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Transitioning to Green Energy: The Role of Hydrogen
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Transitioning to Green Energy: The Role of Hydrogen

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A5: Hydrogen Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 December 2026 | Viewed by 5557

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Lidia Gawlik

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Science, 31-261 Krakow, Poland
Interests: energy policy; sustainable development; hydrogen; energy transition; renewable energy sources
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Aleksandra Komorowska

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Science, 31-261 Krakow, Poland
Interests: energy markets; energy transition; renewable energy sources; green hydrogen; solar energy; PV
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As the world confronts climate change and the urgent need to reduce carbon emissions, transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources has become a global priority. Among various alternatives, green hydrogen stands out as a versatile and promising energy carrier. Unlike grey or blue hydrogen, green hydrogen production does not emit CO2.

Although green hydrogen seems to offer a number of positive opportunities for use in the green transformation, including energy storage and the decarbonization of sectors of the economy that are difficult to electrify, its applications can be diverse: from transport though industrial application to power generation, its widespread use requires overcoming many challenges, especially those related to market creation.

This Special Issue aims to widely explore the role of hydrogen in the green energy transition, as well as its advantages, challenges, and future potential.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Green hydrogen in the decarbonization of heavy industry.
  • Technical, technological, and economic problems of green hydrogen utilization in different applications.
  • Green hydrogen as a buffer for renewable energy systems.
  • Problems of hydrogen application in fuel cell electric vehicles.
  • The role of hydrogen in climate change mitigation.
  • Hydrogen—challenges to overcome to reshape the global energy system.
  • The role of international cooperation in building a cross-border value chain of hydrogen.
  • The value of green hydrogen production for increasing energy security and independence.
  • Costs and efficiency issues in green hydrogen production.
  • The hydrogen international market.
  • The development of infrastructure for hydrogen.
  • Government incentives and international coordination for hydrogen development.
  • R&D and investment directions to increase hydrogen potential.

Dr. Lidia Gawlik
Dr. Aleksandra Komorowska
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hydrogen
  • green hydrogen
  • green energy
  • renewable energy
  • fuel cells
  • decarbonization
  • electrolysis
  • hydrogen economy

