Submit to Energies Review for Energies Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Lithium-Ion Battery Management Systems: Design, Development, Analysis and Implementation

Print Special Issue Flyer
Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Keywords
Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue
Published Papers

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "D2: Electrochem: Batteries, Fuel Cells, Capacitors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (14 November 2024) | Viewed by 12016

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Truong Minh Ngoc Bui

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Energy Innovation Centre, WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Interests: EV/HEV dynamic modelling; control and simulation; vehicle supervisory control; battery energy storage; energy management systems; battery management systems; vehicle-to-grid; smart grids
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Cheng Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Centre for Advanced Low Carbon Propulsion Systems (C-ALPS), Coventry University, Coventry, UK
Interests: battery energy storage system; design of experiment for battery characterisation; model and simulation; parameter optimisation; adaptive state and parameter estimation; control algorithms
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Truong Quang Dinh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Interests: lithium-ion batteries; battery thermal management; mechatronics; control theories and applications; modelling; management and control of energy systems; advanced propulsion systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A complete battery system consists of many hundreds of individual cells connected in series and/or parallels, and through cell interconnects, control circuits, and cabling and thermal management. Manufacturing tolerances coupled with demanding duty cycles and a heterogeneous environment, particularly the presence of thermal differences within the battery system, result in significant variations in the rate of cell degradation and the energy distribution amongst the cells. Within the field of battery system design and integration, a key enabling technology is the design of the battery management system (BMS). This Special Issue aims to collect high-quality review and research articles related to the topic of battery management systems for lithium-ion battery research and applications for BMS development and implementation. We encourage researchers from various fields within the journal’s scope to contribute their papers highlighting the latest research and developments in their research field, or to invite other relevant experts and colleagues to participate. Topics of interest for this Special Issue include, but are not limited to:

State-of-the-art technologies and new developments for BMS applications;
Review articles for Li-ion BMS research and applications;
The design, verification, and implementation of enhanced algorithms for battery control and monitoring, including: state-of-charge (SOH), state-of-power (SOP), state-of-health (SOH), and state-of-function (SOF);
Battery diagnostic and prognostic functions;
Battery system thermal management;
Smart Li-ion BMS development;
Small-scale and large-scale Li-ion BMS integration;
Control development and optimisation for BMS functionalities;
Active battery balancing control features, topologies, and integration;
The role of the BMS in extending battery pack functionality and service life (e.g., second life and vehicle-to-grid operation);
Functional safety within the context of BMS design and verification;
Security and privacy in BMS development.

Dr. Truong Minh Ngoc Bui
Dr. Cheng Zhang
Dr. Truong Quang Dinh
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

battery management system
active balancing
state-of-charge
state-of-health
battery prognostic
battery thermal management
second-life battery
vehicle-to-grid

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
e-Book format: Special Issues with more than 10 articles can be published as dedicated e-books, ensuring wide and rapid dissemination.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (4 papers)

Download All Papers

Order results

Result details

Show export options Show export options

Select all

Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Review

26 pages, 8471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Data Corruption and Operating Temperature on Performance of Model-Based SoC Estimation

by King Hang Wu, Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian, Saad Mekhilef, Prashant Shrivastava and Alex Stojcevski

Energies 2024, 17(19), 4791; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194791 - 25 Sep 2024

Viewed by 915

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming popular around the world. Making a lithium battery (LIB) pack with a robust battery management system (BMS) for an EV to operate under different complex environments is both a challenge and a requirement for engineers. A BMS can intelligently manage LIB systems by estimating the battery state of charge (SoC). Due to the nonlinear characteristics of LIB, influenced by factors such as the harsh environment and data corruption caused by electromagnetic interference (EMI) inside electric vehicles, SoC estimation should consider available capacity, model parameters, operating temperature and reductions in data sampling time. The widely used model-based algorithms, such as the extended Kalman filter (EKF) have limitations. Therefore, a detailed review of the balance between temperature, data sampling time, and different model-based algorithms is necessary. Firstly, a state of charge—open-circuit voltage (SoC-OCV) curve of LIB is obtained by the polynomial curve fitting (PCF) method. Secondly, a first-order RC (1-RC) equivalent circuit model (ECM) is applied to identify the battery parameters using a forgetting factor-based recursive least squares algorithm (FF-RLS), ensuring accurate internal battery parameters for the next step of SoC estimation. Thirdly, different model-based algorithms are utilized to estimate the SoC of LIB under various operating temperatures and data sampling times. Finally, the experimental data by dynamic stress test (DST) is collected at temperatures of 10 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C, respectively, to verify and analyze the impact of operating temperature and data sampling time to provide a practical reference for the SoC estimation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Battery Management Systems: Design, Development, Analysis and Implementation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 4113 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Sonochemical Leaching of Li, Co, Ni, and Mn from Mixed Li-Ion Batteries with Organic Acids

by Joanna Willner, Agnieszka Fornalczyk, Bernadeta Gajda, Tomasz Figlus, Adam Swieboda, Dawid Wegrzyński, Aleksander Mlonka, Bartosz Perenc and Michał Kander

