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Research on Refrigeration and Energy Storage for Carbon Emission Reduction
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Research on Refrigeration and Energy Storage for Carbon Emission Reduction

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B3: Carbon Emission and Utilization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 February 2025) | Viewed by 8361

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yijian He

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Interests: refrigeration (heat pump) for air-conditioning; energy saving and control technologies of built environment; innovation of cryogenic refrigeration; technologies of food preservation and energy saving
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Lijuan He

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
Interests: technologies of refrigeration (heat pump) for air-conditioning; heat and mass transfer enhancement and regulation; energy-saving and control technologies of built environment; vapour-liquid phase equilibrium
Dr. Xiuzhen Li

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Institute of Building Energy and Thermal Science, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
Interests: technologies of auto-cascade refrigeration and jet refrigeration; convection heat transfer enhancement and regulation; heat pump

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As global energy consumption continues to rise and environmental issues become increasingly prominent, the innovations of refrigeration (except for air-conditioning and cryogenics), such as improvement of efficiency, alternatives of new refrigerants and research on energy storage technology, have become crucially important. Refrigeration technologies with both high-efficiency and low GWP (global warm potentials) contribute to reducing energy consumption, decreasing greenhouse gas emissions, while simultaneously enhancing the performance and reliability. Energy storage is one of the key technologies to address the intermittency of renewable energy sources, enabling effective balancing of energy supply and demand, achieving efficient energy storage and utilization, and contributing to sustainable development. The integrated application of refrigeration and energy storage technologies can serve as a bridge between energy consumption and supply, facilitating efficient energy conversion. Furthermore, research on refrigeration and energy storage technology also has significant impacts on the sustainability of other fields.

This Special Issue aims to present and disseminate the most recent advances related to the theory, design, modelling, application of all types of refrigeration and energy storage technologies, to promote the progress and innovation of refrigeration and energy storage.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to:

Application and optimization of renewable energy in refrigeration;

Innovative applications of refrigeration in energy storage and conversion;

Development and evaluation of new refrigeration and energy storage materials;

Application of intelligent control and optimization algorithms in refrigeration and energy storage;

Energy-saving retrofit and performance optimization of refrigeration and energy storage equipment;

Design and experimental research on environmentally friendly refrigeration and energy storage systems;

Model and evaluation on carbon emission reduction of new refrigeration and energy storage technologies;

Exploration on integration between energy storage and refrigeration.

Dr. Yijian He
Prof. Dr. Lijuan He
Dr. Xiuzhen Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • energy efficiency 
  • energy storage
  • refrigeration 
  • air-conditioning
  • renewable energy 
  • fault diagnosis 
  • performance optimization 
  • intelligent control 
  • properties of materials 
  • carbon emission 
  • enhancement of heat and mass transfer

