Urban Wellbeing: The Impact of Spatial Parameters—2nd Edition

A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2026) | Viewed by 12615

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Architecture and Town Planning, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
Interests: neuro-architecture; urban wellbeing; urban density and densification; perceived density; visual perception; analytical models and tools; experiments in VR; wayfinding for the aging brain; generative urban design
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Architecture and Town Planning, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
Interests: applying theories of complexity to urban environments; urban morphology; size distribution of entities in complex systems; and complex networks in urban systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Urban environments face the key challenge of having to comply with relatively tight constraints regarding land and tenant density. In fact, this has become a key limitation in both current and future urban design around the globe. Density and densification processes may influence residents’ perceived density, creating a negative perception of overcrowding. Moreover, residents’ wellbeing is strongly impacted by urban planning and design decisions, especially in relation to the physical parameters of the urban environment, on a range of scales.

The purpose of this Special Issue of Buildings is to consolidate knowledge from current international research, with an emphasis on the spatial parameters that are reflected in urban planning and design decisions and how they affect the perceptions, emotions, behaviors, quality of life, and wellbeing of urban residents.

The questions that arise are related to the influence of various layers of physical urban design, on different scales, in relation to urban residents within their private and public domains, for example, the geometry and morphology of urban fabric, buildings, and facades; vegetation and its positioning within public space; and the distribution of public spaces for different usages, on the micro-, mezzo-, and macro-scales. Questions that should be addressed include the following: What (and to what degree) will be seen from residents' housing units? Will residents have adequate access to facilities and services (such as healthcare, education, and culture)? Is the cultural and geographical location of the urban setting an influencing parameter in relation to residents’ wellbeing? And, finally, are there global “rights” and “wrongs”?

Considering the increasing age of populations around the world, as lifespans continue to increase, the effect of the design of urban public spaces on wayfinding should be examined, especially in older age groups.

Answers to these questions and others are welcomed from researchers from a range of disciplines, including from the fields of urban geography, planning, design, and architecture, as well as environmental psychology, sociology, and ecology. At present, however, connections are lacking between the accumulated knowledge and insights achieved through academic research and the actual practice of urban planning and design.

We hereby invite researchers from a wide range of disciplines to submit their novel studies, including their unique research goals, tools, and findings, to contribute to a corpus of global knowledge on how spatial parameters influence urban wellbeing. This Special Issue will significantly contribute to both theory and practice—and the combining of the two—in the field of human-centered architecture and urban design.

This is a unique opportunity to contribute to a pool of cutting-edge knowledge that will be readily accessible to urban planners and designers, with a set of spatial principles that could be applied in future work, with the aim of maintaining residents’ sense of wellbeing.

Prof. Dafna Fisher-Gewirtzman
Prof. Dr. Efrat Blumenfeld Lieberthal
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • urban wellbeing
  • impact of spatial parameters
  • neuro-architecture
  • urban density and densification
  • perceived density
  • urban morphology
  • building morphology
  • façade geometry and design
  • street section
  • urban greenery
  • impact of culture and geography
  • experiments in VR
  • walkability