Energies 2024, 17(16), 4055; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164055 - 15 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1214

Abstract

Metals such as nickel, cobalt, lithium, and manganese are widely used in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electronic devices and electric vehicles. It is forecast that there will be a strong increase in the number of electronic devices and electric vehicles in the coming years. (1) Background: In this paper, the application of ultrasound waves on improving Li, Co, Mn, and Ni leaching efficiency from mixed active cathode materials from different types of LIBs is presented. (2) Methods: Environmentally friendly, low-concentrated (0.75 M) organic acids (oxalic acid, citric acid) and, additionally, sulfuric acid, were used in sonochemical and chemical leaching (stirring process) at a temperature of 60 °C. (3) Results: The results showed significantly higher leaching efficiency of metals with ultrasound-assisted treatment, especially when using organic acids. An average of 50% better leaching results were obtained for Li in oxalic acid (99.6%) and for Co (93.1%) in citric acid during sonochemical leaching. (4) Conclusions: Based on the theory of hydrogen peroxide formation during ultrasound wave transition in solutions, the role of H₂O₂ as one of the most effective reductants used to enhance cobalt, manganese, and nickel leaching from LIBs is indicated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Battery Management Systems: Design, Development, Analysis and Implementation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

43 pages, 9988 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lithium Battery Degradation and Failure Mechanisms: A State-of-the-Art Review

by Joselyn Stephane Menye, Mamadou-Baïlo Camara and Brayima Dakyo

Energies 2025, 18(2), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020342 - 14 Jan 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5704

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the lithium battery degradation mechanisms and failure modes. It discusses these issues in a general context and then focuses on various families or material types used in the batteries, particularly in anodes and cathodes. The paper begins with a general overview of lithium batteries and their operations. It explains the fundamental principles of the electrochemical reaction that occurs in a battery, as well as the key components such as the anode, cathode, and electrolyte. The paper explores also the degradation processes and failure modes of lithium batteries. It examines the main factors contributing to these issues, including the operating temperature and current. It highlights the specific degradation mechanisms associated with each type of material, whether it is graphite, silicon, metallic lithium, cobalt, nickel, or manganese oxides used in the electrodes. Some degradations are due to the temperature and the current waveforms. Then, the importance of thermal management and current management is emphasized throughout the paper. It highlights the negative effects of overheating, excessive current, or inappropriate voltage on the stability and lifespan of lithium batteries. It also underscores the significance of battery management systems (BMS) in monitoring and controlling these parameters to minimize the degradation and the risk of failure. This work provides a summary of valuable insight into the development of BMS. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the degradation mechanisms and failure modes specific to different families of lithium batteries, as well as the critical influence of temperature and current quality. Rational management or efficient controlling of these parameters can enhance the performance, reliability, and lifespan of lithium batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Battery Management Systems: Design, Development, Analysis and Implementation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 9751 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electrochemical Mechanism Underlying Lithium Plating in Batteries: Non-Invasive Detection and Mitigation

by Sourav Das and Pranav Shrotriya

Energies 2024, 17(23), 5930; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235930 - 26 Nov 2024

Viewed by 2945

Abstract

Efficient, sustainable, safe, and portable energy storage technologies are required to reduce global dependence on fossil fuels. Lithium-ion batteries satisfy the need for reliability, high energy density, and power density in electrical transportation. Despite these advantages, lithium plating, i.e., the accumulation of metallic lithium on the graphite anode surface during rapid charging or at low temperatures, is an insidious failure mechanism that limits battery performance. Lithium plating significantly shortens the battery’s life and rapidly reduces capacity, limiting the widespread adoption of electrical vehicles. When lithium plating is extreme, it can develop lithium dendrites, which may pass through the separator and lead to an internal short circuit and the subsequent thermal runaway damage of the cell. Over the last two decades, a large number of published studies have focused on understanding the mechanisms underlying lithium plating and on approaches to mitigate its harmful effects. Nevertheless, the physics underlying lithium plating still needs to be clarified. There is a lack of real-time techniques to accurately detect and quantify lithium plating. Real-time detection is essential for alleviating lithium plating-induced failure modes. Several strategies have been explored to minimize plating and its effect on battery life and safety, such as electrolyte design, anode structure design, and hybridized charging protocol design. We summarize the current developments and the different reported hypotheses regarding plating mechanisms, the influence of environmental and electrochemical conditions on plating, recent developments in electrochemical detection methods and their potential for real-time detection, and plating mitigation techniques. The advantages and concerns associated with different electrochemical detection and mitigation techniques are also highlighted. Lastly, we discuss outstanding technical issues and possible future research directions to encourage the development of novel ideas and methods to prevent lithium plating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Battery Management Systems: Design, Development, Analysis and Implementation)

► Show Figures

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Lithium-Ion Battery Management Systems: Design, Development, Analysis and Implementation

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Published Papers (4 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI