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Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Textile Processes

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A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Functional Polymer Coatings and Films".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 March 2024) | Viewed by 20667

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Dr. Aminoddin Haji

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Textile Engineering Department, Yazd University, Yazd 89195-741, Iran
Interests: textile dyeing and finishing; surface modification of textiles; natural dyeing; nanofibers; nanotechnology in textiles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

I am pleased to invite you to submit your work to this Special Issue on “Eco-friendly and Sustainable Textile Processes”. Due to the increasing awareness of the environmental problems associated with some common textile processes, the interest in eco-friendly and sustainable alternatives in the textile industry is increasing. These include the use of natural and biodegradable compounds as well as the application of sustainable technologies such as plasma, microwave, UV, supercritical CO₂, etc. in dyeing, finishing, coating, and functionalization of textile materials. The application and combination of these materials and technologies may reduce environmental pollution, energy consumption, water consumption and process duration.

This Special Issue aims to cover the research related to the application of eco-friendly materials and sustainable processes in the textile industry to lower its adverse effect on the environment, animals and human life. The eco-friendly functionalization may also add value to the textiles and improve their performance. Various kinds of textile processes including coating and laminating, printing, dyeing, finishing, surface modification, etc. which use eco-friendly materials and/or sustainable technologies are covered in this Special Issue.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

Dyeing and finishing of textiles with natural compounds.
Recycling of textile materials and wastewater.
Biological methods in the textile industry.
Nanofibers produced using natural or biodegradable raw materials.
Sustainable technologies in the textile industry such as plasma, microwave, UV, supercritical CO₂, ultrasound, ozone, etc.
Pretreatment of textiles to decrease environmental pollution (such as cationization of cotton for salt-free dyeing, etc.).
Waterless dyeing and finishing.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Aminoddin Haji
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

eco-friendly
sustainability
natural dye
chitosan
scCO₂ dyeing
plasma treatment
ozone treatment
recycling
microwave treatment
waterless dyeing

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Application of Isolated Colorant from Neem Bark for Mordant-Coated Wool: Optimization of Dyeing and Mordanting for Shade Development

by Shahid Adeel, Muhammad Zuber, Mustafa Kınık, Aydın Zor, Semih Büyükkol, Ayşe Derya Kahraman, Meral Ozomay, Attila Döl, Zafer Lehimler and Shahnaz Parveen Khattak

Coatings 2023, 13(9), 1639; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13091639 - 18 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1014

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of utilizing a tannin-based natural brown colorant from neem bark for dyeing wool under microwave treatment, specifically evaluating its coloring efficiency. The colorant was extracted in a methanol solution that had been acidified both before and after being subjected to microwave treatment for up to 6 min. The dyeing variables were optimized to create new shades of dye with desirable fastness properties, and sustainable chemical and bio-mordants ranging from 1 to 10 g/100 mL were employed. Through experimentation, it was determined that when an unirradiated acidic methanolic extract (AME) with a salt concentration of 3 g/100 mL was applied onto wool fabric (RWF) and subjected to microwave treatment for 4 min, it resulted in a high color yield. This was achieved by heating the solution to 65 °C and allowing it to remain in contact with the fabric for a duration of 65 min. Favorable color characteristics were achieved when utilizing a pre-chemical mordant of 5% Fe and a post-chemical mordant of 5% Fe. In contrast, the utilization of 7% henna as a pre-bio-mordant in combination with 3% turmeric extract as a meta-bio-mordant resulted in favorable color characteristics. The study concludes that microwave treatment exhibits outstanding sustainable efficacy in isolating colorants from neem bark powder for wool dyeing. Incorporating bio-mordants further enhanced the process’s sustainability and eco-friendliness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Textile Processes)

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12 pages, 1856 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential Applications of Microencapsulated Essential Oil Components in Mosquito Repellent Textile Finishes

by Maida Murtaza, Abdullah Ijaz Hussain, Ghulam Mustafa Kamal, Saima Nazir, Shahzad Ali Shahid Chatha, Mufarreh Asmari, Jalal Uddin and Shahzad Murtaza

Coatings 2023, 13(8), 1467; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13081467 - 21 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1494

