Behavioral Sciences

14 pages, 590 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Potential Developmental Precursors to Executive Function in Young Children with Motor Delays: Exploratory Study

by Andrea B. Cunha, Iryna Babik, Regina T. Harbourne, Stacey C. Dusing, Lin-Ya Hsu, Natalie A. Koziol, Sarah Westcott-McCoy, Sandra L. Willett, James Bovaird and Michele A. Lobo

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121201 (registering DOI) - 14 Dec 2024

Abstract

This study aimed to explore whether early developmental abilities are related to future executive function (EF) in children with motor delays. Fourteen children with motor delays (Mean age = 10.76, SD = 2.55) were included from a larger study. Object interaction and [...] Read more.

This study aimed to explore whether early developmental abilities are related to future executive function (EF) in children with motor delays. Fourteen children with motor delays (Mean age = 10.76, SD = 2.55) were included from a larger study. Object interaction and developmental outcomes (Bayley-III) were evaluated at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline. Bayley-III and EF assessments (Minnesota Executive Function Scale) were conducted at 36 months post-baseline. Children with high EF demonstrated advanced early bimanual, visual–bimanual, receptive language, expressive language, and fine motor skills compared to children with low EF. Significant positive correlations between later Bayley-III and EF scores were found for cognitive, expressive language, and fine motor scores. These preliminary results suggest that early developmental skills support the emergence of EF in children with motor delays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Early Sensorimotor Experiences in Cognitive Development)

18 pages, 1301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

I’m More Prosocial than Others: Narcissism Facilitates Prosocial Behavior in Public Situations

by Yining Song, Qiong Chen, Ping Ren, Jing Ma and Caina Li

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121200 (registering DOI) - 14 Dec 2024

Abstract

Although narcissism consistently predicts maladaptive behaviors, the relationship between narcissism and prosocial behavior remains controversial due to the paradoxical nature of narcissism. In three studies, we investigated the roles of situational and motivational factors in the link between narcissism and prosocial behavior. In [...] Read more.

Although narcissism consistently predicts maladaptive behaviors, the relationship between narcissism and prosocial behavior remains controversial due to the paradoxical nature of narcissism. In three studies, we investigated the roles of situational and motivational factors in the link between narcissism and prosocial behavior. In Study 1 (n = 932), a questionnaire survey revealed that trait narcissism positively predicted prosocial behavior tendencies only in public situations as opposed to anonymous situations. In Study 2 (n = 200) and 3 (n = 170), we manipulated individuals’ state narcissism through story-based primes and measured prosocial behavior via actual monetary donations. Both Studies 2 and 3 consistently demonstrated that participants in the state narcissism group exhibited greater prosocial behavior in public situations compared to anonymous ones. Furthermore, the findings of Study 3 indicated that the increased prosocial behavior observed in public situations could be attributed to heightened self-enhancement. These findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between narcissism and prosocial behavior. Full article

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12 pages, 341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Image of Group Fitness Instructors: An Intra- and Inter-Country Comparison Between Portugal and Romania

by Viorel Petru Ardelean, Vlad Adrian Geantă, Corina Dulceanu, Claudiu Bulzan, Sónia Brito-Costa, Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado, Ricardo Gomes, Fernando Martins and Francisco Campos

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121199 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024

Abstract

Fitness instructors play an essential role in fitness services, as they require both technical and interpersonal skills. A good image of a fitness instructor can be defined as having a pleasant appearance and good presentation in terms of hygiene and/or clothing used, which [...] Read more.

