Biochemical Mechanisms and Physiological Implication of Stem Cell Differentiation

A special issue of Cells (ISSN 2073-4409). This special issue belongs to the section "Stem Cells".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2026 | Viewed by 1838

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, Italy
Interests: cell signaling; metabolic remodeling; differentiation pathways, oxidative stress
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Stem cells (SCs) can be isolated from various sources and are capable of differentiating into different cell types. They have garnered significant interest due to their key role in regenerative medicine. Numerous diseases and tissue injuries affect humans, such as sarcopenia, fractures, neurodegeneration, spinal cord injury, diabetes, and osteochondral defects. These conditions induce the loss or dysfunction of tissue cells and can compromise stem cells residing in tissue niches, reducing their regenerative capacity. Therefore, it is necessary to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind differentiation processes to develop appropriate therapeutic strategies, aiming to enhance the differentiation potential of resident stem cells or improve the efficacy of treatments based on differentiated cells, including adult, induced pluripotent, and embryonic stem cells.

This Special Issue, “Biochemical Mechanisms and Physiological Implication of Stem Cell Differentiation”, focuses on the cell biology, physiology, molecular biology, biophysics, and biochemical mechanisms underlying the various stages of differentiation. We particularly seek studies that compare different stem cell sources or differentiation strategies that may explain diverse physiological responses and those that develop an organoid as a potential in vitro model.

This Special Issue welcomes bioinformatic analyses, review articles and original data pertaining to its scope.

Dr. Giuliana Mannino
Dr. Floriana D'Angeli
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • stem cells
  • differentiation
  • 3D cultures
  • co-cultures
  • biochemistry
  • physiology
  • epigenetics

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

28 pages, 1177 KB  
Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Osteogenesis: Comparative Analysis of Stem Cell Sources, Conditioning Strategies, and In Vitro Models Toward Advanced Bone Regeneration
by Luca Dalle Carbonare, Arianna Minoia, Michele Braggio, Francesca Cristiana Piritore, Anna Vareschi, Mattia Cominacini, Alberto Gandini, Franco Antoniazzi, Daping Cui, Maria Grazia Romanelli and Maria Teresa Valenti
Cells 2026, 15(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15010027 - 23 Dec 2025
Viewed by 1501
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from stem cells have emerged as promising mediators of osteogenesis, suggesting cell-free alternatives for bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the main stem cell sources used for EV production, including bone marrow [...] Read more.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from stem cells have emerged as promising mediators of osteogenesis, suggesting cell-free alternatives for bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the main stem cell sources used for EV production, including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), umbilical cord MSCs (UC-MSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and alternative stromal populations. Particular attention is given to the ways in which different conditioning and differentiation strategies, such as osteogenic induction, hypoxia, and mechanical stimulation, modulate EV cargo composition and enhance their therapeutic potential. We further discuss the in vitro models employed to evaluate EV-mediated bone regeneration, ranging from 2D cultures to complex 3D spheroids, scaffold-based systems, and bone organoids. Overall, this review emphasizes the current challenges related to standardization, scalable production, and clinical translation. It also outlines future directions, including bioengineering approaches, advanced preclinical models, and the integration of multi-omics approaches and artificial intelligence to optimize EV-based therapies. By integrating current knowledge, this work aims to guide researchers toward more consistent and physiologically relevant strategies to harness EVs for effective bone regeneration. Finally, this work uniquely integrates a comparative analysis of EVs from multiple stem cell sources with engineering strategies and emerging clinical perspectives, thereby providing an updated and translational framework for their application in bone regeneration. Full article
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