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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A: Sustainable Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2022) | Viewed by 12833
Submit your paper and select the Journal “Energies” and the Special Issue “Sources and Markets of Coal, Oil, Gas, and Renewable Energy” via: https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=energies. Please contact the guest editor or the journal editor ([email protected]) for any queries.

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Lidia Gawlik

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Guest Editor

Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-261 Krakow, Wybickiego 7A, Poland
Interests: energy policy; sustainable development; international markets of fuels

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The idea of energy transformation aimed at the use of less-emissive fuels to protect the climate is the main driver of changes in the structure of demand for primary energy carriers. As a result, fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas, perceived as high-emission fuels, lose their importance and are replaced by carriers with relatively lower greenhouse gas emissions, and thus, the markets for these fuels are subject to significant changes. Searching for such energy sources, the use of which minimizes the negative impact on the climate, is the driving force behind the dynamic development of renewables.

The objectives of decarbonization of the economies are different in different regions of the world and in individual countries. The determinants depend on fossil fuels resources possessed, the economic position of a given country, historical conditions, and geopolitical connections. The potential of renewable energy sources also matters, as well as the possibilities of deployment effective and affordable technologies.

Therefore, the purpose of this Special Issue, entitled “Sources and Markets for Coal, Oil, Gas, and Renewable Energy”, by the international journal Energies (IF = 2.702; Cite Score: 3.8) is to explore current and future changes in the primary energy carrier supply and demand, including renewables, and consequent changes in the markets. We await original articles analyzing current and future market conditions, their impact on the primary and final energy mix, and the current and future consequences for mining industries, from both a global and local perspective.

Prof. Dr. Lidia Gawlik
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

resources and reserves of fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas)
demand and supply for primary energy sources
coal, oil, and gas markets
renewable energy sources and technologies

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Polish Hydrogen Strategy in the Context of the EU’s Strategic Documents on Hydrogen

by Lidia Gawlik and Eugeniusz Mokrzycki

Energies 2021, 14(19), 6382; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196382 - 6 Oct 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2336

Abstract

In December 2019, the European Commission unveiled an ambitious project, the European Green Deal, which aims to lead the European Union to climate neutrality by 2050. This is a significant challenge for all EU countries, and especially for Poland. The role of hydrogen in the processes of decarbonization of the economy and transport is being discussed in many countries around the world to find rational solutions to this difficult and complex problem. There is an ongoing discussion about the hydrogen economy, which covers the production of hydrogen, its storage, transport, and conversion to the desired forms of energy, primarily electricity, mechanical energy, and new fuels. The development of the hydrogen economy can significantly support the achievement of climate neutrality. The belief that hydrogen plays an important role in the transformation of the energy sector is widespread. There are many technical and economic challenges, as well as legal and logistical barriers to deal with in the transition process. The development of hydrogen technologies and a global sustainable energy system that uses hydrogen offers a real opportunity to solve the challenges facing the global energy industry: meeting the need for clean fuels, increasing the efficiency of fuel and energy production, and significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of the Polish Hydrogen Strategy, a document that sets out the directions for the development of hydrogen use (competences and technologies) in the energy, transport, and industrial sectors. This analysis is presented against the background of the European Commission’s document ‘A Hydrogen Strategy for a Climate-Neutral Europe’. The draft project presented is a good basis for further discussion on the directions of development of the Polish economy. The Polish Hydrogen Strategy, although it was created later than the EU document, does not fully follow its guidelines. The directions for further work on the hydrogen strategy are indicated so that its final version can become a driving force for the development of the country’s economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sources and Markets of Coal, Oil, Gas, and Renewable Energy)

26 pages, 2076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Natural Gas Consumption Forecasting Based on Analog Method and Fuzzy Decision Tree

by Bartłomiej Gaweł and Andrzej Paliński

Energies 2021, 14(16), 4905; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164905 - 11 Aug 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2007

Abstract

Classic forecasting methods of natural gas consumption extrapolate trends from the past to subsequent periods of time. The paper presents a different approach that uses analogues to create long-term forecasts of the annual natural gas consumption. The energy intensity (energy consumption per dollar of Gross Domestic Product—GDP) and gas share in energy mix in some countries, usually more developed, are the starting point for forecasts of other countries in the later period. The novelty of the approach arises in the use of cluster analysis to create similar groups of countries and periods based on two indicators: energy intensity of GDP and share of natural gas consumption in the energy mix, and then the use of fuzzy decision trees for classifying countries in different years into clusters based on several other economic indicators. The final long-term forecasts are obtained with the use of fuzzy decision trees by combining the forecasts for different fuzzy sets made by the method of relative chain increments. The forecast accuracy of our method is higher than that of other benchmark methods. The proposed method may be an excellent tool for forecasting long-term territorial natural gas consumption for any administrative unit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sources and Markets of Coal, Oil, Gas, and Renewable Energy)