Fitness instructors play an essential role in fitness services, as they require both technical and interpersonal skills. A good image of a fitness instructor can be defined as having a pleasant appearance and good presentation in terms of hygiene and/or clothing used, which is appropriate for the context and characteristics of the participants. Their image significantly influences participants’ perceptions and satisfaction. The objective of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis between Romania and Portugal regarding the quality of services offered within group fitness classes, focusing on instructors. It involved 133 group fitness instructors and 210 participants from Romania and Portugal. An adaptation of the Szumilewicz questionnaire was used to assess the importance of the different attributes of the fitness instructor’s image. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, t-tests, and effect size to compare perceptions between countries and groups. Romanian instructors and participants generally attributed more importance to the fitness instructor’s image compared to their Portuguese counterparts. Significant differences were found in attributes like physical fitness, technical execution, and communication. Instructors tended to overestimate the importance of their image compared to participants. The fitness instructor’s image is crucial in determining participant satisfaction and the perceptions of service quality. The innovative aspect of this study lies in its intercultural comparison, which highlights how cultural context influences the perception of a fitness instructor’s attributes, such as physical fitness, technical execution, and communication. The practical application of these findings lies in the suggestion that fitness professionals should tailor their approach, balancing technical skills and interpersonal communication to align with the cultural expectations of their participants. This culturally sensitive approach is essential for enhancing participant satisfaction and improving the overall quality of fitness services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavioral and Psychosocial Dynamics of Sports and Exercise)

15 pages, 604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Breaking the Cycle: Perceived Control and Teacher–Student Relationships Shield Adolescents from Bullying Victimization over Time

by Zhongjie Wang, Kaiyuan Lu, Xuezhen Wang, Juanjuan Zheng, Xinyi Gao and Qianqian Fan

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121198 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Bullying victimization remains a grave issue in early adolescence. However, existing research often lacks a longitudinal perspective and sufficient attention to protective factors, particularly the dynamic role of teacher–student relationships. Objective: This study explores the longitudinal protective mechanisms against bullying victimization, focusing [...] Read more.

Background: Bullying victimization remains a grave issue in early adolescence. However, existing research often lacks a longitudinal perspective and sufficient attention to protective factors, particularly the dynamic role of teacher–student relationships. Objective: This study explores the longitudinal protective mechanisms against bullying victimization, focusing on the roles of perceived control and teacher–student relationships. Methods: A sample of 1454 adolescents (mean age = 13.63 years, SD = 0.76, 51% female) was followed over the course of one year. Latent growth models were employed to examine the developmental trajectories of bullying victimization, perceived control, and teacher–student relationships, and to investigate the longitudinal mediating role of teacher–student relationships in the relationship between perceived control and bullying victimization. Results: Both perceived control and teacher–student relationships showed a consistent increase over time, while bullying victimization declined over time. The intercept of perceived control negatively predicted the intercept of bullying victimization, with this relationship mediated by the intercept of teacher–student relationships. Furthermore, the slope of perceived control affected the slope of bullying victimization solely through the slope of teacher–student relationships. Conclusions: These findings highlight that perceived control serves as a stable protective factor against bullying, while strong teacher–student relationships can further reduce bullying victimization. Enhancing students’ perceived control and fostering supportive teacher–student relationships should be key components of anti-bullying interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective Factors and Mechanisms of Mental Health in Children and Adolescents)

15 pages, 241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Physical Hazards on Workers’ Job Satisfaction in the Construction Industry: A Case Study of Korea

by Hyun Jeong Seo, Eun-jung Hyun and Young-Geun Yoon

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121197 - 13 Dec 2024

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of workplace physical hazards on job satisfaction in the construction industry, focusing on the mediating role of mental threats and the moderating effects of perceived job quality and security. The study findings indicate that exposure to physical hazards [...] Read more.

This study investigates the impact of workplace physical hazards on job satisfaction in the construction industry, focusing on the mediating role of mental threats and the moderating effects of perceived job quality and security. The study findings indicate that exposure to physical hazards significantly contributes to mental stress, leading to reduced job satisfaction. Importantly, a heightened awareness of physical risks amplifies the mental burden, further decreasing job satisfaction. Furthermore, the study highlights that perceived job quality and job security can buffer the negative effects of mental threats on job satisfaction, suggesting that enhancing these factors may alleviate some of the adverse impacts of physical hazards. This research provides important insights into the complex relationships between physical work conditions, psychological stress, and employee satisfaction. It emphasizes the need for construction companies to implement practices that not only reduce physical hazards but also improve perceived job quality and security to foster employee well-being. The study contributes to the literature on occupational health and safety, offering practical implications for managers and policymakers aiming to enhance job satisfaction and retention in physically demanding environments. Future research should explore the long-term effects of these relationships and how they may extend to other high-risk industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)