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a cost-effective and eco-friendly mosquito-repellent textile finish based on microcapsules incorporated with limonene, camphor, linalool, menthol, and 1-octanol individually. Essential oil-based microcapsules were prepared by the emulsion extrusion microencapsulation method. The concentration of active components was determined by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique at different time intervals. The prepared microcapsules were incorporated into the textile finish to prepare an insect-repellent finish and applied to polyester: cotton (40:60) fabric using a conventional pad-dry cure method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed to ensure the presence and stability of essential oil components on the fabric. FT-IR spectra showed that peaks observed in the range of (3400–3200 cm⁻¹) and (1720–1600 cm⁻¹) correspond to –OH stretching and bending vibrations in both untreated and microencapsulated essential oil-treated fabric. Mosquito-repellent activity was assessed by exposing treated and untreated fabric to mosquitoes. To study the long-lasting impact of microencapsulation of essential oil components on fabric, mosquito repellency was repeated every 10 to 50 days. Fabrics treated with microencapsulated essential oil components presented higher and longer-lasting protection from mosquitoes than untreated fabrics. Menthol (97%), linalool (93%), and limonene (93%) encapsulated finishes showed significantly higher repellency (>90%) as compared with octanol finishes. The studied mosquito repellent finishes could be ideal candidates for textile finishing industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Textile Processes)

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13 pages, 1312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eco-Friendly Sustainable Dyeing of Cotton Fabric Using Reactive Violet 05 and Direct Violet 09 Dyes

by Tanveer Hussain Bokhari, Sumaira Bano, Shahid Adeel, Fazal-ur-Rehman, Bulbul Ahmed, Md. Abdullah Al Mahmud, Muhammad Abdul Qayyum and Shahnaz Parveen Khattak

Coatings 2023, 13(4), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13040677 - 26 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1765

Abstract

Sustainable chemistry is a relatively new field that aims to achieve both economic and environmental goals simultaneously. This paper discusses a cleaner and more sustainable method for dyeing cotton fabric using Direct Violet 09 and Reactive Violet 05 dye. It has been noticed that good color characteristics were obtained when cotton fabric was dyed with 35 mL of microwave-treated Reactive Violet 05 dye solution of 7 pH and 2 g Aluminum sulfate for 30 min at 60 °C. When dyeing cotton fabric with Direct Violet 09 dye, it has been observed that cotton fabric, when microwave treated for 6 min and dyed at 80 °C for 50 min using 35 mL of non-treated dye solution of 7 pH with 2 g Potassium sulfate, produces good results. The colorfastness of the dyed fabrics using ISO standards was also evaluated. Overall, it was found that the use of microwave radiation improves the sustainability of the dyeing process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Textile Processes)

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14 pages, 9409 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Extraction of Anthocyanin from Rose Petals for Coloration of Biomordanted Wool Fabric

by Mahwish Salman, Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shahid Adeel, Noman Habib, Fatima Batool, Muhammad Usama, Fareeha Iqbal and Arooj Fatima

Coatings 2023, 13(3), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030623 - 15 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2958

Abstract

Natural products have gained worldwide favor due to their sustainable and ayurvedic nature. In this study, rose containing anthocyanin was explored as a source of yellowish–pink natural colorant for wool dyeing using various solvents (aqueous, alkaline, acidic, and basified methanol). Dyeing of wool was performed by optimizing the following parameters: pH, temperature, time, and salt concentration. It was observed that aqueous extract with a pH of 3 employed at 80 °C for 35 min with the addition of 4 g/100 mL salt, acidic extract with a pH of 2 employed at 40 °C for 35 min with the addition of 2 g/100 mL salt, alkaline extract with a pH of 1 employed at 80 °C for 45 min with the addition of 3 g/100 mL salt, and methanolic extract with a pH of 2 employed at 80 °C for 45 min with the addition of 4 g/100 mL salt resulted in high tint (K/S) values. To improve the colorfastness properties, salts of iron (Fe⁺²), aluminum (Al⁺³), and tannic acid (Tn) were used as chemical mordant, whereas turmeric and pomegranate were used as biomordants. Iron (Fe⁺²) and pomegranate resulted in shades with good colorfastness characteristics. The plant extract and dyed fabrics were also evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively, to observe their antibacterial potential. The results indicate that wool fabric dyed with naturally sourced rose petals can be used as valuable antibacterial fabric due to the presence of various bioactive compounds by dissipating the effect of allergy-causing synthetic dyed fabrics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Textile Processes)

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11 pages, 1438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adsorption of Reactive Red 120 in Decamethyl-Cyclopentasiloxane Non-Aqueous Dyeing System

by Simin Sun, Liujun Pei, Jingru Chen, Jifang Shen, Omer Kamal Alebeid, Jianchang Xu, Chaowen Luo, Xinjie Zhang, Suqing Zhang and Jiping Wang

Coatings 2023, 13(3), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030502 - 24 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1169