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

31 pages, 22132 KB  
Article
Evidence-Based Sensory Architecture Applied to the Design of Therapeutic Centers for Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
by Ana J. Huaman-Meza and Emilio J. Medrano-Sanchez
Buildings 2026, 16(8), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16081490 - 10 Apr 2026
Viewed by 385
Abstract
Sensory Architecture has been recognized as a relevant factor in the emotional experience of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, a persistent gap remains in the systematic incorporation of empirical evidence into the architectural design process, particularly in Latin American [...] Read more.
Sensory Architecture has been recognized as a relevant factor in the emotional experience of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, a persistent gap remains in the systematic incorporation of empirical evidence into the architectural design process, particularly in Latin American urban contexts. Within this framework, the present study analyzed the relationship between Sensory Architecture and Emotional Well-Being in children and adolescents with ASD attending therapeutic centers in the district of San Juan de Lurigancho, Lima, with the aim of translating empirical findings into evidence-based architectural design criteria. A quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, and correlational approach was adopted. The unit of analysis consisted of children and adolescents with ASD, whose emotional experience was assessed through proxy informants, specifically family members. The sample comprised 100 family informants selected using non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire consisting of 25 items measured on a five-point Likert scale, which demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.93). As the data did not follow a normal distribution (Kolmogorov–Smirnov, p < 0.05), Spearman’s Rho coefficient was applied. The results revealed positive and statistically significant associations between the dimensions of Sensory Architecture and Emotional Well-Being, with Spatial Configuration emerging as the dimension with the strongest associative weight (ρ = 0.652; p < 0.001). Based on this empirical hierarchy, an evidence-based architectural design proposal for a therapeutic center was developed. Study limitations include the cross-sectional design and the absence of post-occupancy evaluation, which point to future research directions focused on longitudinal studies and empirical validation of architectural performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Wellbeing: The Impact of Spatial Parameters—2nd Edition)
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34 pages, 4878 KB  
Article
From Space to Well-Being: Understanding the Restorative Potential of Urban Riverfront Landscapes
by Sulan Wu, Qingqing Li, Yuchen Wu and Zunling Zhu
Buildings 2026, 16(6), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16061235 - 20 Mar 2026
Viewed by 352
Abstract
Urban riverfronts, as integral components of the urban built environment, serve as essential blue–green infrastructure that offers restorative opportunities to residents in high-density areas. However, the mechanisms through which specific spatial qualities influence well-being outcomes remain underexplored. Guided by Attention Restoration Theory (ART) [...] Read more.
Urban riverfronts, as integral components of the urban built environment, serve as essential blue–green infrastructure that offers restorative opportunities to residents in high-density areas. However, the mechanisms through which specific spatial qualities influence well-being outcomes remain underexplored. Guided by Attention Restoration Theory (ART) and Stress Recovery Theory (SRT), this study investigates the associations among spatial perception, perceived restorativeness, environmental sensitivity, and subjective well-being along the Yangtze Riverfront in Nanjing, China. A cross-sectional survey (N = 551) was conducted across six riverfront segments, using a 96-item questionnaire to assess five spatial perception dimensions, four restorativeness dimensions, and four well-being dimensions. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results indicate that spatial perception is positively associated with perceived restorativeness (β = 0.320, p < 0.001), with aesthetic perception demonstrating the strongest relative contribution (β = 0.265). Perceived restorativeness, in turn, significantly contributes to well-being (β = 0.540, p < 0.001), partially mediating the relationship between spatial perception and well-being (indirect effect (β = 0.173; 41.69% of total effect). Notably, environmental sensitivity moderated the spatial–restorative link (β = 0.799, p < 0.001), with restorative benefits being significantly amplified for individuals with higher sensitivity. These findings highlight aesthetics, accessibility, and perceived safety as priority targets for urban design. This study offers actionable insights for optimizing riverfront landscapes as vital urban health resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Wellbeing: The Impact of Spatial Parameters—2nd Edition)
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22 pages, 5599 KB  
Article
Residential Satisfaction in Urban Regeneration Areas: A Multilevel Approach to Individual- and Neighborhood-Level Factors
by Eun Jung Kim and Hyemin Sim
Buildings 2026, 16(1), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16010213 - 2 Jan 2026
Viewed by 749
Abstract
This study aims to identify how individual-level and neighborhood-level factors are associated with residential satisfaction in urban regeneration areas. We conducted a survey of 281 adult residents recruited on-site at six urban regeneration community facilities (URCFs) that had been in operation for at [...] Read more.
This study aims to identify how individual-level and neighborhood-level factors are associated with residential satisfaction in urban regeneration areas. We conducted a survey of 281 adult residents recruited on-site at six urban regeneration community facilities (URCFs) that had been in operation for at least one year in Daegu, South Korea, and constructed neighborhood-level built environment factors using GIS. Multilevel regression analysis was applied to simultaneously examine how individual-level (level 1) and neighborhood-level (level 2) factors are associated with residential satisfaction. The results indicated that residents who participated more actively in urban regeneration activities reported higher levels of residential satisfaction, and that age integration was also significantly associated with greater satisfaction. Among neighborhood-level built environment factors, a lower proportion of old housing and higher levels of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and water area were related to higher residential satisfaction. These findings indicate that residential satisfaction in urban regeneration areas can be better understood when individual-level characteristics and neighborhood-level built environmental conditions are considered together, highlighting the importance of a multilevel approach that accounts for both levels simultaneously. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Wellbeing: The Impact of Spatial Parameters—2nd Edition)
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33 pages, 24046 KB  
Article
Perception of Child-Friendly Streets and Spatial Planning Responses in High-Density Cities Amidst Supply–Demand Disparities
