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Children
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Visual Deficits and Eye Care in Children: 2nd Edition
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Visual Deficits and Eye Care in Children: 2nd Edition

A special issue of Children (ISSN 2227-9067). This special issue belongs to the section "Pediatric Ophthalmology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2026) | Viewed by 2246

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Tsz Wing Leung

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Interests: astigmatism; vision defeats; amblyopia; children
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Henry HL Chan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Interests: visual electrophysiology; myopia; retinal physiology; children
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The importance of vision in children’s personal development is indisputable. As a key sensory input, vision is pivotal in various aspects of a child’s life, including learning, social networking, sports, and other activities. Healthy vision is not merely about clear sight; it is a fundamental building block for a child’s overall growth and development.

Despite the crucial role of vision, unfortunately not all children have good eyesight. Visual deficits in childhood can stem from a myriad of problems, ranging from refractive errors, strabismus, and amblyopia to various congenital or developmental disorders. If left undetected or untreated, these deficits can significantly impede a child’s development.

Considering this, this Special Issue aims to gather and present information about visual deficits in children, from their causes and impacts to the methods of detection and treatment. Our goal is to foster a deeper understanding of these issues and promote effective eye care strategies that can ensure children’s visual health.

In this pursuit, we welcome original research articles, including epidemiological, observational, and experimental studies, clinical trials, and basic research. We also invite systematic or narrative reviews and meta-analyses. We look forward to your valuable contributions to this Special Issue and advancing our understanding of this critical topic.

Dr. Tsz Wing Leung
Prof. Dr. Henry HL Chan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Children is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • visual deficits
  • pediatric eye care
  • childhood vision problems
  • refractive errors
  • strabismus
  • amblyopia
  • congenital visual disorders
  • developmental disorders
  • eye health policies

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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9 pages, 214 KB  
Article
Orthoptic Treatment After Strabismus Surgery in Child Intermittent Divergent Strabismus
by Pedro Lino, Pedro Vargues de Aguiar and João Paulo Cunha
Children 2026, 13(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13010070 - 1 Jan 2026
Viewed by 769
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate short-term motor and sensory–motor outcomes following postoperative OT in children with IXT after strabismus surgery. Methods: This prospective before–after observational study included children with IXT who underwent bilateral lateral rectus recession and were referred for postoperative OT based on predefined [...] Read more.
Purpose: To evaluate short-term motor and sensory–motor outcomes following postoperative OT in children with IXT after strabismus surgery. Methods: This prospective before–after observational study included children with IXT who underwent bilateral lateral rectus recession and were referred for postoperative OT based on predefined clinical criteria. A structured 12-week OTplan was initiated approximately six months after surgery. Outcome measures included angle of deviation (prism diopters, PD), near point of convergence (cm), positive fusional vergence amplitudes (PD), and convergence amplitudes at distance and near (PD). Pre- and post-therapy changes were analysed using paired-samples t-tests with effect sizes calculated using Cohen’s d. Final postoperative alignment was additionally compared cross-sectionally between children who underwent OT and those managed without OT. Results: Eighty-eight children had complete paired motor and sensory–motor data and were included in the analyses. Changes in static ocular alignment were small, with mean residual deviation improving from −7.02 ± 6.91 PD to −5.22 ± 6.60 PD after OT (mean change +1.80 PD; p < 0.01; d ≈ 0.30). No significant difference in final postoperative alignment was observed between the OT and non-OT groups (p = 0.827). In contrast, marked improvements were observed in sensory–motor outcomes. Positive fusional vergence amplitude increased from 7.30 ± 8.33 PD to 22.19 ± 9.26 PD (p < 0.001; d ≈ 1.5). Distance convergence amplitude improved from 7.30 ± 8.33 PD to 22.19 ± 9.26 PD, and near convergence amplitude from 10.95 ± 12.50 PD to 33.29 ± 13.89 PD (both p < 0.001; d ≈ 1.5). Near point of convergence showed a modest but significant improvement. Conclusions: Postoperative OT was associated with substantial short-term improvements in sensory–motor function, particularly fusional and convergence capacities, while changes in static ocular alignment were small and of limited clinical relevance. These findings support the role of OT as a functional adjunct to surgery, aimed at enhancing binocular control and postoperative sensory–motor stability in children with IXT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Visual Deficits and Eye Care in Children: 2nd Edition)

Other

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20 pages, 2745 KB  
Systematic Review
Video Game-Based Interventions for Visual Rehabilitation in Childhood Amblyopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Marina Piñar-Lara, Esteban Obrero-Gaitán, Sara Gómez-Molina, Rafael Lomas-Vega, Héctor García-López and Irene Cortés-Pérez
Children 2026, 13(2), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13020278 - 18 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1186
Abstract
Background: Novel approaches such as video games represent a promising tool in increasing visual acuity (VA) in children with amblyopia. The aim was to determine the effectiveness of video game-based interventions (VGBIs) in increasing VA in children with amblyopia. Secondarily, to estimate safety, [...] Read more.
Background: Novel approaches such as video games represent a promising tool in increasing visual acuity (VA) in children with amblyopia. The aim was to determine the effectiveness of video game-based interventions (VGBIs) in increasing VA in children with amblyopia. Secondarily, to estimate safety, satisfaction, and compliance with VGBIs. Methods: According to the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review with meta-analysis (SRMA) was conducted, including studies retrieved from PubMed Medline, SCOPUS, WOS, CINAHL, and PEDro without publication date and language restrictions. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and pilot RCTs, comprising children with amblyopia, that compared the effectiveness of VBGI vs. others in improving VA. Pooled effect was estimated with the Cohen’s standardized mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results: Twenty-one RCTs, providing data from 1515 children, were included. VGBIs are effective (SMD = 0.38; 95%CI 0.08 to 0.68; p = 0.013) in increasing VA. Subgroup analyses suggested that non-immersive video games are the most appropriate for improving VA (SMD = 0.35; 95%CI 0.02 to 0.68; p = 0.039) and that VGBI is more effective than patching therapy, especially in combination with patching therapy (SMD = 0.63; 95%CI 0.29 to 0.97; p < 0.001). Conclusion: This SRMA, including a large number of RCTs to date, demonstrates that VGBI is effective in improving VA in children with amblyopia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Visual Deficits and Eye Care in Children: 2nd Edition)
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