Abstract

Traditional dyeing usually consumes a significant amount of water and salts, thus causing environmental pollution. Salt-free and low-water dyeing has become an important research direction in the cotton fabric dyeing industry. The non-aqueous media dyeing technology, using decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) as the dyeing medium, has achieved energy saving and emission reduction in this industry. To investigate the influence of inorganic salts on the dyeing properties of reactive dyes in a non-aqueous medium dyeing system, the adsorption kinetics and level dyeing property of C.I. Reactive Red 120 were investigated at various concentrations of sodium sulfate. When no salts were included in the siloxane non-aqueous dyeing system, 80% of the reactive dye could diffuse onto the cotton fabric surface after 10 min. However, if 13% salts were added during dyeing, 87% of the reactive dye could diffuse to cotton fabric surface over the same amount of time. Moreover, the adsorption rate of dye was increased from 3.85 mg/g·min to 5.04 mg/g·min when the quantity of salts was increased from 0% to 13%. However, the concentration of sodium sulfate had minimal effect on the color depth of the dyed fabric and the final uptake of dye. But, when the concentration of sodium sulfate was significant, the level dyeing property of the dye became poor as the Sγ(λ) value was increased from 0.020 to 0.042. The adsorption kinetic of C.I. Reactive Red 120 in D5 dyeing solution may be best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. As the sodium sulfate concentration increases, the half-dyeing time gradually decreases and the adsorption rate of dye increases. The repulsive force between the dye and the cotton fiber was lowered by the addition of sodium sulfate. Consequently, in the D5 dyeing system, the level dyeing property of reactive dye may be affected by the adsorption rate. Therefore, the formula of reactive dyes that do not contain salts can be applied successfully in non-aqueous dyeing systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Textile Processes)

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15 pages, 4674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pullulan Films with PCMs: Recyclable Bio-Based Films with Thermal Management Functionality

by Nuray Kizildag

Coatings 2023, 13(2), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020414 - 12 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1411

Abstract

The use of phase-changing materials (PCMs) is a practical and powerful way of buffering thermal fluctuations and maintaining the isothermal nature of the storage process. In this study, melamine formaldehyde microcapsules with paraffin cores were used as PCMs; pullulan films with PCMs were prepared by the film-casting method; and the composite films prepared were analysed with regard to their chemical structure, thermal properties, thermal stability, and recyclability. Uniform films displaying thermal management functionality were prepared. The amount of 75 wt.% PCM were added to the pullulan film structure which enabled the preparation of a composite film that displayed 104.85 J g⁻¹ of heat storage during heating and 103.58 J g⁻¹ of heat release during cooling. Multiple heating and cooling cycles showed that the composite films maintained their thermal management functionality after multiple heating-cooling cycles. The PCMs could be recovered with a yield of approximately 95% by the application of a simple dissolution and filtration process. The morphology, chemical structure, and thermal properties of the PCMs were maintained after the recovery process. The bio-based composite films with thermal management functionality and recyclability are proposed as an innovative, practical, and effective system for thermoactive storage and packaging applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Textile Processes)

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10 pages, 1452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Isolation and Application of Plant Extract-Based Natural Dye for Bio-Dyeing of Silk Fabric

by Abu Talib, Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shahid Adeel, Aamir Ali, Tanvir Ahmad, Muhammad Hussaan and Muhammad Abdul Qayyum

Coatings 2023, 13(1), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010112 - 07 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2358

Abstract

Green products such as plant pigments are gaining fame globally due to their excellent ayurvedic and biological characteristics. In this study, microwave (M.W.) has been employed to isolate colourant from black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), and bio-mordants have been included to obtain colourfast shades. Central Composite design (CCD) was formulated under response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize dyeing variables statistically. The results obtained after a series of experiments show that using 35 mL of irradiated acidic extract (RE = 6 min) of (pH4) in the presence of 1 g/100 mL of table salt as an exhausting agent at 65 °C for 55 min has demonstrated excellent colour depth (K/S) onto microwave-treated silk fabric (RS = 6 min). By applying bio-mordants, it has been found that walnut extract (1.5%), pinenut hull extract (1%), and orange peel extract (1.5%) are there before dyeing. In contrast, walnut extract (1.5%), pinenut hull extract (1.5%), and orange peel extracts (1.5%) after dyeing have shown colourfast shades of high strength. Comparatively, salts of Al⁺³ (1.5%), salts of Fe⁺² (1.5%), and T.A. (tannic acid = 1.5%) before dyeing, while salts of Al⁺³ (0.5%) and salts of Fe⁺² (2%) and T.A. (Tannic acid = 1%) after dyeing, have given good results. It has been observed that the use of M.W. radiation has not only improved the yield of dyes extracted from leaves when applied to silk fabric but also the inclusion of the optimum amount of bio and chemical mordants have resulted in moderate to good and excellent colour fastness ratings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Textile Processes)

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16 pages, 4791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Cellulosic Fabrics Treated with Microencapsulated Essential Oils

by Liliana Indrie, Nor Dalila Nor Affandi, Pablo Díaz-García, Aminoddin Haji, Dorina Camelia Ilies, Zlatin Zlatev, Hamid R. Taghiyari, Vasile Grama and Daniela Farima

Coatings 2022, 12(12), 1958; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121958 - 14 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2287