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 5837 KiB  
Article
A Transient Analysis of Latent Thermal Energy Storage Using Phase Change Materials in a Refrigerated Truck
by Luca Cirillo, Adriana Greco and Claudia Masselli
Energies 2024, 17(11), 2665; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112665 - 30 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1319
Abstract
The preservation of perishable food items within the cold chain is a critical aspect of modern food logistics. Traditional refrigeration systems consume large amounts of energy, without an optimal temperature distribution, leading to potential food spoilage and economic losses. In recent years, the [...] Read more.
The preservation of perishable food items within the cold chain is a critical aspect of modern food logistics. Traditional refrigeration systems consume large amounts of energy, without an optimal temperature distribution, leading to potential food spoilage and economic losses. In recent years, the integration of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) into cold chain systems has emerged as a promising solution to address these challenges. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the utilization of PCMs for food preservation in a refrigerated truck, focusing on the impact on temperature control, phase change fraction, costs, and energy savings. The effectiveness of PCM-based refrigeration system to maintain the refrigerated truck at a temperature of −18 °C under various scenarios and environmental conditions using a transient model was evaluated. The TRNSYS model includes a representation of a conventional refrigerated van’s system, with simulations conducted in a Mediterranean climate (Naples). The model’s core components consist of Type 56 for cooling load estimation and Type 1270a for the new PCM component. Results indicate that for guaranteeing −18 °C for 10 h, 96.4 kg and 102.2 kg of E-26 and E-29 PCM are needed, respectively, for scenarios with 10 door openings during transportation and for two different velocities of the truck: 30 and 80 km h−1. Results indicate that the incorporation of PCMs in the refrigerated van leads to significant improvements in temperature stability and uniformity, thereby extending the shelf life of perishable food products and reducing the risk of spoilage. Furthermore, the analysis shows that, using the PCMs, a significant reduction of the energy costs can be obtained (up to a maximum of around 79%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Refrigeration and Energy Storage for Carbon Emission Reduction)
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16 pages, 5186 KiB  
Article
ANN-LSTM-A Water Consumption Prediction Based on Attention Mechanism Enhancement
by Xin Zhou, Xin Meng and Zhenyu Li
Energies 2024, 17(5), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051102 - 25 Feb 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1677
Abstract
To reduce the energy consumption of domestic hot water (DHW) production, it is necessary to reasonably select a water supply plan through early predictions of DHW consumption to optimize energy consumption. However, the fluctuations and intermittence of DHW consumption bring great challenges to [...] Read more.
To reduce the energy consumption of domestic hot water (DHW) production, it is necessary to reasonably select a water supply plan through early predictions of DHW consumption to optimize energy consumption. However, the fluctuations and intermittence of DHW consumption bring great challenges to the prediction of water consumption. In this paper, an ANN-LSTM-A water quantity prediction model based on attention mechanism (AM) enhancement is improved. The model includes an input layer, an AM layer, a hidden layer, and an output layer. Based on the combination of artificial neural network (ANN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) models, an AM is incorporated to address the issue of the traditional ANN model having difficulty capturing the long-term dependencies, such as lags and trends in time series, to improve the accuracy of the DHW consumption prediction. Through comparative experiments, it was found that the root mean square error of the ANN-LSTM-A model was 15.4%, 13.2%, and 13.2% lower than those of the ANN, LSTM, and ANN-LSTM models, respectively. The corresponding mean absolute error was 17.9%, 11.5%, and 8% lower than those of the ANN, LSTM, and ANN-LSTM models, respectively. The results showed that the proposed ANN-LSTM-A model yielded better performances in predicting DHW consumption than the ANN, LSTM, and ANN-LSTM models. This work provides an effective reference for the reasonable selection of the water supply plan and optimization of energy consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Refrigeration and Energy Storage for Carbon Emission Reduction)
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19 pages, 4024 KiB  
Article
Study of a Novel Hybrid Refrigeration System, with Natural Refrigerants and Ultra-Low Carbon Emissions, for Air Conditioning
by Yijian He, Yufu Zheng, Jianguang Zhao, Qifei Chen and Lunyuan Zhang
Energies 2024, 17(4), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17040880 - 14 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1622
Abstract
Due to its environmental benefits, CO2 shows great potential in refrigeration systems. However, a basic CO2 transcritical (BCT) refrigeration system used for airconditioning in buildings might generate massive indirect carbon emissions for its low COP. In this study, a novel CO [...] Read more.
