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Biosensors
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Biosensors for Monitoring and Diagnostics
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Biosensors for Monitoring and Diagnostics

A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosensors and Healthcare".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2025 | Viewed by 8254

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Radivoje Prodanović

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Interests: biocatalysis; protein engineering; biotechnology; high-throughput screening; hydrogels; biocomposites; microfluidics; biosensors; biofuel cells
Dr. Dalibor M. Stanković

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Interests: analytical chemistry; electrochemistry; development of new sensors and biosensors; materials and composites; environmental chemistry

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue, titled “Biosensors for Monitoring and Diagnostics”, encompasses the critical role of biosensors in advancing healthcare practices. Specifically focusing on electrochemical sensors based on cells, proteins, and enzymes, it delves into their significance in disease monitoring and diagnosis. This compilation of research and findings explores the potential of electrochemical biosensors in enabling the rapid and accurate detection of biomarkers associated with various health conditions. This Special Issue addresses the technological advancements and innovations in the protein engineering of biological components and the design of electrochemical biosensors, highlighting their sensitivity, selectivity, and real-time monitoring capabilities. Protein engineering will cover three main strategies in designing electrochemical biosensors: de novo protein design, rational protein design, and directed evolution. The main topics will be the use of protein engineering to facilitate electron transfer and enzyme immobilization in addition to the construction of allosteric protein biosensors that should increase biosensors' sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. This Special Issue will also cover the use of artificial intelligence and bioinformatics in designing biological components of biosensors. Moreover, it delves into the integration of electrochemical biosensors with emerging technologies, such as wearable devices and point-of-care systems, to facilitate seamless and widespread deployment for monitoring and diagnosis. Overall, this Special Issue serves as a comprehensive resource for understanding the current landscape and future prospects of electrochemical biosensors in healthcare applications.

Prof. Dr. Radivoje Prodanović
Dr. Dalibor M. Stanković
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biosensors
  • protein engineering
  • monitoring
  • biologically active compounds
  • point of care
  • bioinformatics