13 pages, 469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Guilt Feelings in the Development of the Burnout Process: The Influence on Psychosomatic Problems

by Pedro Gil-LaOrden, Mary Sandra Carlotto and Pedro R. Gil-Monte

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121196 - 13 Dec 2024

Abstract

Burnout is a psychological consequence of prolonged work-related stress. Previous studies have concluded that guilt feelings could explain the development of the burnout process and its relationship with other health disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mediating role of [...] Read more.

Burnout is a psychological consequence of prolonged work-related stress. Previous studies have concluded that guilt feelings could explain the development of the burnout process and its relationship with other health disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mediating role of guilt feelings in the relationship between burnout and psychosomatic problems. The sample comprised 714 Brazilian teachers (82.10% women). Burnout was assessed using the Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI). The hypotheses were evaluated together using a path model to test the mediating role of guilt feelings in the development of burnout and its relationship with psychosomatic problems. Two models were constructed: the hypothesized model (i.e., indolence → guilt → psychosomatic problems) vs. the alternative model (i.e., indolence → psychosomatic problems → guilt). According to the results, the hypothesized model obtained a satisfactory fit to the data, whereas the alternative model’s fit was found to be inadequate. We concluded that the hypothesized model was a good representation of the relationship among burnout, guilt feelings and psychosomatic problems. We recommend taking into consideration feelings of guilt to improve the diagnosis of burnout. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Behavioral Change to Improve Health Outcomes)

20 pages, 1438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Trauma Change the Way Individuals with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Deal with Positive Stimuli?

by Olimpia Pino, Maurizio Rossi and Matteo Charles Malvezzi

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121195 - 13 Dec 2024

Abstract

Introduction: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a highly prevalent disorder and a highly debilitating condition. Although current theories focused on depressed mood and intrusion as critical dimensions, the mechanism through which depression increases the risk of PTSD remains unclear. Research usually concentrates on [...] Read more.

Introduction: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a highly prevalent disorder and a highly debilitating condition. Although current theories focused on depressed mood and intrusion as critical dimensions, the mechanism through which depression increases the risk of PTSD remains unclear. Research usually concentrates on the hyperactive negative valence system (NVS) (e.g., increased fear and threat responses), but some evidence suggests a significant role for the hypoactive positive valence system (PVS) (e.g., less neural activation towards rewards). Method: The main aim of the present research was to investigate whether probable PTSD leads to a different evaluation of the implicit processing in a refugee’s sample. Ratings of arousal, dominance, and valence from 60 International Affective Picture System (IAPS) pictures (positive, neutral, and negative) were collected from 42 individuals with probable PTSD, and a group of 26 trauma-exposed individuals (M _age = 28.49 years, SD = ±7.78). Results: ANOVA results revealed a main group effect (η2p = 0.379) on arousal, dominance, valence dimensions, and pictures’ categories (η2p = 0.620), confirming evidence according to which PTSD origins a state of maladaptive hyperarousal and troubles the regulation of emotions, and not supporting the view that such difficulties arise only with negative stimuli. Participants with probable PTSD deemed negative stimuli as more threatening than they really are, reacting to unpleasant images with greater negative emotionality (i.e., enhanced arousal and lower valence ratings) compared with individuals without PTSD. Moreover, they rated positive stimuli as less pleasant. Furthermore, arousal ratings were negatively correlated with valence (r = −0.709, p < 0.01) indicating that pictures with high arousal (negative) were associated with lower valence. Discussion: Our findings supported evidence according to which PTSD caused a constant state of hyperarousal and difficulties in regulating emotions facing environmental stimuli. Positive stimuli are considered less pleasant, and this inhibits from completely benefiting from them. Conclusion: Our study provides evidence for a differential and potentially complementary involvement of NVS and PVS in PTSD development. Intervention for PTSD may, thus, target both negative and positive valence processing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatric, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders)

