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Advances in Biological Research of Chiroptera

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A special issue of Biology (ISSN 2079-7737). This special issue belongs to the section "Zoology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2026) | Viewed by 12681

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Prof. Dr. Jiang Feng

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Guest Editor

Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
Interests: behavior ecology; conservation biology; developmental biology; zoology; genetics; molecular ecology; evolutionary biology

Prof. Dr. Ying Liu

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Guest Editor

1. Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
2. Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory for Biological Control of Agricultural Pests, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
3. Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, School of Environment, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130117, China
Interests: behavior ecology; conservation biology

Dr. Hui Wang

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Guest Editor

College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
Interests: evolutionary ecology; conservation biology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue, entitled "Advances in Biological Research of Chiroptera", aims to collate cutting-edge research on Chiroptera biology, thereby bridging molecular, developmental, ecological, and behavioral disciplines. We seek studies that unravel the mechanisms behind their extraordinary phenotypes. Moreover, we welcome contributions that address novel methodologies (e.g., genomic tools, bioacoustics, or movement tracking), evolutionary adaptations (e.g., flight mechanics and immune system specialization), and responses to anthropogenic threats (e.g., habitat loss and climate change). By synthesizing interdisciplinary perspectives, this Special Issue will advance foundational knowledge and inform conservation strategies for these enigmatic mammals. By integrating fundamental and applied perspectives, this Special Issue will advance both scientific knowledge and conservation strategies for these indispensable yet often misunderstood mammals.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas include, but are not limited to, the following:

Evolutionary and Genomic Adaptations: Studies on bat-specific traits such as echolocation, longevity, and viral tolerance.
Ecological and Behavioral Dynamics: Research on behaviors, physiology, foraging strategies, social structures, and ecosystem services.
Conservation and Anthropogenic Impacts: Assessments of threats like white-nose syndrome, urbanization, and climate change.
Methodological Breakthroughs: Advances in tracking technologies, omics approaches, or computational modeling applied to bat research.

We are pleased to invite you to push the boundaries of Chiroptera research. By fostering collaboration across disciplines, this Special Issue aims to catalyze solutions for global bat ecology while elucidating the fundamental biology characteristics of this extraordinary group.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Jiang Feng
Prof. Dr. Ying Liu
Dr. Hui Wang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

individual development
ecolocation
powered flight
high-frequency hearing
pest control
bat ecosystem service
habitat suitability
evolutionary adaptations

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 2567 KB

Open AccessArticle

Laryngeal Transcriptomic Insights into Echolocation Call Frequency Divergence in Closely Related Rhinolophus Species

by Guiyin Miao, Jinhua Cong, Jinhong Lei, Sirui Quan, Jiqian Li, Yannan Li, Kangkang Zhang and Tong Liu

Biology 2026, 15(7), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15070548 - 30 Mar 2026

Viewed by 586

Abstract

Acoustic divergence is widely recognized as a key driver of speciation and niche differentiation in vocal animals. In echolocating horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus), the larynx is specialized for producing high-duty-cycle signals used in foraging, navigation, and species recognition. While the ecological role of echolocation is established, the molecular mechanisms regulating laryngeal frequency remain unclear. We compared the laryngeal transcriptomes of three closely related, sympatric Rhinolophus species with distinct resting frequencies (RFs): R. episcopus (~46 kHz), R. siamensis (~66 kHz), and R. osgoodi (~85 kHz). This comparison identified 511 differentially expressed genes. High-frequency species upregulated genes involved in cytoskeletal dynamics and muscle contraction, such as cell adhesion molecules and motor proteins, while low-frequency species upregulated genes related to cellular homeostasis and metabolic maintenance. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed two RF-correlated modules: a high-frequency module enriched in aerobic respiration and carbon metabolism and a low-frequency module enriched in lipid metabolism. Protein–protein interaction analysis identified ACTC1, vital for muscle contraction, as a hub gene. Evolutionary analysis showed that ACTC1 is highly conserved, with no significant positive selection, indicating that transcriptional regulation, rather than coding-sequence divergence, is the primary driver of the observed functional differences. These findings suggest that RF variation likely results from transcriptional remodeling in laryngeal superfast muscles. This study provides the first transcriptomic evidence linking laryngeal gene expression with acoustic divergence and offers new insights into the genetic basis of bat echolocation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Research of Chiroptera)