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

12 pages, 3121 KiB  
Article
Analysis and Tracking of Intra-Needle Ultrasound Pleural Signals for Improved Anesthetic Procedures in the Thoracic Region
by Fu-Wei Su, Chia-Wei Yang, Ching-Fang Yang, Yi-En Tsai, Wei-Nung Teng and Huihua Kenny Chiang
Biosensors 2025, 15(4), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15040201 - 21 Mar 2025
Viewed by 270
Abstract
Background: Ultrasonography is commonly employed during thoracic regional anesthesia; however, its accuracy can be affected by factors such as obesity and poor penetration through the rib window. Needle-sized ultrasound transducers, known as intra-needle ultrasound (INUS) transducers, have been developed to detect the pleura [...] Read more.
Background: Ultrasonography is commonly employed during thoracic regional anesthesia; however, its accuracy can be affected by factors such as obesity and poor penetration through the rib window. Needle-sized ultrasound transducers, known as intra-needle ultrasound (INUS) transducers, have been developed to detect the pleura and fascia using a one-dimensional radio frequency mode ultrasound signal. In this study, we aimed to use time-frequency analysis to characterize the pleural signal and develop an automated tool to identify the pleura during medical procedures. Methods: We developed an INUS system and investigated the pleural signal it measured by establishing a phantom study, and an in vivo animal study. Signals from the pleura, endothoracic fascia, and intercostal muscles were analyzed. Additionally, we conducted time- and frequency-domain analyses of the pleural and alveolar signals. Results: We identified the unique characteristics of the pleura, including a flickering phenomenon, speckle-like patterns, and highly variable multi-band spectra in the ultrasound signal during the breathing cycle. These characteristics are likely due to the multiple reflections from the sliding visceral pleura and alveoli. This automated identification of the pleura can enhance the safety for thoracic regional anesthesia, particularly in difficult cases. Conclusions: The unique flickering pleural signal based on INUS can be processed by time-frequency domain analysis and further tracked by an auto-identification algorithm. This technique has potential applications in thoracic regional anesthesia and other interventions. However, further studies are required to validate this hypothesis. Key Points Summary: Question: How can the ultrasound pleural signal be distinguished from other tissues during breathing? Findings: The frequency domain analysis of the pleural ultrasound signal showed fast variant and multi-band characteristics. We suggest this is due to ultrasound distortion caused by the interface of multiple moving alveoli. The multiple ultrasonic reflections from the sliding pleura and alveoli returned in variable and multi-banded frequency. Meaning: The distinguished pleural signal can be used for the auto-identification of the pleura for further clinical respiration monitoring and safety during regional anesthesia. Glossary of Terms: intra-needle ultrasound (INUS); radio frequency (RF); short-time Fourier transform (STFT); intercostal nerve block (ICNB); paravertebral block (PVB); pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Monitoring and Diagnostics)
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16 pages, 3822 KiB  
Article
Detecting Hypoxia Through the Non-Invasive and Simultaneous Monitoring of Sweat Lactate and Tissue Oxygenation
by Cindy Cheng, Sayan Ganguly, Pei Li and Xiaowu Tang
Biosensors 2024, 14(12), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14120584 - 30 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1483
Abstract
Hypoxia, characterized by inadequate tissue oxygenation, may result in tissue damage and organ failure if not addressed. Current detection approaches frequently prove insufficient, depending on symptoms and rudimentary metrics such as tissue oxygenation, which fail to comprehensively identify the onset of hypoxia. The [...] Read more.
Hypoxia, characterized by inadequate tissue oxygenation, may result in tissue damage and organ failure if not addressed. Current detection approaches frequently prove insufficient, depending on symptoms and rudimentary metrics such as tissue oxygenation, which fail to comprehensively identify the onset of hypoxia. The European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (EPUAP) has recognized sweat lactate as a possible marker for the early identification of decubitus ulcers, nevertheless, neither sweat lactate nor oxygenation independently provides an appropriate diagnosis of hypoxia. We have fabricated a wearable device that non-invasively and concurrently monitors sweat lactate and tissue oxygenation to fill this gap. The apparatus comprises three essential components: (i) a hydrogel-based colorimetric lactate biosensor, (ii) a near-infrared (NIR) sensor for assessing tissue oxygenation, and (iii) an integrated form factor for enhanced wearability. The lactate sensor alters its hue upon interaction with lactate in sweat, whereas the NIR sensor monitors tissue oxygenation levels in real-time. The device underwent testing on phantom exhibiting tissue-mimicking characteristics and on human sweat post aerobic and anaerobic activities. Moreover, the device was demonstrated to be capable of real-time “on-body” simultaneous monitoring of sweat lactate spikes and tissue oxygenation (StO2) drops, which showed strong correlation during a hypoxia protocol. This innovative technology has a wide range of potential applications, such as post-operative care, sepsis detection, and athletic performance monitoring, and may provide economical healthcare solutions in resource-limited regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Monitoring and Diagnostics)
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15 pages, 2123 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Paper-Based Alveolar-Mimicking SERS Sensor for High-Sensitivity Detection of Antifungal Agent
by Hyunjun Park, Kyunghwan Chai, Eugene Park, Woochang Kim, Gayoung Kim, Joohyung Park, Wonseok Lee and Jinsung Park
Biosensors 2024, 14(12), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14120566 - 22 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1239
Abstract
Crystal violet (CV) is a disinfectant and antifungal agent used in aquaculture that plays a vital role in treating aquatic diseases and sterilizing water. However, its potential for strong toxicity, including carcinogenicity and mutagenicity, upon accumulation in the body raises concerns regarding its [...] Read more.
Crystal violet (CV) is a disinfectant and antifungal agent used in aquaculture that plays a vital role in treating aquatic diseases and sterilizing water. However, its potential for strong toxicity, including carcinogenicity and mutagenicity, upon accumulation in the body raises concerns regarding its safe use. Therefore, there is a growing need for the quantitative detection of CV in its early application stages to ensure human safety. Recently, Raman spectroscopy-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection research has been actively conducted; consequently, an alveolar-mimicking SERS paper (AMSP) inspired by the structure of the human lungs was developed. The AMSP was optimized through various factors, including paper type, reducing agent, reducing agent concentration, and reaction time. This optimization enhanced the surface area of interaction with the target substances and promoted hotspot formation, resulting in enhanced SERS performance. The substrate exhibited exceptional uniformity, reproducibility, and reliability. CV was successfully detected at a concentration of 1 nM in laboratory settings. Furthermore, the AMSP detected CV at 1 nM in real-world environmental samples, including fish farm water and human serum, confirming its potential as a practical detection and monitoring platform for CV in real-world samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Monitoring and Diagnostics)
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14 pages, 3413 KiB  
Article
Novel Multiparametric Bioelectronic Measurement System for Monitoring Virus-Induced Alterations in Functional Neuronal Networks
by Heinz-Georg Jahnke, Verena te Kamp, Christoph Prönnecke, Sabine Schmidt, Ronny Azendorf, Barbara Klupp, Andrea A. Robitzki and Stefan Finke
Biosensors 2024, 14(6), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14060295 - 5 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1444
Abstract
Development and optimisation of bioelectronic monitoring techniques like microelectrode array-based field potential measurement and impedance spectroscopy for the functional, label-free and non-invasive monitoring of in vitro neuronal networks is widely investigated in the field of biosensors. Thus, these techniques were individually used to [...] Read more.
Development and optimisation of bioelectronic monitoring techniques like microelectrode array-based field potential measurement and impedance spectroscopy for the functional, label-free and non-invasive monitoring of in vitro neuronal networks is widely investigated in the field of biosensors. Thus, these techniques were individually used to demonstrate the capabilities of, e.g., detecting compound-induced toxicity in neuronal culture models. In contrast, extended application for investigating the effects of central nervous system infecting viruses are rarely described. In this context, we wanted to analyse the effect of herpesviruses on functional neuronal networks. Therefore, we developed a unique hybrid bioelectronic monitoring platform that allows for performing field potential monitoring and impedance spectroscopy on the same microelectrode. In the first step, a neuronal culture model based on primary hippocampal cells from neonatal rats was established with reproducible and stable synchronised electrophysiological network activity after 21 days of cultivation on microelectrode arrays. For a proof of concept, the pseudorabies model virus PrV Kaplan-ΔgG-GFP was applied and the effect on the neuronal networks was monitored by impedance spectroscopy and field potential measurement for 72 h in a multiparametric mode. Analysis of several bioelectronic parameters revealed a virus concentration-dependent degeneration of the neuronal network within 24–48 h, with a significant early change in electrophysiological activity, subsequently leading to a loss of activity and network synchronicity. In conclusion, we successfully developed a microelectrode array-based hybrid bioelectronic measurement platform for quantitative monitoring of pathologic effects of a herpesvirus on electrophysiological active neuronal networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Monitoring and Diagnostics)
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Review

