Noncoding RNAs: Immunity, Mechanisms, and Biomarker Potential

A Special Issue of Cells (ISSN 2073-4409).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2026 | Viewed by 888

Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
Interests: immune checkpoint regulation; cell and immune therapies; tumor–immune interactions; noncoding RNAs; liquid biopsy approaches; comparative oncology models

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs, are now recognized as critical regulators of cancer biology beyond their noncoding nature. Mechanistically, ncRNAs modulate immune responses by controlling T cell activation, immune checkpoint expression, antigen presentation, and cytokine signaling. For example, miR-155 enhances T cell effector function, while lncRNAs such as MALAT1 and NEAT1 regulate macrophage polarization and PD-L1 expression, shaping the tumor microenvironment. Dysregulated ncRNAs can impair immune surveillance and promote tumor immune evasion, highlighting their dual role as oncogenic drivers or tumor suppressors. Importantly, their remarkable stability in circulation and enrichment in exosomes make ncRNAs promising liquid biopsy biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of immunotherapy response. As both regulators and readouts of tumor–immune interactions, ncRNAs represent powerful tools for advancing cancer immunology and precision immunotherapy.

Dr. Md Mahfuzur Rahman
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
  • long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs)
  • circular RNAs (circRNAs)
  • immune regulation
  • tumor microenvironment
  • immune checkpoints
  • cancer immunotherapy
  • liquid biopsy biomarkers
  • immune evasion

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

23 pages, 4209 KB  
Article
Conserved Hypoxia-Responsive miRNA Programs Define Adaptive and Stress-Limiting Regulatory Axes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
by Most Shumi Akhter Shathi, Mohammad Arif, Nobuhiro Nozaki, MD Nazmul Hasan, Yutaro Ide, Yoshiyuki Akiyama, Shaohsu Wang, Sirazul Islam, Tanjila Rahman, Tomohide Kuramoto, Yu Furusawa, Takeshi Sogawa, Kaori Takahashi, Aki Noguchi, Tatsuro Hifumi, Shinji Hirano, Noriaki Miyoshi, Osamu Yamato, Masashi Takahashi and Naoki Miura
Cells 2026, 15(15), 1341; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15151341 - 26 Jul 2026
Viewed by 486
Abstract
Hypoxia-driven regulatory mechanisms play a critical role in tumor progression and therapeutic resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), yet hypoxia-responsive microRNAs (HRMs) remain incompletely characterized. This study aimed to identify HRMs in canine HCC to evaluate their diagnostic potential and translational relevance to human [...] Read more.
Hypoxia-driven regulatory mechanisms play a critical role in tumor progression and therapeutic resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), yet hypoxia-responsive microRNAs (HRMs) remain incompletely characterized. This study aimed to identify HRMs in canine HCC to evaluate their diagnostic potential and translational relevance to human disease. Next-generation sequencing of two canine HCC cell lines under normoxic and hypoxic conditions identified 332 and 321 differentially expressed miRNAs, respectively. Integrating these with tumor tissue data revealed 11 HRMs, featuring consistent upregulation of cfa-miR-210 and cfa-miR-34a, which was validated via RT-qPCR in hypoxic cells and clinical tissues. Both miRNAs were significantly elevated in plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), highlighting their value as promising circulating biomarkers (AUC 1.00 for miR-210; 0.98 for miR-34a). Target gene and pathway analyses identified shared regulatory nodes, including TGIF2 and SPRED1; and enrichment of MAPK, Ras, PI3K-Akt, and Rap1 signaling, broadly linked to hypoxia adaptation, cellular metabolism, and stress-response signaling. Cross-species comparison with human HCC datasets showed that, while miR-210 associates with poor prognosis in human HCC, miR-34a exhibits tumor-suppressive features. These findings define complementary HRM programs in canine HCC, reflecting conserved adaptive and stress-limiting regulatory mechanisms with potential diagnostic and translational relevance to human HCC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Noncoding RNAs: Immunity, Mechanisms, and Biomarker Potential)
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