The Role of Regucalcin in Cancer

A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694). This special issue belongs to the section "Tumor Microenvironment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 1 March 2026 | Viewed by 2228

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
Interests: cancer biology; bone metastasis; calcium and carcinogenesis; regucalcin and cancer suppressor; cell signaling
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cancer suppressor proteins play a key role in preventing the development of cancer. Many suppressor proteins have been identified thus far. TP53, Rb, and p21 are classically well-known as tumor  suppressors. The elucidation of suppressor proteins may lead to the identification of a novel signaling pathway that regulates the cell proliferation and death of cancer cells. This may provide us with a new target for cancer control and therapy. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that regucalcin, which was discovered to be a regulator in calcium signaling, plays a suppressive role in human cancer. The expression of the regucalcin gene, which is located in the X chromosome, may be downregulated during oncogenic processes, such as deletions, genetic rearrangements, epigenetic silencing of transcription, or post-translational modifications. Several tumor suppressors, such as TP53, are inactivated through mutations. Other tumor suppressors, such as CDKN2A, are often inactivated by deletions, mutations, or epigenetic silencing. To the best of our knowledge, there is no reported information regarding the mutations of the regucalcin gene that cause a downregulation of regucalcin expression in the context of cancer. Notably, regucalcin gene expression is known to be downregulated by dietary and drug intakes and various pathophysiological conditions, which is influenced by the attenuation of metabolic regulation and cell disorders. Regucalcin may be a unique factor in the context of cancer regulation. This Special Issue focuses on various aspects regarding the role of regucalcin in cancer regulation.

Prof. Dr. Masayoshi Yamaguchi
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • cancer suppressor protein
  • cell signaling
  • metabolic regulation
  • transcription factor
  • cell proliferation
  • cell death
  • drug development
  • cancer therapy

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 12138 KiB  
Article
Downregulated Regucalcin Expression Induces a Cancer-like Phenotype in Non-Neoplastic Prostate Cells and Augments the Aggressiveness of Prostate Cancer Cells: Interplay with the G Protein-Coupled Oestrogen Receptor?
by Lara R. S. Fonseca, Ricardo J. P. Carreira, Mariana Feijó, José E.B. Cavaco, Henrique J. Cardoso, Cátia V. Vaz, Marília I. Figueira and Sílvia Socorro
Cancers 2024, 16(23), 3932; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16233932 - 24 Nov 2024
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: Regucalcin (RGN) is a calcium-binding protein and an oestrogen target gene, which has been shown to play essential roles beyond calcium homeostasis. Decreased RGN expression was identified in several cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). However, it is unknown if the loss of [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Regucalcin (RGN) is a calcium-binding protein and an oestrogen target gene, which has been shown to play essential roles beyond calcium homeostasis. Decreased RGN expression was identified in several cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). However, it is unknown if the loss of RGN is a cause or a consequence of malignancy. Also, it needs confirmation if RGN oestrogenic regulation occurs through the G-protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER). This study investigates how RGN knockdown affects prostate cell fate and metabolism and highlights the GPER/RGN interplay in PCa. Methods: Bioinformatic analysis assessed the relationship between RGN expression levels and patients’ outcomes. RGN knockdown (siRNA) was performed in non-neoplastic prostate and castration-resistant PCa. Wild-type and RGN knockdown PCa cells were treated with the GPER agonist G1. Viability (MTT), proliferation (Ki-67 immunocytochemistry), apoptosis (caspase-3-like activity) and migration (Transwell assays) were evaluated. Spectrophotometric analysis was used to determine glucose consumption, lactate production and lactate dehydrogenase activity. Lipid content was assessed using the Oil Red assay. Results/conclusions: Bioinformatic analysis showed that the loss of RGN correlates with the development of metastatic PCa and poor survival outcomes. RGN knockdown induced a cancer-like phenotype in PNT1A cells, indicated by increased cell viability and proliferation and reduced apoptosis. In DU145 PCa cells, RGN knockdown augmented migration and enhanced the glycolytic profile, which indicates increased aggressiveness, in line with patients’ data. GPER activation modulated RGN expression in PCa cells and RGN knockdown in DU145 cells influenced GPER actions, which highlighted an interplay between these molecular players with relevance for their potential use as biomarkers or therapeutic targets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Regucalcin in Cancer)
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Review

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22 pages, 1082 KiB  
Review
Extracellular Regucalcin: A Potent Suppressor in the Cancer Cell Microenvironment
by Masayoshi Yamaguchi
Cancers 2025, 17(2), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17020240 - 13 Jan 2025
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Abstract
The regucalcin gene is located on the X chromosome, comprising seven exons and six introns. This gene and protein are expressed in various tissues and cells and is predominantly expressed in human liver, kidney, and adrenal tissues. Regucalcin gene expression is enhanced via [...] Read more.
The regucalcin gene is located on the X chromosome, comprising seven exons and six introns. This gene and protein are expressed in various tissues and cells and is predominantly expressed in human liver, kidney, and adrenal tissues. Regucalcin gene expression is enhanced via a mechanism mediated by several signaling molecules and transcription factors. Regucalcin plays a multifunctional role in cellular regulation in maintaining cell homeostasis. In addition, regucalcin has been implicated in several metabolic disorders and diseases. In particular, regucalcin plays a role as a novel suppressor in several types of cancer patients. Increased expression of regucalcin suppresses the growth of human cancer cells, suggesting its pivotal role in suppressing tumor development. The survival time of cancer patients is prolonged with increased expression of regucalcin in the tumor tissues. The adhesion, migration, invasion, and bone metastatic activity of cancer cells are blocked by the overexpression of regucalcin, promoting dormancy in cancer patients. Interestingly, regucalcin is also found in human serum, suggesting its character as a novel biomarker in various diseases. This extracellular regucalcin has been shown to suppress human cancer cells’ growth and bone metastatic activity. Thus, extracellular regucalcin may play a vital role as a suppressor of human cancer activity. Alteration of the serum regucalcin levels in physiological and pathophysiological conditions may influence the activity of cancer cells in the microenvironment. This review will discuss the potential role of extracellular regucalcin in cancer cell activity as a critical suppressor in the cancer microenvironment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Regucalcin in Cancer)
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