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Brain Sciences
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Non-motor and Non-dopaminergic Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease
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Non-motor and Non-dopaminergic Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease

A special issue of Brain Sciences (ISSN 2076-3425). This special issue belongs to the section "Neurodegenerative Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 April 2022) | Viewed by 9507

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Bénédicte Ballanger

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France
2. Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
3. INSERM, U 1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, 69000 Lyon, France
4. CNRS, UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, 69000 Lyon, France
Interests: Parkinson’s disease; neuroimaging; PET; neurotransmission; noradrenaline; dopamine; serotonin; executive control; inhibitory control; motor control; non-motor symptoms

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Parkinson’s disease has traditionally been considered as a neurological pathology characterized by a progressive, irreversible and ultimately disabling motor deficit related to low dopamine levels within the striatum secondary to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. Up until now, focus on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system has been justified by the prominent motor manifestations for which patients seek treatment and by the remarkable success of dopaminergic replacement therapy. However, while those treatments have improved the prognosis of motor symptoms, they are, at the same time, a new source of disability because of their undesired effects (e.g., dyskinesia and pathological gambling). In addition, most of the current disability brought on by parkinsonian patients relates to symptoms that respond poorly to levodopa (axial motor symptoms) and/or to non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease, such as cognitive or psychiatric disturbance. Recognition of non-motor symptoms is essential, not only for ascertaining the functional status of patients but also for better appreciating the nature of the neurodegenerative process in Parkinson’s disease. Accordingly, this Special Issue is devoted to bringing new insights from animal and human studies into the respective roles of monoamines, such as acetylcholine, noradrenaline or serotonin in the pathophysiology of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease.

Dr. Bénédicte Ballanger
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Brain Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • non-motor symptoms
  • serotonin
  • noradrenaline
  • acetylcholine
  • neuroimaging
  • PET
  • fMRI
  • pharmacology