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18 pages, 2586 KiB  
Review
Quantum Dot Applications Using Kinetic Data: A Promising Approach for Enhanced Analytical Determinations
by Rafael C. Castro, Ricardo N. M. J. Páscoa, David S. M. Ribeiro and João L. M. Santos
Biosensors 2025, 15(3), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15030167 - 5 Mar 2025
Viewed by 615
Abstract
The acquisition of kinetic data in QD-based PL sensing methodologies has been revealed to be an auspicious alternative in applying these nanomaterials in analytical chemistry, enabling enhanced discrimination and quantification of analytes, even in complex sample matrices. The accessibility of kinetic measurements, which [...] Read more.
The acquisition of kinetic data in QD-based PL sensing methodologies has been revealed to be an auspicious alternative in applying these nanomaterials in analytical chemistry, enabling enhanced discrimination and quantification of analytes, even in complex sample matrices. The accessibility of kinetic measurements, which use routine laboratory instrumentation, is a significant advantage that increases the practicality of this methodology. The simple acquisition of these kinds of second-order data combined with chemometric analysis can ensure accurate results in environmental, biomedical, and food monitoring applications. These developments emphasize the vital importance of kinetic approaches in increasing sensitivity, improving analyte discrimination, and making the application of QDs in complex samples possible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Monitoring and Diagnostics)
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28 pages, 3456 KiB  
Review
The Interpretation of Carbon Nanotubes’ Electrochemistry: Electrocatalysis and Mass Transport Regime in the Apparent Promotion of Electron Transfer
by Josipa Dugeč, Ivana Škugor Rončević, Nives Vladislavić, Josip Radić, Maša Buljac and Marijo Buzuk
Biosensors 2025, 15(2), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15020089 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 912
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely used in electrochemical sensors due to their significant impact on the electroanalytical signal. However, there remain significant doubts regarding the origin of the improved electroanalytical response observed in CNT-based sensors, particularly concerning the precise role of CNTs in [...] Read more.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely used in electrochemical sensors due to their significant impact on the electroanalytical signal. However, there remain significant doubts regarding the origin of the improved electroanalytical response observed in CNT-based sensors, particularly concerning the precise role of CNTs in these systems. In particular, the origin of the electrochemical response is controversial, as it may be due to either electrocatalytic or non-electrocatalytic processes. The latter implies that the electroanalytical response is mainly governed by the mass transport phenomena within the porous CNT layer. This article briefly reviews the several comprehensive models based on the role of porosity (diffusion in a ‘thin-layer’) on the electrochemical behavior as well as on the electrocatalytic properties of CNTs to resolve conflicts arising from misinterpretations of the electroanalytical response of CNT-based sensors. However, even though there are some explanations and conclusions on this topic, they seem to be valuable for specific electroactive species, the type of CNTs and/or electrode architecture, the electrode surface, etc. Accordingly, general theories and conclusions are not yet defined, so different approaches to this topic are still needed, since the main phenomenological effects responsible for the nature of the electrochemical response of the electrodes modified with CNTs need to be determined in a rational way. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Monitoring and Diagnostics)
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14 pages, 4065 KiB  
Review
Recent Status on Lactate Monitoring in Sweat Using Biosensors: Can This Approach Be an Alternative to Blood Detection?
by Leonardo Messina and Maria Teresa Giardi
Biosensors 2025, 15(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15010003 - 24 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1402
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that lactate is a molecule that plays an indispensable role in various physiological cellular processes, such as energy metabolism and signal transductions related to immune and inflammatory processes. For these reasons, interest in its detection using biosensors for non-invasive [...] Read more.
Recent studies have shown that lactate is a molecule that plays an indispensable role in various physiological cellular processes, such as energy metabolism and signal transductions related to immune and inflammatory processes. For these reasons, interest in its detection using biosensors for non-invasive analyses of sweat during sports activity and in clinical reasons assessments has increased. In this minireview, an in-depth study was carried out on biosensors that exploited using electrochemical methods and innovative nanomaterials for lactate detection in sweat. This detection of lactate by biosensors in the sweat method seems to be feasible and highly desirable. From this commentary analysis, we can conclude that the correlation between lactate concentrations in sweat and blood is not yet clear, and studies are needed to clarify some key issues essential for the future application of this technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Monitoring and Diagnostics)
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