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Brain Sciences
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rTMS Research in Cognition: From Mice to Humans
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rTMS Research in Cognition: From Mice to Humans

A special issue of Brain Sciences (ISSN 2076-3425). This special issue belongs to the section "Neurotechnology and Neuroimaging".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 August 2023) | Viewed by 6613

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Windy McNerney

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (151Y), 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
Interests: rTMS; cognition; rodent; human; plasticity
Dr. Alexis Bourla

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
iCRIN Psychiatry (Infrastructure of Clinical Research in Neurosciences-Psychiatry), Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne University, INSERM, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
Interests: neuromodulation; psychopharmacology; new technologies; acceptability studies; psychiatry

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is emerging as an efficacious treatment for cognitive deficits associated with a variety of psychiatric and neurological diseases. With its emergence, comprehensive research regarding the biochemical and clinical implications for treatment optimization is still in its infancy. With a dialogue between biochemical research and human clinical trials, the scientific community will create a multidisciplinary approach for rTMS treatment.  Thus, this special issue aims to examine both rodent and human rTMS research to understand translatable and current clinical directions in rTMS with the goal of maximizing clinical efficacy for disorders of cognition. Original research from both human and rodent models as well as a reviews covering both components will be considered for publication.

Dr. Windy McNerney
Dr. Alexis Bourla
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Brain Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
  • psychiatric and neurological diseases
  • cognitive disorder

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 2348 KiB  
Article
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of Primary Motor Cortex over Multiple Days Improves Motor Learning of a Complex Overhand Throwing Task
by Milan Pantovic, Lidio Lima de Albuquerque, Sierra Mastrantonio, Austin S. Pomerantz, Erik W. Wilkins, Zachary A. Riley, Mark A. Guadagnoli and Brach Poston
Brain Sci. 2023, 13(10), 1441; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13101441 - 10 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1162
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the primary motor cortex (M1) improves motor learning in relatively simple motor tasks performed with the hand and arm. However, it is unknown if tDCS can improve motor learning in complex motor tasks involving whole-body coordination [...] Read more.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the primary motor cortex (M1) improves motor learning in relatively simple motor tasks performed with the hand and arm. However, it is unknown if tDCS can improve motor learning in complex motor tasks involving whole-body coordination with significant endpoint accuracy requirements. The primary purpose was to determine the influence of tDCS on motor learning over multiple days in a complex over-hand throwing task. This study utilized a double-blind, randomized, SHAM-controlled, between-subjects experimental design. Forty-six young adults were allocated to either a tDCS group or a SHAM group and completed three experimental sessions on three consecutive days at the same time of day. Each experimental session was identical and consisted of overhand throwing trials to a target in a pre-test block, five practice blocks performed simultaneously with 20 min of tDCS, and a post-test block. Overhand throwing performance was quantified as the endpoint error. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to obtain motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) from the first dorsal interosseus muscle to quantify changes in M1 excitability due to tDCS. Endpoint error significantly decreased over the three days of practice in the tDCS group but not in the SHAM group. MEP amplitude significantly increased in the tDCS group, but the MEP increases were not associated with increases in motor learning. These findings indicate that tDCS applied over multiple days can improve motor learning in a complex motor tasks in healthy young adults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue rTMS Research in Cognition: From Mice to Humans)
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7 pages, 1339 KiB  
Communication
Hindbrain Stimulation Modulates Object Recognition Discrimination Efficiency and Hippocampal Synaptic Connections
by Alesha Heath, Michelle Madore, Karina Diaz and M. Windy McNerney
Brain Sci. 2023, 13(10), 1425; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13101425 - 7 Oct 2023
Viewed by 920
Abstract
(1) Background: The cerebellum is well known to have functionalities beyond the control of motor function. However, brain stimulation studies have not explored the potential of this region to impact downstream processes which are imperative to multiple neurological conditions. Our study aimed to [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The cerebellum is well known to have functionalities beyond the control of motor function. However, brain stimulation studies have not explored the potential of this region to impact downstream processes which are imperative to multiple neurological conditions. Our study aimed to look at preliminary evidence that hindbrain-targeted repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in mice could alter motor, cognitive and anxiety measures; (2) Methods: Male B6129SF2/J mice (n = 16) were given rTMS (n = 9) over lambda at 10 Hz for 10 min or Sham (n = 7) for 14 consecutive days. Mice then underwent a battery of behavioral measures. (3) Results: In the object recognition test, only rTMS-treated mice distinguished between the novel object at 5 min, whereas those that received Sham treatment continued to improve discrimination from 5 to 10 min. Additionally, over the 10 min test phase, rTMS-stimulated mice explored the objects less than the Sham mice. This was accompanied by increased colocalization of presynaptic and postsynaptic markers in the hippocampus in the rTMS mice (4) Conclusions: Hindbrain rTMS stimulation elicits improved processing speed in the object recognition test via structural plasticity mechanisms in the hippocampus and could provide additional ways of targeting these important substructures of the brain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue rTMS Research in Cognition: From Mice to Humans)
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12 pages, 1026 KiB  
Article
Variability in Motor Threshold during Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment for Depression: Neurophysiological Implications
by Alexis Bourla, Stéphane Mouchabac, Léonard Lorimy, Bertrand Crette, Bruno Millet and Florian Ferreri
Brain Sci. 2023, 13(9), 1246; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13091246 - 26 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1094
Abstract
The measurement of the motor threshold (MT) is an important element in determining stimulation intensity during Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation treatment (rTMS). The current recommendations propose its realization at least once a week. The variability in this motor threshold is an important factor to [...] Read more.
The measurement of the motor threshold (MT) is an important element in determining stimulation intensity during Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation treatment (rTMS). The current recommendations propose its realization at least once a week. The variability in this motor threshold is an important factor to consider as it could translate certain neurophysiological specificities. We conducted a retrospective naturalistic study on data from 30 patients treated for treatment-resistant depression in an rTMS-specialized center. For each patient, weekly motor-evoked potential (MEP) was performed and several clinical elements were collected as part of our clinical interviews. Regarding response to treatment (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) before and after treatment), there was a mean difference of −8.88 (−21 to 0) in PHQ9 in the Theta Burst group, of −9.00 (−18 to −1) in the High-Frequency (10 Hz) group, and of −4.66 (−10 to +2) in the Low-Frequency (1 Hz) group. The mean improvement in depressive symptoms was 47% (p < 0.001, effect-size: 1.60). The motor threshold changed over the course of the treatment, with a minimum individual range of 1 point and a maximum of 19 points (total subset), and a greater concentration in the remission group (4 to 10) than in the other groups (3 to 10 in the response group, 1 to 8 in the partial response group, 3 to 19 in the stagnation group). We also note that the difference between MT at week 1 and week 6 was statistically significant only in the remission group, with a different evolutionary profile showing an upward trend in MT. Our findings suggest a potential predictive value of MT changes during treatment, particularly an increase in MT in patients who achieve remission and a distinct “break” in MT around the 4th week, which could predict nonresponse. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue rTMS Research in Cognition: From Mice to Humans)
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Review