15 pages, 2218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of the reGENER@r Program on Socio-Emotional Skills and Sexist Beliefs in Perpetrators of Gender-Based Violence: A Pilot Study in Spain

by Ana Isabel Sánchez, Laura Maroto, Sara Rubiano, Clotilde Berzosa Sáez, Raúl Quevedo-Blasco, Karla Astudillo-Reyes and María Pilar Martínez

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121194 - 13 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Gender-based violence (GBV) is one of the most pronounced expressions of the unequal power relations between women and men. As a tool for action against this phenomenon, psychological intervention programs for perpetrators of GVB are offered. This is how reGENER@r was born; [...] Read more.

Background: Gender-based violence (GBV) is one of the most pronounced expressions of the unequal power relations between women and men. As a tool for action against this phenomenon, psychological intervention programs for perpetrators of GVB are offered. This is how reGENER@r was born; it is a two-month program based on psychoeducational and cognitive-behavioral strategies that is part of the alternative measures to GBV-related prison sentences. The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of the reGENER@r program on the variables of emotional intelligence, empathy, coping responses, emotional dependency, gender role conflict, and sexist beliefs. Method: To this end, a sample of 37 subjects convicted of crimes of GBV was collected, and a pre- and post-evaluation by means of self-report was carried out. Changes were examined for statistical significance and clinical significance. Results: Significant improvements were observed in the variables of cognitive avoidance, emotional attention, hostile sexism, and distorted thoughts about women and the use of violence. Conclusions: Limitations and implications of these findings are discussed, and some modifications are suggested such as making interventions longer, with a greater gender focus, adapted to the individual characteristics of the participants, and complemented with individual sessions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic The Role of Forensic Psychology in Police, Clinical and Investigative Areas)

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21 pages, 966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pre-Separation Mother–Child Relationship and Adjustment Behaviors of Young Children Left Behind in Rural China: Pathways Through Distant Mothering and Current Mother–Child Relationship Quality

by Ruwen Liang and Karla Van Leeuwen

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1193; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121193 - 13 Dec 2024

Abstract

In China, some rural parents do not live together with their children because they migrate to urban regions for work, and therefore they sometimes use a mobile phone in parenting their left-behind children (LBC), who are living with grandparents. This study used a [...] Read more.

In China, some rural parents do not live together with their children because they migrate to urban regions for work, and therefore they sometimes use a mobile phone in parenting their left-behind children (LBC), who are living with grandparents. This study used a serial mediation model to test the mediating roles of distant mothering and post-separation mother–child relationship quality in the link between recalled pre-separation mother–child relationship quality and social–emotional adjustment of 3-to-6-year-old LBC living in a rural context in China. Cross-sectional questionnaire data were collected from 185 triads, consisting of grandparents (rating child adjustment), migrant mothers (rating mother–child relationship qualities and distant mothering), and preschool teachers (rating child adjustment). The results showed that pre- and post-separation relationship qualities were positively related to each other and to positive distant mothering. There were no serial mediating effects, but a full individual mediating role of post-separation relationship quality and positive distant mothering was identified for the link between child prosocial behavior and externalizing problems, respectively. Despite the general decline in mother–child relationship quality after separation, mothers who perceived a higher quality of the pre-separation mother–child relationship showed a more cohesive relationship with their LBC, which might increase the prosocial behavior of the children. Additionally, a higher quality of the pre-separation relationship was associated with more distant mothering of positive characteristics, which went together with fewer children externalizing problems. These findings highlight the importance of a continuous high-quality mother–child bond and favorable maternal parenting practices in digital interactions for separated families. Full article

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14 pages, 588 KiB

Open AccessReview

Third-Generation Therapies for the Management of Psychoactive Substance Use in Young People: Scoping Review

by Gabriela Sequeda, Johan E. Acosta-López, Edgar Diaz-Camargo, Eduardo-Andrés Torres-Santos, Valentina López-Ramírez and Diego Rivera-Porras

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121192 - 13 Dec 2024

Abstract

Introduction: Third-generation therapies (TGTs) have been shown to be effective in the treatment of substance use behaviors in college-aged adolescents. These therapies are based on acceptance, mindfulness and psychological flexibility, which enable young people to change their Psychoactive Substance Use (PSU)-related behaviours, develop [...] Read more.