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19 pages, 5059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Potential for Reducing Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Motor Fuels

by Delfina Rogowska and Artur Wyrwa

Energies 2021, 14(13), 3744; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14133744 - 22 Jun 2021

Viewed by 1478

Abstract

The assessment of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of motor fuels is important due to the legal obligations and corporate social responsibility of the petroleum industry. Combining the Life-Cycle Assessment with optimization methods can provide valuable support in the decision-making process. In this paper, a mathematical model of a refinery was developed to analyze the impact of process optimization on GHG emissions at the fuel production stage. The model included ten major refinery units. Fuel production costs were minimized by taking into account the number of constraints. The analysis was performed in two steps. First, the model was run for the reference case of fuels composition. Then, more than twelve thousand model runs were performed. In each model, the fuel composition was changed. This change represented the exogenous pressures and resulted in different flows of mass, energy and GHG emission at the refinery. The most favorable results in terms of GHG emissions were then identified and analyzed. Additionally, the impact of using low-carbon fuels for process heating was evaluated. The study showed that fuel blending management could lead to the reduction of GHG emissions by 0.4 gCO₂-eq/MJ while the use of low-carbon fuel for process heating results in a reduction of GHG emissions by 2 ca. gCO₂-eq/MJ. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sources and Markets of Coal, Oil, Gas, and Renewable Energy)

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Review

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21 pages, 2742 KiB

Open AccessReview

Expectations for Coal Demand in Response to Evolving Carbon Policy and Climate Change Awareness

by Horacio Andres Aguirre-Villegas and Craig H. Benson

Energies 2022, 15(10), 3739; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103739 - 19 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2276

Abstract

Increasing awareness of climate change has induced demand for action most notably. As public demand for action on climate change increases, conversion to energy sources with lower greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity will accelerate. Experience during the COVID-19 pandemic provided insight into how atmospheric conditions will respond to lower GHG emissions. A low-carbon future will require decarbonization of the energy supply mix for electrical production and industrial processes. Coal demand likely will decrease more rapidly than other fossil energy sources, replaced by natural gas and renewable energy sources that have lower GHG intensity and that will be available readily and economically. This decline will accelerate as China focuses on its carbon neutrality goals, the U.S. re-engages in the Paris Agreement, and India moves to a lower carbon future. However, perturbations in the decline will inevitably occur in response to global issues (e.g., pandemic, military conflict). Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies can reduce GHG emissions from coal as an energy source, but the capital and operation costs of CCUS remain high, which translates to slow commercial deployment. In this study, a literature review and interviews with industry experts and business leaders were conducted to understand the current and projected role of fossil fuels, primarily coal, in the global energy matrix; present their contributions to GHGs; analyze the effects of social expectations and climate policy on energy choices and coal demand; and describe the expected impacts on coal production for decades to come. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sources and Markets of Coal, Oil, Gas, and Renewable Energy)

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21 pages, 2436 KiB

Open AccessReview

The North-South Gas Corridor in the Context of Poland’s Gas Transmission System—A Perfect Opportunity to Diversify Gas Resources

by Wiktor Hebda

Energies 2021, 14(21), 7188; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217188 - 2 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3670

Abstract

The energy sector in Poland is currently calling for dynamic redevelopment and cleaner energy. This country is world famous for its high level of coal production, from which it does not want to retreat in the next two decades. For this reason, it is safer to gradually reduce the use of coal while increasing the consumption of gas and simultaneously developing green energy. However, the Polish gas sector is still dependent on Russian gas supplied through the Yamal gas pipeline. Taking into consideration Polish geopolitics, this state of affairs poses a huge challenge and a threat to Poland’s energy security. That is why the concept of the North-South Gas Corridor was introduced. It is intended to be a network of gas pipelines that connect the countries of Central and South Europe to two gas terminals (in Poland and Croatia), which will supply gas from a chosen source. This article presents the current condition of the gas sector in Poland. It focuses on the North-South Gas Corridor project and its impact on the energy security of Poland. An analysis of documents and field research shows that the North-South Gas Corridor provides Poland with an opportunity to diversify the sources and directions of gas supply over the next few years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sources and Markets of Coal, Oil, Gas, and Renewable Energy)

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