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23 pages, 738 KiB  
Review
The Rehabilitation Potential of Neurostimulation for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Animal and Human Studies
by M. Windy McNerney, Gene G. Gurkoff, Charlotte Beard and Marian E. Berryhill
Brain Sci. 2023, 13(10), 1402; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13101402 - 30 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1831
Abstract
Neurostimulation carries high therapeutic potential, accompanied by an excellent safety profile. In this review, we argue that an arena in which these tools could provide breakthrough benefits is traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is a major health problem worldwide, with the majority of [...] Read more.
Neurostimulation carries high therapeutic potential, accompanied by an excellent safety profile. In this review, we argue that an arena in which these tools could provide breakthrough benefits is traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is a major health problem worldwide, with the majority of cases identified as mild TBI (mTBI). MTBI is of concern because it is a modifiable risk factor for dementia. A major challenge in studying mTBI is its inherent heterogeneity across a large feature space (e.g., etiology, age of injury, sex, treatment, initial health status, etc.). Parallel lines of research in human and rodent mTBI can be collated to take advantage of the full suite of neuroscience tools, from neuroimaging (electroencephalography: EEG; functional magnetic resonance imaging: fMRI; diffusion tensor imaging: DTI) to biochemical assays. Despite these attractive components and the need for effective treatments, there are at least two major challenges to implementation. First, there is insufficient understanding of how neurostimulation alters neural mechanisms. Second, there is insufficient understanding of how mTBI alters neural function. The goal of this review is to assemble interrelated but disparate areas of research to identify important gaps in knowledge impeding the implementation of neurostimulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue rTMS Research in Cognition: From Mice to Humans)
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Other

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11 pages, 654 KiB  
Systematic Review
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) on the Precuneus in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Literature Review
by Bruno Millet, Stéphane Mouchabac, Gabriel Robert, Redwan Maatoug, Thibaut Dondaine, Florian Ferreri and Alexis Bourla
Brain Sci. 2023, 13(9), 1332; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13091332 - 15 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1162
Abstract
The current literature review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of rTMS on the precuneus as a potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although the number of studies specifically targeting the precuneus is limited, the results from this review suggest the potential benefits of [...] Read more.
The current literature review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of rTMS on the precuneus as a potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although the number of studies specifically targeting the precuneus is limited, the results from this review suggest the potential benefits of this approach. Future studies should focus on exploring the long-term effects of rTMS on the precuneus in Alzheimer’s disease patients, as well as determining the optimal stimulation parameters and protocols for this population. Additionally, investigating the effects of rTMS on the precuneus in combination with other brain regions implicated in AD may provide valuable insights into the development of effective treatment for this debilitating neurodegenerative disorder. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue rTMS Research in Cognition: From Mice to Humans)
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