Introduction: Third-generation therapies (TGTs) have been shown to be effective in the treatment of substance use behaviors in college-aged adolescents. These therapies are based on acceptance, mindfulness and psychological flexibility, which enable young people to change their Psychoactive Substance Use (PSU)-related behaviours, develop coping skills to manage difficult emotions and thoughts, reduce experiential avoidance and maintain long-term abstinence. Objective: To explore the implementation and potential benefits of third-generation therapies, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) and Mindfulness, for the treatment of PSU in college youth. This review includes articles within a 5-year window. Method: A scoping, observational and retrospective review was conducted using the PRISMA method in SCOPUS, PUBMED and Web of Science. Results: eight studies were found, six based on mindfulness, one on dialectical behaviour therapy and one on acceptance and commitment therapy. The results of the studies are promising and emerging for the intervention of the problem. Conclusion: The interventions used show evidence of reducing PSU and other mental health problems such as anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress. In addition, they allowed patients to increase their well-being and mindfulness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavioral and Psychological Intervention for Long Term Health Conditions)

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14 pages, 1063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship Between Problematic Smartphone Use and Graduate Students’ Research Self-Efficacy: A Moderated Mediation Model

by Peng Li, Jiangyuan Chen, Zhitong Duan, Wei Xu and Yangcun Feng

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121191 - 13 Dec 2024

Abstract

As Generation Z youth grow up with the Internet, problematic smartphone use is growing more prevalent. This study administered questionnaires containing measures such as the Mobile Phone Addiction Index, the Research Self-Efficacy Scale, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, and the Stress Mindset Measure. [...] Read more.

As Generation Z youth grow up with the Internet, problematic smartphone use is growing more prevalent. This study administered questionnaires containing measures such as the Mobile Phone Addiction Index, the Research Self-Efficacy Scale, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, and the Stress Mindset Measure. The survey targeted 2278 graduate students and explored the mechanism through which problematic smartphone use affects research self-efficacy (RSE). The results reveal that problematic smartphone use has significant negative effects on self-efficacy, with mental stress playing a mediating role in this process; that is, problematic smartphone use lowers RSE by increasing mental stress. Meanwhile, the aforementioned negative impacts caused by problematic smartphone use are moderated by stress mindsets: the “stress-is-enhancing” mindset reduces the negative effects of smartphone use on RSE, whereas the “stress-is-debilitating” mindset amplifies these negative effects by enhancing the mediating effect of mental stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Educational and Health Development of Children and Youths)

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14 pages, 313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emotional Dependence and Narcissism in Couple Relationships: Echo and Narcissus Syndrome

by María de la Villa Moral-Jiménez and Ava Mena-Baumann

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1190; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121190 - 13 Dec 2024

Abstract

Emotional dependency consists of an extreme affective need that manifests pathologically, such that it has been established that the partners of emotionally dependent individuals exhibit narcissistic traits. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between emotional dependency, the narcissistic traits of a [...] Read more.

Emotional dependency consists of an extreme affective need that manifests pathologically, such that it has been established that the partners of emotionally dependent individuals exhibit narcissistic traits. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between emotional dependency, the narcissistic traits of a romantic partner, and psychological abuse, in addition to examining the sex differences in the first two variables. This study included 271 subjects (144 women and 127 men) between the ages of 18 and 66 (M = 36.9; SD = 14.748). This study compared individuals with and without emotional dependency, finding that those with emotional dependency reported more narcissistic partners. Furthermore, psychological abuse was positively correlated with the narcissism of the partner. There were no significant sex differences in emotional dependency or in the exhibition of narcissistic traits. The importance of examining the connections between emotional dependency, the narcissistic traits of a romantic partner, and the potential for psychological abuse within these relationships are highlighted. Full article