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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32 pages, 2343 KB  
Article
Green Hydrogen Development and Readiness Status in Indonesia: A Multistakeholder Perspective
by Aditia Ramdhan, Andante Hadi Pandyaswargo and Hiroshi Onoda
Energies 2026, 19(8), 1961; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19081961 - 18 Apr 2026
Viewed by 732
Abstract
Indonesia has identified clean hydrogen as one of the strategic initiatives for its energy transition, recognizing its potential as an energy carrier that can support the achievement of net zero emissions. To deepen the understanding of this emerging technology, this study assesses the [...] Read more.
Indonesia has identified clean hydrogen as one of the strategic initiatives for its energy transition, recognizing its potential as an energy carrier that can support the achievement of net zero emissions. To deepen the understanding of this emerging technology, this study assesses the readiness of green hydrogen development in Indonesia through a multi-stakeholder perspective combined with a technology readiness evaluation and insights from global developments. Based on stakeholder interviews across government, industry, academia, and energy institutions, this analysis identifies key enabling conditions and barriers for hydrogen deployment in the Indonesian context. This analysis indicates that the readiness level of green hydrogen technology in Indonesia has reached approximately technology readiness level (TRL) 5–TRL 6, suggesting that most initiatives remain at the pilot and demonstration stages. In addition, seven key factors influencing green hydrogen adoption were identified: infrastructure and technology, policy and regulation, finance, application sectors, public acceptance, standardization, and private sector participation. These results provide policy-relevant insights for accelerating hydrogen development and highlight priority areas for advancing Indonesia’s transition toward a low-carbon energy system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transitioning to Green Energy: The Role of Hydrogen)
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16 pages, 1034 KB  
Article
Evaluation of a Home Energy Management System Using One-Year Data Under Dynamic Tariff Conditions
by Emilia Kazanecka, Dominika Matuszewska, Lina Montuori, Mohsen Assadi and Piotr Olczak
Energies 2026, 19(5), 1383; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19051383 - 9 Mar 2026
Viewed by 630
Abstract
This paper presents a case study of a Home Energy Management System (HEMS) integrating photovoltaic (PV) generation, battery energy storage (BES), thermal storage, and a heat pump in a single-family household operating under a dynamic electricity tariff. The analysis is based on real [...] Read more.
This paper presents a case study of a Home Energy Management System (HEMS) integrating photovoltaic (PV) generation, battery energy storage (BES), thermal storage, and a heat pump in a single-family household operating under a dynamic electricity tariff. The analysis is based on real operational data and focuses on system performance under varying solar generation conditions. The results show that during sunny days, the battery storage absorbs the entire surplus PV generation until reaching full capacity, i.e., 10 kWh, effectively preventing curtailment and maximizing self-consumption. On days with limited solar production, the system actively utilizes the available storage capacity by shifting energy use in time and, when economically justified, temporarily charging the battery from the grid during low-price periods. This strategy reduces electricity purchases during peak-price hours and stabilizes household energy costs. For the analyzed case, daily PV generation self-consumption exceeded 70% on high-generation days, while the application of storage-based load shifting under dynamic tariffs reduced daily electricity costs by up to 30% compared to a fixed-rate tariff. The study confirms that the economic and operational performance of residential energy systems under dynamic pricing depends primarily on adaptive storage control rather than on PV capacity alone, highlighting the central role of battery energy storage in year-round energy optimization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transitioning to Green Energy: The Role of Hydrogen)
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14 pages, 224 KB  
Communication
Hydrogen Integration in Future Local Energy Markets
by Pratik Mochi
Energies 2026, 19(5), 1234; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19051234 - 2 Mar 2026
Viewed by 460
Abstract
Local energy markets (LEMs) are increasingly promoted as coordinated market frameworks for distributed electricity resources in low-carbon-level energy systems. In parallel, green hydrogen is emerging as an energy carrier used for long-duration storage and sector coupling. Yet hydrogen is typically treated as a [...] Read more.
Local energy markets (LEMs) are increasingly promoted as coordinated market frameworks for distributed electricity resources in low-carbon-level energy systems. In parallel, green hydrogen is emerging as an energy carrier used for long-duration storage and sector coupling. Yet hydrogen is typically treated as a technological extension of the existing flexibility options rather than as a separate market participant. This paper argues that such a perspective is conceptually insufficient for future LEM design. It is proposed that hydrogen should be understood as a hybrid market participant in LEMs, rather than as a special case for load, storage or generation. Hydrogen can simultaneously be used to meet a flexible electricity demand, be stored for a long duration, and act as a dispatchable electricity supply. These combined roles violate the core assumptions embedded in electricity-only LEMs, including one-direction energy flow, short-term time prospects, symmetric storage behavior and there being an electricity-only supply option. Particular attention is given to small-to-medium-scale electrolyzers, which are likely to dominate hydrogen participation in local contexts. Rather than proposing a specific market mechanism or numerical model, this paper suggests market design considerations for future local energy markets and highlights open challenges for electricity–hydrogen market coordination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transitioning to Green Energy: The Role of Hydrogen)
41 pages, 6791 KB  
Article
Integrated Biogas–Hydrogen–PV–Energy Storage–Gas Turbine System: A Pathway to Sustainable and Efficient Power Generation
by Artur Harutyunyan, Krzysztof Badyda and Łukasz Szablowski
Energies 2026, 19(2), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19020387 - 13 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1133
Abstract
The increasing penetration of variable renewable energy sources intensifies grid imbalance and challenges the reliability of small-scale power systems. This study addresses these challenges by developing and analyzing a fully integrated hybrid energy system that combines biogas upgrading to biomethane, photovoltaic (PV) generation, [...] Read more.
The increasing penetration of variable renewable energy sources intensifies grid imbalance and challenges the reliability of small-scale power systems. This study addresses these challenges by developing and analyzing a fully integrated hybrid energy system that combines biogas upgrading to biomethane, photovoltaic (PV) generation, hydrogen production via alkaline electrolysis, hydrogen storage, and a gas-steam combined cycle (CCGT). The system is designed to supply uninterrupted electricity to a small municipality of approximately 4500 inhabitants under predominantly self-sufficient operating conditions. The methodology integrates high-resolution, full-year electricity demand and solar resource data with detailed process-based simulations performed using Aspen Plus, Aspen HYSYS, and PVGIS-SARAH3 meteorological inputs. Surplus PV electricity is converted into hydrogen and stored, while upgraded biomethane provides dispatchable backup during periods of low solar availability. The gas-steam combined cycle enables flexible and efficient electricity generation, with hydrogen blending supporting dynamic turbine operation and further reducing fossil fuel dependency. The results indicate that a 10 MW PV installation coupled with a 2.9 MW CCGT unit and a hydrogen storage capacity of 550 kg is sufficient to ensure year-round power balance. During winter months, system operation is sustained entirely by biomethane, while in high-solar periods hydrogen production and storage enhance operational flexibility. Compared to a conventional grid-based electricity supply, the proposed system enables near-complete elimination of operational CO2 emissions, achieving an annual reduction of approximately 8800 tCO2, corresponding to a reduction of about 93%. The key novelty of this work lies in the simultaneous and process-level integration of biogas, hydrogen, photovoltaic generation, energy storage, and a gas-steam combined cycle within a single operational framework, an approach that has not been comprehensively addressed in the recent literature. The findings demonstrate that such integrated hybrid systems can provide dispatchable, low-carbon electricity for small communities, offering a scalable pathway toward resilient and decentralized energy systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transitioning to Green Energy: The Role of Hydrogen)
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18 pages, 2377 KB  
Article
Influence of Injection Well Location on Hydrogen Storage Capacity and Plume Migration in a Saline Aquifer: A Case Study from Central Poland
by Katarzyna Luboń and Radosław Tarkowski
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6240; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236240 - 27 Nov 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 624
Abstract
The efficiency of underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in an anticlinal dome structure in a saline aquifer largely depends on the geometry of the dome structure and the placement of injection wells, which determine both the dynamic capacity and the migration of the gas [...] Read more.
The efficiency of underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in an anticlinal dome structure in a saline aquifer largely depends on the geometry of the dome structure and the placement of injection wells, which determine both the dynamic capacity and the migration of the gas plume. In this study, we aimed to assess the impact of well location within the Jeżów anticlinal dome structure (central Poland) on storage capacity and hydrogen plume migration. A geological model of the structure was developed and used in TOUGH2 (version 2.0) software to simulate nine injection scenarios with different well placements. The results indicate that storage capacity increases with both the secant dip angle relative to the top of the dome structure and the tangent dip angle at the well location, reaching a maximum in areas with the steepest dip. During injection, the hydrogen plume migrates upward toward the top of the structure; afterwards, it gradually stabilizes and partially redistributes toward the top of the dome structure. Injection wells located in steeper parts of the anticline promote upward hydrogen migration, which may limit hydrogen recovery during the withdrawal phase. This study confirms that both structural dip and well placement are key factors determining UHS efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transitioning to Green Energy: The Role of Hydrogen)
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Review