Due to its environmental benefits, CO2 shows great potential in refrigeration systems. However, a basic CO2 transcritical (BCT) refrigeration system used for airconditioning in buildings might generate massive indirect carbon emissions for its low COP. In this study, a novel CO2 transcritical/two-stage absorption (CTTA) hybrid refrigeration system is broadly investigated, and both energy efficiency and life cycle climate performance (LCCP) are specifically engaged. The theoretical model shows that optimal parameters for the generator inlet temperature (TG2), intermediate temperature (Tm), and discharge pressure (Pc), exist to achieve maximum COPtol. Using the LCCP method, the carbon emissions of the CTTA system are compared to six typical refrigeration systems by using refrigerants, including R134a, R1234yf and R1234ze(E) etc. The LCCP value of the CTTA system is 3768 kg CO2e/kW, which is 53.6% less than the BCT system and equivalent to the R134a system. Moreover, its LCCP value could be 3.4% less than the R1234ze(E) system if the COP of the CO2 subsystem is further improved. In summary, the CTTA system achieves ultra-low carbon emissions, which provides a potential alternative to air conditioning systems in buildings that can be considered alongside R1234yf and R1234ze(E) systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Refrigeration and Energy Storage for Carbon Emission Reduction)
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14 pages, 3002 KiB  
Article
Simulation Research on the Optimization of Domestic Heat Pump Water Heater Condensers
by Yang Han, Rong Feng, Taiyang Xiao, Machao Guo, Jiahui Wu and Hong Cui
Energies 2023, 16(21), 7441; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217441 - 4 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1486
Abstract
To improve the heat transfer coefficient of a condenser, this paper proposes using a fin-tube condenser to replace a smooth-tube condenser in a domestic heat pump water heater. The finite element method is used to analyze the heat transfer coefficient of fin-tube condensers [...] Read more.
To improve the heat transfer coefficient of a condenser, this paper proposes using a fin-tube condenser to replace a smooth-tube condenser in a domestic heat pump water heater. The finite element method is used to analyze the heat transfer coefficient of fin-tube condensers with different design parameters. By comparing the results of experiments with those obtained using CFD methods, it has been determined that the CFD method used in this study is feasible. Simulation results showed that the heat transfer coefficient enhanced clearly. The total thermal resistance of the fin-tube condenser decreased by 7% through increasing fin thickness. The total thermal resistance of the fin-tube condenser increased by 1–1.3% when fin spacing was increased. The heat transfer coefficient decreased severely and the maximum total thermal resistance of the fin-tube condenser increased by 8.7% with increasing fin height. In 600 s, when the fin spacing, fin height, fin thickness and inner diameter were 14 mm, 12.5 mm, 1.2 mm and 22.5 mm, respectively, compared to the smooth-tube condenser, the fin-tube condenser could increase the final water temperature by 18.37%, and the heat transfer coefficient would increase by about 95%. This research could provide a low-cost way to improve the heat transfer coefficient of condensers in domestic heat pump water heaters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Refrigeration and Energy Storage for Carbon Emission Reduction)
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14 pages, 3066 KiB  
Article
Anti-Condensation Temperature Control Strategy of the Concrete Radiant Roof
by Bobo Zhang, Qin Sun, Lin Su, Kaijun Dong, Weimin Luo, Haifeng Guan, Zhenhua Shao and Wei Wu
Energies 2023, 16(12), 4826; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16124826 - 20 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1524
Abstract
Radiation cooling, as a new terminal mode that has been gradually emerging in recent years, has attracted more and more attention. However, the problem of condensation has become a vital bottleneck restricting the broad application of radiation-cooling technology. This paper used the numerical [...] Read more.
Radiation cooling, as a new terminal mode that has been gradually emerging in recent years, has attracted more and more attention. However, the problem of condensation has become a vital bottleneck restricting the broad application of radiation-cooling technology. This paper used the numerical simulation method of Ansys Fluent to study the effect of different water supply parameters on the concrete radiant roof’s heat transfer performance, temperature uniformity analysis, and anti-condensation temperature control strategy. The accuracy of the simulation model was verified by comparing the numerical simulation values and measured values of temperature monitoring points. In thermal performance research, the inlet temperature significantly impacted the cooling capacity and radiant surface temperature compared with the inlet flow velocity. In the uniformity study, the distance between the serpentine pipes area and the concrete edge was easily neglected, which was also an important factor affecting the distribution of temperature uniformity. Regarding anti-condensation and performance improvement research, first supplying water at low temperatures and then dynamically adjusting high-temperature water could effectively avoid condensation and improve the radiant roof’s heat transfer performance. The research results could provide technical references for the practical application of radiation roof anti-condensation temperature control technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Refrigeration and Energy Storage for Carbon Emission Reduction)
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