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Molecular and Real-World Evidence Research of Respiratory Diseases and Infections, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Current Issues in Molecular Biology (ISSN 1467-3045). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2026 | Viewed by 2970

Editor

Dr. Chingyuan Wu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Communications Engineering, The National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City 300093, Taiwan
Interests: rhinitis; sinusitis; inflammation; infection; virus; COVID-19: tumor; natural compounds
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As the first point of contact for inhaled pollutants, the respiratory system is particularly vulnerable, and if abnormal, signs and symptoms will eventually appear. The respiratory tract is frequently exposed to potentially pathogenic microorganisms, including viruses. Respiratory viral infections are one of the leading causes of hospitalization and death. The current pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an example. The most representative human respiratory viruses are influenza virus, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and coronavirus. Viral clearance and the resolution of infection require a complex response initiated by immune cells. Several factors contribute to the development of a protective immune response against viral infection, including the host microbiota. To combat respiratory disease infections, more basic science and clinical research is urgently needed. Following the first edition of this Special Issue, we aim to broadly understand the pathogenesis, host–virus interaction and immune response in the context of various respiratory diseases that affect human and animal species, as well as viral infections. Furthermore, it aims to provide information regarding the development of new vaccines and antiviral therapies against these respiratory diseases, as well as the evaluation of these in vitro and in different animal models.

Dr. Chingyuan Wu
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • respiratory diseases
  • pathogenesis
  • vaccines
  • therapies
  • COVID-19

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 7940 KB  
Article
In Vitro Effects of the Three Actives IL-12 (5 CH), IFN-γ (6 CH), and TNF-α (5 CH) from the Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine 2LEID-N® on Several Populations of Immune Cells
by Camille Jacques, Flora Marchand, Mathias Chatelais, Elías Hurtado-Gaitán, Joana M. Buades and Ilaria Floris
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2026, 48(6), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48060566 - 28 May 2026
Viewed by 585
Abstract
The micro-immunotherapy medicine (MIM) 2LEID-N® was developed to sustain immune response, notably in the framework of respiratory infections. This pilot study investigated the potential effects of one capsule of this MIM, referred to as 2LEID-N-9 throughout the manuscript, containing IL-12 (5 CH), [...] Read more.
The micro-immunotherapy medicine (MIM) 2LEID-N® was developed to sustain immune response, notably in the framework of respiratory infections. This pilot study investigated the potential effects of one capsule of this MIM, referred to as 2LEID-N-9 throughout the manuscript, containing IL-12 (5 CH), IFN-γ (6 CH), and TNF-α (5 CH). Phagocytosis and surface marker expression were assessed using flow cytometry, and cytokine secretion was assessed by ELISA. Cellular models included human monocyte-derived macrophages, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors, and THP-1 cells. Liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) was used to detect the actives. Compared with vehicle control, 2LEID-N-9 showed a trend towards the enhanced phagocytic activity of macrophages. In PBMCs, 2LEID-N-9 upregulated the secretion of several cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-13, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in both basal and CD3/CD28-stimulated conditions. Notably, a tendency towards increased secretion of TNF-α was found in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. The presence of the three actives, as assessed by LC-HRMS/MS, combined with the functional data, provide promising exploratory evidence of immunomodulatory effects and tendencies towards the stimulation of innate and adaptive immune cells, warranting further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Real-World Evidence Research of Respiratory Diseases and Infections, 2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 2354 KB  
Article
An Iron–Complement Network Model of Thromboinflammation and Humoral Immune Remodeling in Severe COVID-19
by Zhen Chen, Shanshan Wang and Yuzong Chen
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2026, 48(5), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48050536 - 21 May 2026
Viewed by 391
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is characterized by profound thromboinflammatory and immune disturbances, but the network-level relationships among complement–coagulation dysregulation, humoral immune remodeling, and iron-associated immune regulation remain incompletely understood. Here, we performed integrative proteomic and transcriptomic analyses across peripheral blood and lung microenvironments using weighted [...] Read more.
Severe COVID-19 is characterized by profound thromboinflammatory and immune disturbances, but the network-level relationships among complement–coagulation dysregulation, humoral immune remodeling, and iron-associated immune regulation remain incompletely understood. Here, we performed integrative proteomic and transcriptomic analyses across peripheral blood and lung microenvironments using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), differential network analysis (DiNA), and immune deconvolution. Proteomic network analysis identified a disease-associated module enriched in complement activation, coagulation cascades, platelet degranulation, and acute inflammatory responses. Hub proteins, including C9, LBP, vWF, and F11, were prioritized based on module association and intramodular connectivity. Notably, C9 and LBP were repeatedly identified across WGCNA, DiNA, and differential expression analyses, underscoring their robust association with severe COVID-19-associated molecular network remodeling. Transcriptomic and CIBERSORTx-based immune deconvolution analyses showed altered immune-cell composition in blood and lung tissues, including B-cell and plasma-cell-associated changes. Notably, TFRC displayed cell-type-associated expression changes in naïve B cells and plasma cells, suggesting a potential link between iron-associated immune regulation and humoral immune remodeling. Collectively, these computational findings highlight coordinated complement–coagulation dysregulation, humoral immune remodeling, and TFRC-associated iron-related immune alterations in severe COVID-19, and prioritize TFRC, C9, and LBP as candidate molecular indicators requiring further experimental and clinical validation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Real-World Evidence Research of Respiratory Diseases and Infections, 2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 1726 KB  
Article
Rhus coriaria Linn Extract as a Natural Inhibitor of Influenza A Virus Replication In Vitro
by Carla Prezioso, Maria Luisa Savo Sardaro, Flavio Frezza, Dolores Limongi, Salvatore Velotto, Leonardo Lupacchini, Giovanni D’Auria, Marta De Angelis, Lucia Nencioni and Paola Checconi
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2026, 48(2), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48020207 - 13 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1221
Abstract
Influenza A viruses remain a major public health threat due to their high mutation rates, antigenic variability, and the emergence of resistance to current antivirals, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic options. Natural compounds rich in polyphenols and flavonoids have attracted increasing attention [...] Read more.
Influenza A viruses remain a major public health threat due to their high mutation rates, antigenic variability, and the emergence of resistance to current antivirals, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic options. Natural compounds rich in polyphenols and flavonoids have attracted increasing attention as potential broad-spectrum antiviral agents. In this study, the activity of Rhus coriaria L. water extract against Influenza A virus in BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells was investigated. Cell viability assay identified non-cytotoxic concentrations, up to 0.1 mg/mL, which were used in infection experiments. Viral replication was assessed at multiple levels by quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence and tissue culture infectious dose 50% (TCID50). Treatment with R. coriaria extract resulted in a dose-dependent and statistically significant reduction of viral load. The extract decreased mRNA levels of Hemagglutin (HA), Neuraminidase (NA) and Matrix protein 2 (M2). Consistently, western blot analysis showed a decrease in major viral proteins HA, Nucleoprotein (NP), Matrix protein 1 (M1) and Polymerase Acidic protein (PA). Confocal images revealed a marked reduction in HA and PA signals, results that are statistically significant according to quantitative fluorescence evaluation. The convergence of results obtained through independent methodologies at both the transcriptional and protein levels highlight the robustness of the findings. These data provide the experimental evidence that Rhus coriaria interferes with influenza A virus replication in airway epithelial cells and support its further investigation as a promising phytochemical platform for the development of novel anti-influenza strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Real-World Evidence Research of Respiratory Diseases and Infections, 2nd Edition)
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