Both decision processes skillfully utilize Monte Carlo simulation and multi-objective genetic algorithms to effectively manage the uncertainty risks in the decision-making process, thereby significantly enhancing the overall resilience of the microgrid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue AC, DC and Hybrid Microgrids - Trends and Prospects with Distributed Generation)
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13 pages, 6260 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Static Security of the Italian Grid by Means of the N-1 Three-Phase Contingency Analysis
by Giovanni Gardan, Luca Rusalen and Roberto Benato
Energies 2024, 17(17), 4429; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174429 - 4 Sep 2024
Viewed by 687
Abstract
The ongoing replacement of synchronous machine generators (SMs) with converter-interface generators (CIGs) is raising the voltage unbalance of power systems, affecting power quality and grid stability. This paper focuses on a key power quality index for power systems, i.e., the voltage unbalance factor. [...] Read more.
The ongoing replacement of synchronous machine generators (SMs) with converter-interface generators (CIGs) is raising the voltage unbalance of power systems, affecting power quality and grid stability. This paper focuses on a key power quality index for power systems, i.e., the voltage unbalance factor. The purpose of this work is twofold. First, it presents the generalization of a three-phase power flow algorithm developed by University of Padova, named PFPD_3P, to assess the voltage unbalance factors of power systems supplied by CIGs. In particular, it is demonstrated that CIGs can be modelled as three-phase PV/PQ constraints embedding their positive-, negative- and zero-sequence admittances. Then, the concept of three-phase contingency analysis is introduced. Indeed, for static security evaluation, the classical single-phase contingency analysis may no longer be sufficient, as it lacks power quality computations, e.g., voltage/current unbalance factors. Numerical simulations evaluating the unbalance factors due to different generation mix scenarios and contingencies are tested on the Italian extra-high-voltage/high-voltage (EHV/HV) grid. The choice of this network relies on its representativeness, as CIGs are the majority of new installations in the Italian generation mix. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue AC, DC and Hybrid Microgrids - Trends and Prospects with Distributed Generation)
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28 pages, 9845 KiB  
Article
Composite Sliding Mode Control of Phase Circulating Current for the Parallel Three-Phase Inverter Systems
by Weiqi Zhang, Yanmin Wang, Fengling Han and Rebeca Yang
Energies 2024, 17(6), 1389; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17061389 - 14 Mar 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1239
Abstract
The phase circulating current (PCC) of the parallel three-phase inverter systems dramatically affects the power quality and conversion efficiency of the power grid. In this paper, a composite suppression strategy is proposed to solve the PCC issue by using the sliding mode control [...] Read more.
The phase circulating current (PCC) of the parallel three-phase inverter systems dramatically affects the power quality and conversion efficiency of the power grid. In this paper, a composite suppression strategy is proposed to solve the PCC issue by using the sliding mode control (SMC) approach and improved virtual impedance droop control. Taking the commonly used 2-group parallel three-phase inverter as an example, an inter- and intra-classification model is established by analyzing the sources of PCC. In order to suppress the inter-PCC, the traditional virtual impedance droop control is given, following the improved substitute by combining SMC. And the variables of the bus voltage, Q-U loop, P-f loop, and the virtual-induced reactance are also introduced for the robust control of the impedance droop. On the other side, a SMC-based suppression approach is designed to solve the issue of the intra-PCC. Its idea is to introduce a regulation factor for the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) so that the zero-sequence voltage can be eliminated and the influence of the intra-PCC can be relieved. Comparative simulations and experiments validate the effectiveness of the methods proposed in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue AC, DC and Hybrid Microgrids - Trends and Prospects with Distributed Generation)
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20 pages, 7294 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Virtual Inertia Controller for Microgrid Applications
by Ahmed Sheir and Vijay K. Sood
Energies 2023, 16(21), 7304; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217304 - 27 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1505
Abstract
Unlike Synchronous Generators (SGs), Virtual Synchronous Generators (VSGs) inertia is not fixed once it is manufactured and only has an upper limit defined by its energy storage components. In this paper, a novel Enhanced Virtual Inertia Controller (EVIC) is proposed. The proposed controller [...] Read more.
Unlike Synchronous Generators (SGs), Virtual Synchronous Generators (VSGs) inertia is not fixed once it is manufactured and only has an upper limit defined by its energy storage components. In this paper, a novel Enhanced Virtual Inertia Controller (EVIC) is proposed. The proposed controller alters the VSG inertia coefficient between two limiting levels in response to a grid transient. The key difference between the proposed controller and the variable inertia controller is that the proposed EVIC causes a smooth transition in the inertia coefficient while the variable inertia controller causes a discontinuous jump in it. The proposed EVIC guarantees an adaptive response to grid dynamics, such that a negligible change occurs at small disturbances and a linear and smooth increase occurs at moderate disturbances. For large disturbances, the proposed controller smoothly oscillates the inertia between two saturation levels, which then quickly returns the converter to its steady-state operating point with minimum oscillations. A qualitative study of the performance and stability margin of the proposed controller was conducted using a large signal model (nonlinear model) of VSG connected to a microgrid. The large signal model provided a complete description of the converter’s behaviour under large disturbances, which is the area of interest of the proposed controller. It also contained the small-signal dynamics (linear dynamic) within the vicinity of the equilibrium (steady-state) point. Thus, a complete description of the proposed controller dynamics is conveyed to prove its validity and adaptability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue AC, DC and Hybrid Microgrids - Trends and Prospects with Distributed Generation)
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20 pages, 5182 KiB  
Article
The Operation Strategy of the MIDC Systems for Optimizing Renewable Energy Integration of Jeju Power System
by Hyeokjin Son and Gilsoo Jang
Energies 2023, 16(15), 5699; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155699 - 30 Jul 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1564
Abstract
The power system on Jeju Island currently faces challenges due to an imbalance between power supply and demand owing to increasing renewable energy (RE) generation. Consequently, the multi-infeed high-voltage direct-current (MIDC) systems are expected to play an important role in reducing RE curtailment [...] Read more.
The power system on Jeju Island currently faces challenges due to an imbalance between power supply and demand owing to increasing renewable energy (RE) generation. Consequently, the multi-infeed high-voltage direct-current (MIDC) systems are expected to play an important role in reducing RE curtailment and increasing RE penetration. However, despite the balance between power supply and demand, transmission line (TL) overloads on Jeju Island, which has a low permissible rating, may lead to RE curtailment. We propose an operational strategy for the MIDC systems to mitigate TL overloading and RE curtailment. This strategy was aimed at managing the possible congestion of TLs, maintaining a power supply–demand balance, and increasing the penetration level of RE. In this paper, we present a scheme for calculating the operating points of the MIDC systems and allocating RE curtailment using optimization with security constraints to mitigate TL overloading. The proposed optimization model simplifies solving the mathematical equations involved by employing a sensitivity factor called the power transfer distribution factor (PTDF), using which linear programming (LP) optimization can be performed. To verify the feasibility of the operational strategy, case studies are conducted using an actual Jeju Island power system with a power system analysis tool—Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSS/E). The optimization problem was solved using MATLAB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue AC, DC and Hybrid Microgrids - Trends and Prospects with Distributed Generation)
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