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16 pages, 2878 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hepatic Transcriptome Variations Among Different Evolutionary Lineages of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum During Hibernation

by Yue Zhu, Sen Liu, Jianying Du, Yanhong Xiao and Keping Sun

Biology 2026, 15(5), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050425 - 5 Mar 2026

Viewed by 447

Abstract

The greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), which is widely distributed across the temperate regions of China, primarily consists of two major evolutionary lineages: a northeastern (NE) lineage with a hibernation period of 6–8 months and a central–eastern (CE) lineage with a hibernation period of 4–5 months. This study conducted a comparative analysis of liver transcriptomes from these two lineages during the active, torpor, and arousal phases. The results indicated that the CE lineage exhibited a significantly greater number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared to the NE lineage. During the torpor phase, both lineages transitioned from carbohydrate metabolism to lipid metabolism, substantially downregulating genes and pathways associated with amino acid metabolism, and upregulating immune-related genes to maintain essential defense functions. In the arousal phase, both lineages only moderately activated several genes associated with immunity and metabolic regulation to facilitate a rapid return to torpor. Notably, the number of DEGs co-regulated between the two lineages was very limited, and a large number of lineage-specific regulatory genes related to energy and metabolism were identified. This may reflect the adaptability of different bat lineages to the local environment, highlighting the importance of habitat conditions in lineage differentiation. Therefore, hibernation induces substantial transcriptomic reorganization in the liver of R. ferrumequinum, particularly affecting metabolic and immune processes. Distinct geographic lineages exhibit unique hibernation adaptation strategies through the regulation of specific genes and pathways. This study enhances the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying hibernation adaptation across different evolutionary lineages of the same species at the transcriptomic level, providing insights into the evolutionary adaptations of animals to environmental changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Research of Chiroptera)

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18 pages, 3656 KB

Open AccessArticle

Do Symbiotic Microbes Drive Chemical Divergence Between Colonies in the Pratt’s Leaf-Nosed Bat, Hipposideros pratti?

by Ziqi Zheng, Jeffrey R. Lucas, Chunmian Zhang and Congnan Sun

Biology 2026, 15(2), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15020114 - 6 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 469

Abstract

Host odour may be affected by symbiotic microbes that produce metabolites. As a result, chemical signal production may be influenced. Few studies to date have assessed how symbiotic microbes influence variation in geography of animal chemical signals. This is important because chemical signal divergence can affect mate choice, species recognition, and ultimately speciation in a broad range of animals. However, the underlying driving forces of chemical signal divergence are still rather poorly understood. To study chemical signals, bats provide a good model system because they are such social mammals. Because males roost in dark spaces during the daytime, they rely on chemical and acoustic signals. We identified three colonies across a large geographic area and collected male forehead gland secretions from Pratt’s leaf-nosed bats (Hipposideros pratti). We examined the role symbiotic microbes played in potential variation in the geography of chemical signals. We observed significant colony-level differences in compound categories and in the amount of specific compounds. We also found significant colony-level differences in forehead gland microbiota. However, there was no significant relationship between bat-gland bacterial community composition and variation in chemical composition across colonies. These results suggest that bacterial communities may fail to shape the chemical signalling profiles of the different colonies in Pratt’s leaf-nosed bats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Research of Chiroptera)

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14 pages, 1499 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bat Community Response to Insect Abundance in Relation to Rice Phenology in Peninsular Malaysia

by Nur-Izzati Abdullah, Nurul-‘Ain Elias, Nobuhito Ohte and Christian E. Vincenot

Biology 2026, 15(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010069 - 30 Dec 2025