18 pages, 298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mental Health Literacy and Attitudes Towards Mental Health Problems Among College Students, Nepal

by Dev Bandhu Poudel, Loujain Saud Sharif, Samjhana Acharya, Alaa Mahsoon, Khalid Sharif and Rebecca Wright

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1189; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121189 - 13 Dec 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: Research on mental health literacy (MHL) and attitudes toward mental health problems (ATMHP) among non-medical college students in Nepal is limited. This study examined the relationship between MHL and ATMHP, considering demographic variables and familiarity with mental health issues; (2) Methods: [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Research on mental health literacy (MHL) and attitudes toward mental health problems (ATMHP) among non-medical college students in Nepal is limited. This study examined the relationship between MHL and ATMHP, considering demographic variables and familiarity with mental health issues; (2) Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey with 385 college students from Chitwan and Kathmandu, Nepal, using opportunity sampling. Descriptive and inferential statistics examined demographic differences, while Pearson’s correlation assessed relationships among latent variables; (3) Results: No relationship was found between MHL and ATMHP (r = −0.01, p = 0.92). Females had greater awareness of stereotypes (p = 0.025, g = 0.24). Hotel management students showed better self-help strategies (p = 0.036, ^d = 0.46). Public college students scored higher in self-help strategies than government (p = 0.036, ^d = −0.32) and private college students (p = 0.02, d = −0.32). Non-employed students outperformed employed ones in self-help strategies (p = 0.002, g = −0.46). Other demographic factors showed no significant relationships; (4) Conclusions: MHL and ATMHP were unrelated, indicating that increasing MHL alone may not improve attitudes. Multidimensional interventions combining education and experiential learning are needed. Certain demographic factors influenced stereotypes and self-help strategies, while others showed no significant impact. Full article

10 pages, 245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Does Background Music Affect Dining Duration, Tips and Bill Amounts in Restaurants? A Field Experiment

by Merav Malcman, Ofer H. Azar, Tal Shavit and Mosi Rosenboim

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1188; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121188 - 13 Dec 2024

Abstract

Influences from external factors can affect decision-makers, preventing them from making decisions in a fully rational manner. Music may serve as one such influential factor in this context. Music is part of our daily lives, and we are exposed to music in numerous [...] Read more.

Influences from external factors can affect decision-makers, preventing them from making decisions in a fully rational manner. Music may serve as one such influential factor in this context. Music is part of our daily lives, and we are exposed to music in numerous places. We designed a field experiment to study the influence of background music on patrons’ behavior in restaurants. Specifically, we examine the effect of the music’s tempo (slow or fast) on time spent in the restaurant, the bill amount, and the tip size. The results show that patrons in the slow tempo group spent the most time in the restaurant, those in the control group followed next, and the patrons in the fast tempo group were the quickest to leave. However, there are no differences between the groups in bill size. The tips in the fast tempo group were higher than in the control group when controlling for several independent variables. The findings have practical implications for restaurant owners and managers. In busy periods, the restaurant can use fast-tempo music to increase the turnover of tables, because then tables become available for new diners more quickly, contributing more to the restaurant’s income compared to tables that occupy the space for a longer duration. Full article

20 pages, 1343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Mechanisms Influencing Older Adults’ Willingness to Use Digital Displays in Museums from a Cognitive Age Perspective

by Anan Hu, Beiyue Chen, Sai Liu and Jin Zhang

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1187; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121187 - 13 Dec 2024

Abstract

As older adults age, changes in their physiological, psychological, and cognitive functions often lead to inherent anxiety and fear regarding the use of digital technologies. Cognitive age, reflecting an older adult’s mental perception of their chronological age, is a crucial moderating factor in [...] Read more.