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21 pages, 317 KB  
Review
The Role of Green Hydrogen in Decarbonizing the Refining and Petrochemical Industries
by Eugeniusz Mokrzycki and Lidia Gawlik
Energies 2026, 19(4), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19040977 - 12 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1336
Abstract
The refining and petrochemical industries play an extremely important role in meeting society’s needs by providing products essential for various economic activities. Due to their dependence on fossil fuels (coal, crude oil, and natural gas), used both as an energy source and as [...] Read more.
The refining and petrochemical industries play an extremely important role in meeting society’s needs by providing products essential for various economic activities. Due to their dependence on fossil fuels (coal, crude oil, and natural gas), used both as an energy source and as raw materials, they are a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this review article is to present the potential for decarbonization in the refining and petrochemical industries. Hydrogen is used in large quantities in the refining processes and in the production of key products and intermediates in the petrochemical industry. This article examines the dependence of the refining and petrochemical sectors on hydrogen. To achieve this, key platforms/databases collecting information on publications, such as Web of Science and Scopus, were used. Studies by the International Energy Agency and the European Commission on developing policies for the hydrogen, emission reduction and industrial sectors guided the selection of papers. This article focuses on technologies related to the production of petrochemical products. A strong emphasis is placed on the fact that the primary cause of emissions in this industry is the use of large quantities of hydrogen, meaning that one of the main ways to reduce CO2 emissions is to replace traditionally produced hydrogen with green hydrogen, which is obtained using technologies that do not produce carbon dioxide emissions throughout the entire process. The emission intensity of hydrogen production is therefore a key issue that determines the decarbonization of these industries. Achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 will not be possible without global cooperation from all stakeholders, including financial support for this sector. Decarbonization goals set at the national and global levels should reflect this fact. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transitioning to Green Energy: The Role of Hydrogen)
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