Viewed by 781

Abstract

Bats provide essential ecosystem services, particularly in regulating insect populations within agricultural landscapes. However, research on bat–insect interactions in Malaysian rice fields remains limited. This study examined bat diversity and insect abundance in the rice field area of Gunung Keriang, Kedah, using two harp traps, two mist nets and a light trap at three selected sites. A total of 2499 bats representing 27 species were captured, alongside 161,539 insects from 11 orders. Rhinolophus pusillus was the dominant bat species across all seasons. During the dry season, Chilo polychrysus (stem borer) was the dominant insect pest, whereas Nilaparvata lugens (brown planthopper) prevailed during the wet season. Insects from the order Coleoptera, dominant in the dry season, are likely consumed by larger bat species with stronger bite forces. Bat foraging activity peaked concurrently with insect emergence, corresponding to periods of high food availability. Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between bat activity, temperature, and rainfall, but not insect abundance. These findings underscore the ecological importance of bats as natural pest regulators in rice field ecosystems and highlight their potential role in promoting sustainable, ecosystem-based agricultural management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Research of Chiroptera)

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16 pages, 2898 KB

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Dinner Date: Opposite-Sex Pairs of Fruit Bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) Forage More than Same-Sex Pairs

by Alexander Pergams, Mara Haus, Cristina Estrada, Joel Brown and Angeles Salles

Biology 2025, 14(12), 1742; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14121742 - 5 Dec 2025

Viewed by 883

Abstract

Social animals have unique foraging behaviors that consider not only the needs of the individual, but also the needs of the group. When social animals forage together, there is a greater sense of perceived safety, leading to less vigilance and more foraging. Within these groups, there are consistent differences in foraging across sexes due to inherent differences in behavior and nutritional demands. We hypothesize that social foraging efficiency may be affected by social context, especially by the sex of the individual bats. We used giving-up densities and video data to observe social and asocial foraging in the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) to gain insight into the effect of social context and pairing on foraging. We found that females harvested less food despite spending the same amount of time foraging as males. We found an effect of social context on foraging measures: male–female pairs harvested more than same-sex pairs. Foraging behavior is influenced not only by the sex but also by the identity of the foraging companion. Our study suggests that animals that live in larger groups may require the presence of more individuals while foraging to gain significant perceived safety benefits. It also ascertains the importance of sex in the social and solitary foraging of Rousettus aegyptiacus bats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Research of Chiroptera)

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23 pages, 3646 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Dynamic Variation of Skin Microbiota and Metabolites in Bats During Hibernation

by Fan Wang, Wendi Song, Denghui Wang, Zihao Huang, Mingqi Shan, Shaopeng Sun, Zhouyu Jin, Jiaqi Lu, Yantong Ji, Keping Sun and Zhongle Li

Biology 2025, 14(12), 1648; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14121648 - 23 Nov 2025

Viewed by 919

Abstract

Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd) invades the skin tissue of bats, leading to severe population declines. The skin microbiome plays a crucial role in protecting hosts from fungal infection and exhibits pronounced spatiotemporal dynamics in its structure and function. Meanwhile, metabolites derived from microbial communities reflect the host physiological state and participate in microbe–pathogen interactions. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of skin bacterial communities and metabolites during hibernation in Rhinolophus ferrumequinum by integrating 16S rRNA sequencing with untargeted metabolomics and experimentally verified the antifungal effects of microbially derived potential metabolites against Pd. Our results revealed that the structure of the skin bacterial community varied significantly across sampling contexts, with its assembly primarily governed by stochastic processes. Bacterial diversity reached its lowest level during middle hibernation, accompanied by a simplified co-occurrence network dominated by cooperative or mutualistic interactions. Additionally, metabolomic analyses demonstrated systematic metabolic remodeling of bat skin across hibernation stages, marked by significant enrichment of multiple pathways closely involved in host antimicrobial defense. Furthermore, metabolite profiles differed across locations, and the abundance patterns of several metabolites were strongly correlated with Pd infection levels. Integrated analyses identified multiple metabolites that showed significant correlations with bacterial genera capable of synthesizing the corresponding compounds. In vitro validation confirmed that nine metabolites effectively inhibited the growth of Pd, among which melatonin exhibited the strongest antifungal activity. Collectively, this study reveals the dynamics of the skin microbiome and metabolites of R. ferrumequinum during hibernation, providing novel insights into the defensive role of skin-associated microbes and metabolites in maintaining population health and resilience against fungal pathogens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Research of Chiroptera)