As older adults age, changes in their physiological, psychological, and cognitive functions often lead to inherent anxiety and fear regarding the use of digital technologies. Cognitive age, reflecting an older adult’s mental perception of their chronological age, is a crucial moderating factor in shaping their willingness and behavior towards technology adoption. However, the mechanisms through which cognitive age impacts the behavior of older adults within the realm of digital technology utilization remain unclear. Thus, grounded in the Extended Technology Acceptance Model (ETAM) and employing structural equation modeling, this study intends to investigate mechanisms which influence older adults’ behavioral intentions towards the use of museum digital displays. Consequently, it confirms that attitudes mediate the correlation between perceived usefulness, subjective norm, perceived self-efficacy, and the behavioral intention towards museum digital display utilization. Perceived ease of use does not directly affect attitudes, but instead exerts an indirect impact on attitude through perceived usefulness. Cognitive age negatively moderates the relationship between attitudes and the behavioral intention to use digital technologies. Additionally, the mediating role of attitudes in the correlation between older adults’ perception of museum digital displays and behavioral intention is moderated by cognitive age. Specifically, older adults with a higher cognitive age value (who perceive themselves to be younger than their chronological age) exhibit a weaker mediating effect of attitudes on the relationship between perceived usefulness and behavioral intention compared to those with a lower cognitive age value (who perceive themselves to be older than their chronological age). The findings seek to unbox the “black box” of how cognitive age mediates the correlation between attitudes and behavioral intention towards the use of museum digital displays among older adults, providing valuable theoretical insights for the bidirectional enhancement of digital technology utilization, the overall well-being of older adults, and high-quality development in museums. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Participation and Mental Health among Older Adults)

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21 pages, 5113 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trait Anxiety Leads to “Better” Performance? A Study on Acute Stress and Uncertain Decision-Making

by Yuxuan Yang, Bingxin Yan, Kewei Sun, Di Wu, Cancan Wang and Wei Xiao

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1186; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121186 - 12 Dec 2024

Abstract

In uncertain situations, individuals seek to maximize rewards while managing risks. Yet, the effects of acute stress and anxiety on decision-making in ambiguous and risky contexts are unclear. This study aims to contribute to the exploration of how acute stress influences sensitivity to [...] Read more.

In uncertain situations, individuals seek to maximize rewards while managing risks. Yet, the effects of acute stress and anxiety on decision-making in ambiguous and risky contexts are unclear. This study aims to contribute to the exploration of how acute stress influences sensitivity to immediate vs. delayed rewards, risk management strategies, and the role of anxiety in these processes. This study used the laboratory acute stress induction paradigm to analyze the direction of influence of acute stress on ambiguity decision-making and risky decision-making in males and then used moderating effect analysis to study the impact of anxiety on this process. The results show that a combination of the Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Test and the Sing-a-Song Stress Test can successfully induce acute stress, which reduces both the proportion of the options selected that represent long-term rewards and risk-adjustment ability. Additionally, trait anxiety had a moderating effect on the influence of stress on ambiguity decision-making. Acute stress reduces focus on long-term rewards while increasing focus on short-term rewards, leading to impulsivity and impaired risk-adjustment. Additionally, to some extent, high trait anxiety scores predict better performance in making decisions under ambiguity during stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)

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9 pages, 487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Addiction Memory, Family Functioning, and Depression in Illicit Drug Users: Self-Esteem as a Mediator

by Li Zeng, Xiaojun Zhou, Yuge Lei and Jiayan Chen

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1185; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121185 - 12 Dec 2024

Abstract

Depression is a common issue among illicit drug users. However, the interaction between addiction memory, family functioning, and depressive symptoms remains insufficiently examined. This study investigates the relationship between addiction memory, family functioning, and depressive symptoms, with self-esteem serving as a mediator. A [...] Read more.