by Chenxi Su, Yuxuan Cheng, Shaofeng Chen, Wenting Li, Kaining Nie and Zheng Ding
Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3908; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213908 - 29 Oct 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1755
Abstract
As urbanization accelerates, the growing needs of children have led to a significant imbalance between supply and demand in urban spaces. Creating child-friendly environments is crucial for enhancing urban resilience and promoting sustainable development. However, there is currently a lack of sufficient quantitative [...] Read more.
As urbanization accelerates, the growing needs of children have led to a significant imbalance between supply and demand in urban spaces. Creating child-friendly environments is crucial for enhancing urban resilience and promoting sustainable development. However, there is currently a lack of sufficient quantitative methods to assess child-friendliness and analyze the complex interactions between children’s perceptions and spatial factors. This study uses the central area of Xiamen as a case study to explore how different street environment characteristics influence perceptions of child-friendliness. This study integrates empathy-based stories (MEBS), street scene image analysis, XGBoost machine learning, and GeoSHapley spatial analysis to explore children’s perceptions of urban spaces. The study reveals that: (1) The child-friendly resources in the central urban area of Xiamen are concentrated in the northeastern and Huli districts, while a supply–demand mismatch exists in Siming District, which has a higher population density; (2) Greenness and pavement coverage are critical in shaping child-friendliness, with greenness having the greatest positive impact; (3) Some areas with child-friendly renovations have a lower child-friendliness index, whereas regions like Guanyinshan, which did not undergo renovations, scored higher; (4) The interaction between greenness and openness positively influences perceptions, while enclosure and visual complexity have a negative effect. Building on the need for child-friendly environments, this study develops a spatial analysis framework to quantify the alignment of child-friendly supply and demand in Xiamen’s central urban area, identify regions with mismatched supply and demand, and offer spatial decision support to improve urban environmental quality and promote sustainable development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Wellbeing: The Impact of Spatial Parameters—2nd Edition)
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18 pages, 2030 KB  
Article
Quantifying Three-Dimensional Street Network Orientation Entropy in Chongqing, China: Implications for Urban Spatial Order and Environmental Perception
by Hao Rao, Leyao Chen and Cui Liu
Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2460; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142460 - 14 Jul 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1076
Abstract
Orientation entropy serves as a critical metric for assessing the directional disorder of urban street networks. However, conventional two-dimensional (2D) approaches neglect vertical variations, limiting their applicability in cities with complex terrains. This study proposes a three-dimensional (3D) orientation entropy framework by integrating [...] Read more.
Orientation entropy serves as a critical metric for assessing the directional disorder of urban street networks. However, conventional two-dimensional (2D) approaches neglect vertical variations, limiting their applicability in cities with complex terrains. This study proposes a three-dimensional (3D) orientation entropy framework by integrating elevation data, providing a more comprehensive assessment of urban spatial complexity. We developed a computational workflow combining ArcGIS 10.8 for spatial data extraction and Python 3.10.10 for entropy calculation. A case study in Chongqing, China, explores the relationship between 3D orientation entropy and residents’ perceptions of spatial disorder through a small-scale survey. Although no statistically significant correlation was observed, the findings suggest emerging patterns and underscore the necessity of multidimensional frameworks in evaluating urban spatial experience. This research contributes a novel metric to urban design assessment, particularly in topographically diverse environments, and offers a foundation for future empirical studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Wellbeing: The Impact of Spatial Parameters—2nd Edition)
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24 pages, 18896 KB  
Article
Visual Discomfort in the Built Environment: Leveraging Generative AI and Computational Analysis to Evaluate Predicted Visual Stress in Architectural Façades
by Cleo Valentine, Arnold J. Wilkins, Heather Mitcheltree, Olivier Penacchio, Bruce Beckles and Ian Hosking
Buildings 2025, 15(13), 2208; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132208 - 24 Jun 2025
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7415
Abstract
The built environment is increasingly recognized as a critical determinant of human health, profoundly influencing neurophysiological and psychological well-being. Previous studies show that specific visual patterns can elicit cortical hyperexcitation and visual discomfort, particularly in individuals with a predisposition to cortical hyperexcitability. However, [...] Read more.
The built environment is increasingly recognized as a critical determinant of human health, profoundly influencing neurophysiological and psychological well-being. Previous studies show that specific visual patterns can elicit cortical hyperexcitation and visual discomfort, particularly in individuals with a predisposition to cortical hyperexcitability. However, traditional approaches to examining visual stress have yet to capture the complexity of ways in which the built environment may contribute to visual discomfort. This study presents a novel, integrated analytical methodology that merges generative artificial intelligence (using Midjourney v6.1) with advanced Fourier-based computational analysis to quantify the impact of architectural façades on visual stress. By systematically varying contrast ratios, pattern periodicity, spatial frequency distribution, stylistic elements, and geometric curvature across nine façade designs, the research generated a diverse array of stimuli that were then analyzed using the Visual Stress Analysis Tool (ViStA). This tool employs Fourier spatial frequency decomposition to extract key metrics that are proxy indicators of potential cortical stress responses. The results revealed that façades with regularly spaced elements at approximately three cycles per degree exhibited the highest stress metrics, particularly when combined with high contrast ratios and consistent repetition. Vertical wooden slats and vertical metal screening elements produced the most pronounced indicators of visual stress, while more varied geometric compositions demonstrated substantially lower stress metrics. This methodology offers a scalable, reproducible approach for the evaluation of visual stress. The framework lays the groundwork for developing a more robust evidence base to support architectural design decision-making that proactively addresses the health impacts of the built environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Wellbeing: The Impact of Spatial Parameters—2nd Edition)
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