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23 pages, 15714 KB

Open AccessArticle

Climate-Driven Shifts in Bat Distributions Reveal Functional Reorganization and Spatial Mismatch Across Agroecosystems

by Yingying Liu, Yang Geng, Yushi Pan, Hao Zeng, Zhenglanyi Huang, Peter John Taylor and Tinglei Jiang

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1528; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111528 - 30 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1126

Abstract

Understanding how climate change may reshape species distributions and affect the associated ecosystem services is critical for sustainable agricultural planning. In this study, we integrated dietary DNA metabarcoding with ensemble species distribution modeling to assess the current and future ecological roles of Miniopterus fuliginosus, a widespread insectivorous bat species in East Asia known for preying on nocturnal agricultural pests. Fecal samples were collected in 2023 from three biogeographically distinct regions of China—Central China (Henan Province) and Southwest China (Guizhou and Yunnan provinces). DNA metabarcoding based on COI gene amplification and Illumina sequencing revealed a consistent dietary dominance of Lepidoptera, particularly families comprising major agricultural pest species such as Noctuidae, Crambidae, and Geometridae. This trophic consistency suggests that M. fuliginosus functions as a moth-specialized generalist predator. Species distribution models were constructed using occurrence records from field surveys, the literature, and the GBIF database, integrating multiple algorithms (GLM, GBM, MaxEnt, RF, and FDA) within an ensemble modeling framework. Habitat suitability was then estimated under current climatic conditions and projected for future distributions under two contrasting climate scenarios (SSP1–2.6 and SSP5–8.5) for the 2050s and 2070s. While the total suitable area may remain stable or even expand, future projections indicate a progressive poleward shift in range centroids and a divergence in habitat structure. Specifically, SSP1–2.6 is associated with greater spatial cohesion (25.34–31.11%), whereas SSP5–8.5 leads to increased habitat fragmentation and isolation of suitable patches (27.12–33.28%). Overlaying the potential for pest control with habitat projections highlights emerging spatial mismatches between ecological function and climatic suitability, particularly under high-emission trajectories. Our findings underscore the importance of identifying ecological refugia and maintaining landscape connectivity to sustain bat-mediated pest control. This spatially explicit framework offers new insights for integrating biodiversity-based pest management into climate-resilient agricultural strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Research of Chiroptera)

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11 pages, 2177 KB

Open AccessArticle

Warning Before a Fight: The Role of Distance and Ritualized Agonistic Behaviors in Minimizing Aggression in the Jamaican Fruit Bat

by Orlando R. Vivanco-Montané, Jorge E. Morales-Mávil, Laura T. Hernández-Salazar, Jairo Pérez-Torres and Edgar Ahmed Bello-Sánchez

Biology 2025, 14(10), 1449; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14101449 - 20 Oct 2025

Viewed by 890

Abstract

In many vertebrates, ritualized behaviors serve to settle conflicts while minimizing the risk of injury. The Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) is a polygynous species that roosts in caves, where dominant males form and defend harems by displaying agonistic behaviors against satellite males attempting to mate with females. We examined how the distance of satellite males from the harem and the number of females influenced the latency of approach by dominant males during agonistic encounters, and whether these encounters follow a defined behavioral sequence. We analyzed 50 agonistic interactions from video recordings of A. jamaicensis harems collected between May and October 2021 in “Cantil Blanco” cave, Veracruz, Mexico. We quantified the number of females per harem and measured the distance of satellite males to the nearest female just before the dominant male initiated an approach. Our results show that satellite male distance determined dominant male approach latency, reflecting a minimum tolerable distance, whereas harem size had no effect. Furthermore, the succession of behaviors observed indicates that these encounters are sequential, escalating from ritualized displays to physical aggression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Research of Chiroptera)

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20 pages, 11687 KB

Open AccessArticle

Novel 3D Scanning and Multi-Angle Analysis Uncover the Ontogenetic Developmental Dynamics of the Skull in Vespertilio sinensis

by Xintong Li, Mingyue Bao, Yang Chang, Hui Wang and Jiang Feng

Biology 2025, 14(10), 1389; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14101389 - 11 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1075