Depression is a common issue among illicit drug users. However, the interaction between addiction memory, family functioning, and depressive symptoms remains insufficiently examined. This study investigates the relationship between addiction memory, family functioning, and depressive symptoms, with self-esteem serving as a mediator. A random sample of 600 illicit drug users from Hubei, China, was evaluated using the Addiction Memory Intensity Scale (AMIS), Family APGAR Index, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). A factorial algorithm was used to parcel the AMIS, PHQ-9, and RSES items, and structural equation modeling was applied to examine the mediation effect. The model fit the data well (χ²/df = 2.248, CFI = 0.956, NNFI = 0.966, RMSEA = 0.046, SRMR = 0.040), with significant path coefficients (p < 0.05). Addiction memory was positively correlated with depression (β = 0.195, p < 0.001), while family functioning negatively correlated with depression (β = −0.113, p = 0.008). Both addiction memory and family functioning indirectly influenced depression through self-esteem, with mediating effects equal to 1.154 (95% CI: 0.106 to 0.209) and −0.097 (95% CI: −0.154 to −0.047). These findings suggest that interventions targeting addiction memory and family functioning may alleviate depressive symptoms by improving self-esteem among illicit drug users. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Deep Links: Emotional Regulation, Psychological Symptomatology, and Addictions)

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13 pages, 284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Social Situations Affect the Relationships Between Academic Emotional Suppression and Expression and Likability Among Adolescents

by Ying Liu, Biao Sang and Xiaoyun Chai

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121184 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Social situation is an important factor in determining whether or not individuals express emotions and how effectively they express them, but few researchers have explored its role (e.g., with others of varying degrees of intimacy and hierarchy) in the social outcomes of academic [...] Read more.

Social situation is an important factor in determining whether or not individuals express emotions and how effectively they express them, but few researchers have explored its role (e.g., with others of varying degrees of intimacy and hierarchy) in the social outcomes of academic emotional suppression and expression. Relationships between the adolescents’ suppression and expression of emotions and their likability in social situations involving a range of people (e.g., classmates, good friends, teachers) were examined in the current study. A total of 120 adolescents and 74 teachers were selected for this investigation, the results indicating a difference in an individual’s likability when suppressing and expressing academic emotions in the presence of others. Specifically, expressing academic emotions in the presence of good friends achieves a higher level of likability than in the presence of classmates; furthermore, suppressing negative academic emotions in the presence of classmates garners a higher level of likability. Adolescents who express their positive and negative academic emotions in the presence of good friends can get higher likability. Teachers prefer adolescents who express positive academic emotions in their presence. These findings emphasize the importance of social situations in the use of strategies to regulate academic emotion regulation and verify the adaptability of emotional regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Behaviors in Childhood: Causes and Consequences)

12 pages, 848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Intolerance of Uncertainty on Social Anxiety in University Students: The Sequential Mediating Effect of Core Self-Evaluation and Attentional Control

by Hongyan Shen, Tiansheng Xia and Shimin Fu

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1183; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121183 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Social anxiety is a serious and prevalent psychological problem among university students, with intolerance of uncertainty playing an important role in its formation and development. The underlying mediating processes remain elusive despite the existing research on the association between these two constructs. This [...] Read more.

Social anxiety is a serious and prevalent psychological problem among university students, with intolerance of uncertainty playing an important role in its formation and development. The underlying mediating processes remain elusive despite the existing research on the association between these two constructs. This investigation developed a sequential mediation model grounded in the triadic reciprocal determinism theory to examine the intermediary roles of core self-evaluation and attentional control. Utilizing a convenience sampling method, a total of 1580 undergraduate students were recruited for this study. The study variables were assessed using scales measuring intolerance of uncertainty, core self-evaluation, attention control, and social interaction anxiety. The results revealed a significant and positive predictive relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety (effect = 0.10; SE = 0.02; 95% CI = [0.00, 0.05]; p < 0.001). Intolerance of uncertainty directly and indirectly impacted social anxiety via three pathways: the independent mediating influence of core self-evaluation (effect = 0.15; SE = 0.02; 95% CI = [0.12, 0.18]; p < 0.001), the independent mediating influence of attentional control (effect = 0.03; SE = 0.01; 95% CI = [0.02, 0.05]; p < 0.001), and a serial mediation effect involving both core self-evaluation and attentional control (effect = 0.04; SE = 0.01; 95% CI = [0.03, 0.06]; p < 0.001). These direct and indirect effects contributed 30.03% and 69.97% to the overall effect, respectively. This study offers novel insights for interventions and treatments targeting social anxiety in university students. Full article

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