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 590 KiB  
Article
Hot and Cold Cognitive Disturbances in Parkinson Patients Treated with DBS-STN: A Combined PET and Neuropsychological Study
by Louise M. Jørgensen, Tove Henriksen, Skirmante Mardosiene, Ottilia Wyon, Sune H. Keller, Bo Jespersen, Gitte M. Knudsen and Dea S. Stenbæk
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(5), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050654 - 16 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1797
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) often suffer from non-motor symptoms, which may be caused by serotonergic dysfunction. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) may also influence non-motor symptoms. The aim of this study is to investigate how the cerebral 5-HT [...] Read more.
Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) often suffer from non-motor symptoms, which may be caused by serotonergic dysfunction. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) may also influence non-motor symptoms. The aim of this study is to investigate how the cerebral 5-HT system associates to disturbances in cognition and mood in PD patients with DBS-STN turned on and off. We used psychological tests and questionnaires to evaluate cognitive function and the effects on mood from turning DBS-STN off. We applied a novel PET neuroimaging methodology to evaluate the integrity of the cerebral serotonin system. We measured 5-HT1BR binding in 13 DBS-STN-treated PD patients, at baseline and after turning DBS off. Thirteen age-matched volunteers served as controls. The measures for cognition and mood were correlated to the 5-HT1BR availability in temporal limbic cortex. 5-HT1BR binding was proportional to working memory performance and inverse proportional to affective bias for face recognition. When DBS is turned off, patients feel less vigorous; the higher the limbic and temporal 5-HT1BR binding, the more they are affected by DBS being turned off. Our study suggests that cerebral 5-HTR binding is associated with non-motor symptoms, and that preservation of serotonergic functions may be predictive of DBS-STN effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-motor and Non-dopaminergic Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease)
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7 pages, 387 KiB  
Communication
Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index Is Associated with REM Sleep Behavior Disorder in Parkinson’s Disease
by Daniele Urso, Salvatore Nigro, Benedetta Tafuri, Valentina Gnoni, Marco Filardi, Roberto De Blasi, K. Ray Chaudhuri and Giancarlo Logroscino
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(2), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12020202 - 31 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2570
Abstract
We investigated the association between the Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index (MRPI) and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). We included 226 de novo PD patients (82 PD-RBD and 144 PD-noRBD) and 19 idiopathic RBD patients. Furthermore, 3T T1-weighted MR images were used for automated [...] Read more.
We investigated the association between the Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index (MRPI) and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). We included 226 de novo PD patients (82 PD-RBD and 144 PD-noRBD) and 19 idiopathic RBD patients. Furthermore, 3T T1-weighted MR images were used for automated brainstem calculations. MRPI values were higher in the PD-RBD (p = 0.004) compared to PD-noRBD patients. Moreover, MRPI proved to be a significant predictor of REM Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire scores in PD (β = 0.195, p = 0.007) and iRBD patients (β = 0.582, p = 0.003). MRPI can be used as an imaging marker of RBD in patients with de novo PD and iRBD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-motor and Non-dopaminergic Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease)
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9 pages, 683 KiB  
Article
Application of the Chinese Version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic for Assessing Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease
by Qian Xu, Mengxi Zhou, Chunyan Jiang, Li Wu, Qing He, Lei Zhao, Yourong Dong, Jianren Liu and Wei Chen
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(12), 1575; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121575 - 28 Nov 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2438
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a common and pivotal non-motor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD). It is necessary to use the appropriate tools to characterize the cognitive profiles and identify the subjects at risk of MCI in clinical practice. A cohort of 207 [...] Read more.
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a common and pivotal non-motor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD). It is necessary to use the appropriate tools to characterize the cognitive profiles and identify the subjects at risk of MCI in clinical practice. A cohort of 207 non-demented patients with PD and 52 age- and gender-matched cognitively normal controls (NCs) underwent the Chinese Version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic (MoCA-BC) evaluation. Patients with PD also received detailed motor and non-motor evaluation by serial scales. Cognitive profiles were investigated in patients with PD-MCI, relative to patients with normal cognition (PD-NC) and cognitively NCs. In addition, differences in demography, major motor and non-motor symptoms were compared between patients with PD-MCI and PD-NC. There were 70 patients with PD-MCI, occupying 33.8% of the total patients. Patients with PD-MCI had impairment in multiple cognitive domains, especially in executive function, memory and visuospatial function on MoCA-BC, relative to cognitively NCs or PD-NC. Compared with PD-NC patients, PD-MCI patients were older (p = 0.002) and had a later onset age (p = 0.007) and higher score of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III (p = 0.001). The positive rate of clinical possible rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (cpRBD) in the PD-MCI group was significantly increased relative to the PD-NC group (p = 0.003). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that older age (OR = 1.06; p = 0.012), higher score of UPDRS-III (OR = 1.03; p = 0.018) and the presence of cpRBD (OR = 2.10; p = 0.037) were independently associated factors of MCI in patients with PD. In conclusion, executive function, memory and visuospatial function are the main impaired cognitive profiles in PD-MCI via MoCA-BC. Aging, motor severity and RBD may be independently related factors of MCI in PD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-motor and Non-dopaminergic Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease)
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11 pages, 278 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Sex on the Neurocognitive Functions of Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
by Mei-Ling Chen, Chun-Hsiang Tan, Hui-Chen Su, Pi-Shan Sung, Chia-Yi Chien and Rwei-Ling Yu
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(10), 1331; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101331 - 9 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1860
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the impact of sex on the neurocognitive function of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Ninety-four participants with idiopathic PD and 167 age-matched healthy individuals as normal controls (NCs) were recruited and underwent comprehensive neuropsychological assessments. Sex differences were [...] Read more.
This study aimed to understand the impact of sex on the neurocognitive function of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Ninety-four participants with idiopathic PD and 167 age-matched healthy individuals as normal controls (NCs) were recruited and underwent comprehensive neuropsychological assessments. Sex differences were found in NCs, but not in patients with PD. Among male participants, patients with PD showed worse performance on the Digit Symbol Substitution (DSS) (p < 0.001) test and Symbol Search (SS) (p < 0.001) than NCs. Among female participants, patients with PD showed worse performance on the category score of the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (p < 0.001), SS (p < 0.001), and pentagon copying (p < 0.001) than NCs. After controlling for the effects of age and years of education, Hoehn and Yahr stage was found to predict the performance of the Color Trails Test part A (βA = 0.241, pA = 0.036), Stroop Color and Word Test (β = −0.245, p = 0.036), and DSS (β = −0.258, p = 0.035) in men with PD. These results indicate the differential effect of sex on the neurocognitive function among healthy aging and PD populations. The disappearance of sex differences, which is present in healthy aging, in patients with PD suggests a gradual loss of the neuroprotective effect of estrogen after the initiation of the neurodegenerative process. This study also found mental flexibility and visuospatial function to be the susceptible cognitive domains in women with PD, while the disease severity could predict the working memory and processing speed in men with PD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-motor and Non-dopaminergic Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease)
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