Abstract

The mammalian skull, which surrounds and protects the brain, is one of the most morphologically diverse and functionally important structures in the vertebrate body. As one of the most ecologically diverse mammals, the developmental dynamics of morphological and structural changes and functional diversity in the skull of bats need to be revealed. Here, we focused on the developmental characteristics of the Vespertilio sinensis skull, and used statistical analysis, spatial morphology visualization, and comparative analysis of the Stretch Factors (SF) of the masticatory muscles to better understand the connection between the morphology of the skull and the development of the body size during the developmental process of V. sinensis, the changes in the three-dimensional (3D) spatial morphology and structure, and the correlations between opening capacity and the transformation of feeding habits. This study not only provides a new perspective for understanding the morphological adaptive mechanism of ecological niche expansion that accompanies the transition of mammalian skulls from juvenile to adult feeding but also provides a crucial scientific basis for an in-depth understanding of the growth and developmental mechanism of bats’ skull and even vertebrates as a whole, which is potentially useful for the development of ecological conservation and evolutionary biology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Research of Chiroptera)

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Review

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19 pages, 1512 KB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress in Bat Dietary Analysis: Methods, Applications, and Future Perspectives

by Qiulin Guo, Yingying Liu, Sen Liu and Yang Geng

Biology 2026, 15(6), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15060449 - 10 Mar 2026

Viewed by 856

Abstract

Bats (Chiroptera) provide critical ecosystem services, including pest suppression, pollination, and seed dispersal. Understanding their dietary ecology is essential for conservation management yet has historically been constrained by methodological limitations. This review synthesizes advances in bat dietary analysis over the past several decades, from traditional morphological and stable isotope approaches to the revolutionary DNA metabarcoding techniques that now dominate the field. We systematically evaluate the strengths and limitations of each methodological approach and examine how molecular methods have transformed our understanding of bat trophic ecology. Research progress across major feeding guilds—insectivorous, frugivorous, nectarivorous, carnivorous, and sanguivorous bats—is examined, with emphasis on recent discoveries enabled by molecular techniques. We discuss ecological and conservation applications, including ecosystem service quantification, food web construction, and responses to environmental change. Finally, we identify priority directions for future research, including long-read sequencing technologies, multi-method integration, reference database expansion, and One Health applications. This synthesis provides guidance for researchers selecting appropriate analytical approaches and highlights the critical role of dietary studies in bat conservation amid accelerating global change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Research of Chiroptera)

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24 pages, 1408 KB

Open AccessReview

What Factors Shape the Flyability in Bats?—The Perspective from Bat’s Wing Development

by Minjie Zhang, Hui Wang, Zhongzheng Liu, Mingyue Bao, Xintong Li, Tianhui Wang, Ruixue Wang and Jiang Feng

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1524; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111524 - 30 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3575

Abstract

Among mammals, bats are the only species capable of powered flight, which is made possible by their highly evolved wings. The wings of bats are highly specialized, composed of skin membranes that extend from their forelimbs, hindlimbs, and elongated finger bones, forming the structural foundation for flight. Previous research has extensively examined bat wings from various perspectives, including tissue embryology, structural morphology, and aerodynamics. These studies have focused on the origins of bat wings, their embryonic development, as well as the muscles and skeletal structures involved in flight, laying a crucial theoretical foundation for understanding the development and evolution of bat flight. In addition to structural aspects, physiological processes like the high metabolic rate, energy supply, and oxidative stress responses required for sustained bat flight have also been investigated. This review aims to explore various factors influencing the development of bat flight capabilities, with particular attention to the relationship between wing morphology and flight behavior, highlighting the importance of investigating bat flight capabilities within the context of echolocation calls development. From the perspective of bat wings, this review proposes an integrated analysis of related factors affecting the unique and intricate characteristics of bat flight capabilities, offering new perspectives and approaches for future studies in developmental and evolutionary biology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Research of Chiroptera)

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