Abstract

This study focused on the mechanical and morphological properties of lignocellulosic heritage textiles (cotton and hemp) made using eco-friendly salvia and thyme microencapsulated essential oils, characterized by low toxicity for humans and the environment. A morphological evaluation of the tested fabrics was performed using scanning electron microscopy. The ATR–FTIR spectra of the untreated and treated fabric samples were tested using Perkin Elmer, Spectrum 3. A tensile test of the samples was conducted based on the ISO 13934-1 using a MESDAN-Lab tensile strength tester. According to the analysis, the salvia improved the tensile strength of the fabric by 20% and 39% in the warp and weft directions, respectively. The data for the untreated cotton, untreated hemp, and fabrics treated with salvia and thyme were processed using the kernel PCA method. From the principal component analysis it was found that the textile fabrics treated with salvia coalesced close to the untreated ones. This shows that treatment with essential oils from the indicated plant does not significantly affect the tensile properties of textile fabrics. The thymol-treated textile fabrics were significantly distant from those of the control sample. In cotton textile fabrics, thymol treatment was found to have a significant effect on their tensile properties. In hemp fabrics, two types of thymol and salvia treatments were found to have a very significant effect on the tensile strength performance of the textile fabrics. The results obtained can be used in museums, universities, and ethnographic studies that own or maintain collections of heritage textiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Textile Processes)

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15 pages, 5000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Effect of Eco-Friendly Silver Nanoparticles and Traditional Techniques on Aged Heritage Textile, Investigated by Dark-Field Microscopy

by Alexandru Ilieș, Nicolaie Hodor, Emilia Pantea, Dorina Camelia Ilieș, Liliana Indrie, Mihaela Zdrîncă, Stefania Iancu, Tudor Caciora, Alexandra Chiriac, Carmen Ghergheles, Hamid R. Taghiyari, Monica Costea and Ștefan Baias

Coatings 2022, 12(11), 1688; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111688 - 06 Nov 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2167

Abstract

An improper indoor microclimate has adverse effects on the state of preservation of historical textiles arranged in them, favoring the development of bacteriological microflora. The current study aims to combine traditional and innovative methods for cleaning and preserving a 100-year-old traditional blouse from Bihor, Romania. The material of the blouse was impregnated with 30 and 70 ppm silver nanosuspensions and washed with a substance obtained from boiling natural wood ash (lye). The research goals were to determine the antimicrobial action of lye washing and silver nanoparticles applied to the analyzed textile material and identify the way in which the environmental factors (light) act upon the conservation degree of textile objects impregnated with silver nanoparticles. All these procedures are eco-friendly and do not cause any damage to the constituent material of the fabrics. The use of the hyperspectral imaging technique proved the permeation of both 30 and 70 ppm silver nanosuspensions into the textile, producing changes in the textile’s reflectance spectrum after being treated with them. The results showed anti-bactericidal/fungal properties of both silver nanoparticles and lye. Microbiological analyses revealed that bacterial colonies were reduced to more than 95% in both cases. The antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles on the textile material of the blouse was maintained throughout the duration of the study, and under normal environmental conditions, the effects would remain active for a long period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Textile Processes)

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Review

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23 pages, 1860 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bibliometric Evidence on the Trend and Future Direction of the Research on Textile Coloration with Natural Sources

by Md. Abdullah Al Mamun, Aminoddin Haji, Md. Himel Mahmud, Md. Reazuddin Repon and Mohammad Tajul Islam

Coatings 2023, 13(2), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020413 - 12 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2508

Abstract

Synthetic dyes used for the coloration of textile goods are not readily biodegradable and are a major concern for water pollution. Nature has abundant sources of potential colorants for textile applications. There are many challenges in textile coloration using natural dyes and pigments, and significant research efforts are currently put into replacing synthetic textile dyes successfully. In order to gain insight into the future trajectory of dyeing research utilizing natural colorants, a bibliometric analysis from 1990 to 2021 using the Science Citation Index Expanded database was conducted. The analysis focused on how well the publication performed in terms of outputs and citations annually, mainstream journals, Web of Science categories, top universities, top nations, research trends, and hotspots. An overview of the most frequently used keywords derived from terms in the article title analysis, authors’ keyword analysis, and KeyWords Plus analysis served as the foundation for determining current research goals and future trends. The findings indicated that no noteworthy research on this topic was conducted in the final decade of the previous century but that it did begin to get the attention of scholars in the first decade of this century. The use of natural dyes in industry has significantly expanded during the past ten years. “Fastness” is the interest point that has received the most attention. Mordants, or environmentally friendly extraction techniques such as ultrasonic, gamma irradiation, etc., represent the future of this research area. On the other hand, ultraviolet protection and antibacterial or antimicrobial properties are becoming more and more popular in the field of textile dyeing research using natural colorants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Textile Processes)

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