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A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosphere/Hydrosphere/Land–Atmosphere Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 September 2021) | Viewed by 28402

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Xiaopeng Gao

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Guest Editor

Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
Interests: soil fertility; greenhouse gases; nutrient cycling; rhizosphere; nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers; micronutrients; 4R nutrient stewardship

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions is important to alleviate human-induced climate change. Agricultural activities such as the application of synthetic and organic nutrients, tillage, and enteric fermentation contribute 10-14% of global anthropogenic GHG emissions, including carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane. In recent years, much research work has been done around the world in exploring the mechanisms of GHG production/emissions/transfer processes and developing effective measures for the mitigation of GHGs emissions from agricultural systems.

We are pleased to announce that a Special Issue on Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions will be hosted by the open-access journal Atmosphere and published in the fall of 2021. The aim is to enhance our scientific understanding of GHGs emissions from agricultural systems and to use such information to develop the best management practices (BMPs) that can minimize GHGs emissions while maintaining agricultural production.

Original research, systematic review, meta-analysis, and model studies related to the theme of Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions are welcome. Example topics include, but are not limited to:

Effect of agricultural management practices (fertilization, tillage, crop rotation, irrigation/drainage, animal/green manure, biochar, etc.) on GHGs emissions from agricultural production systems;
Laboratory or field studies investigating GHGs emissions from soil freeze-thaw cycles;
Meta-analyses of strategies to reduce GHGs emissions;
Development of techniques in measurement and estimation of GHGs emissions;
Reduction of GHGs emissions from the enteric fermentation and livestock production systems;
Model approaches in estimating GHGs emissions at regional or global scales;
Benefit-cost analysis of GHGs emissions.

We very much look forward to your submissions.

Best regards,

Prof. Xiaopeng Gao
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

greenhouse gases
best management practices
agroecosystem
CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O
meta-analyses
modeling approach

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

28 pages, 4562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

N₂O Emissions from Two Austrian Agricultural Catchments Simulated with an N₂O Submodule Developed for the SWAT Model

by Cong Wang, Christoph Schürz, Ottavia Zoboli, Matthias Zessner, Karsten Schulz, Andrea Watzinger, Gernot Bodner and Bano Mehdi-Schulz

Atmosphere 2022, 13(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010050 - 28 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1797

Abstract

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a potent greenhouse gas stemming mainly from nitrogen (N)-fertilizer application. It is challenging to quantify N₂O emissions from agroecosystems because of the dearth of measured data and high spatial variability of the emissions. The eco-hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) simulates hydrological processes and N fluxes in a catchment. However, the routine for simulating N₂O emissions is still missing in the SWAT model. A submodule was developed based on the outputs of the SWAT model to partition N₂O from the simulated nitrification by applying a coefficient (K₂) and also to isolate N₂O from the simulated denitrification (N₂O + N₂) with a modified semi-empirical equation. The submodule was applied to quantify N₂O emissions and N₂O emission factors from selected crops in two agricultural catchments by using NH₄NO₃ fertilizer and the combination of organic N and NO₃⁻ fertilizer as N input data. The setup with the combination of organic N and NO₃⁻ fertilizer simulated lower N₂O emissions than the setup with NH₄NO₃ fertilizer. When the water balance was simulated well (absolute percentage error <11%), the impact of N fertilizer application on the simulated N₂O emissions was captured. More research to test the submodule with measured data is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions)

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13 pages, 1836 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nitrous Oxide Emission Fluxes in Coffee Plantations during Fertilization: A Case Study in Costa Rica

by Macarena San Martin Ruiz, Martin Reiser and Martin Kranert

Atmosphere 2021, 12(12), 1656; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121656 - 09 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2906

Abstract

The main source of N₂O emissions is agriculture, and coffee monocultures have become an important part of these emissions. The demand for coffee has increased in the last five decades. Thus, its production in agricultural fields and the excess of fertilizers have increased. This study quantified N₂O emissions from different dose applications and types of nitrogen fertilizer in a region of major coffee production in Costa Rica. A specific methodology to measure N₂O fluxes from coffee plants was developed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Measurements were performed in a botanical garden in Germany and plots in Costa Rica, analyzing the behavior of a fertilizer in two varieties of coffee (Catuai and Geisha), and in a field experiment, testing two types of fertilizers (chemical (F1) and physical mixture (F2)) and compost (SA). As a result, the additions of synthetic fertilizer increased the N₂O fluxes. F2 showed higher emissions than F1 by up to 90% in the field experiment, and an increase in general emissions occurred after a rain event in the coffee plantation. The weak levels of N₂O emissions were caused by a rainfall deficit, maintaining low water content in the soil. Robust research is suggested for the inventories. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions)

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20 pages, 749 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effective Mainstreaming of Agricultural Emissions into Climate Action Agenda: The Case of Institutions and Smallholder Dairy Production Systems, Western Kenya

by Tom Volenzo Elijah, Rachel Makungo and Georges-Ivo Ekosse

Atmosphere 2021, 12(11), 1507; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111507 - 16 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2480

Abstract

Small-scale farming production systems are integral drivers of global sustainability challenges and the climate crisis as well as a solution space for the transition to climate compatible development. However, mainstreaming agricultural emissions into a climate action agenda through integrative approaches, such as Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), largely reinforces adaptation–mitigation dualism and pays inadequate attention to institutions’ linkage on the generation of externalities, such as Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. This may undermine the effectiveness of local–global climate risk management initiatives. Literature data and a survey of small-scale farmers’ dairy feeding strategies were used in the simulation of GHG emissions. The effect of price risks on ecoefficiencies or the amount of GHG emissions per unit of produced milk is framed as a proxy for institutional feedbacks on GHG emissions and effect at scale. This case study on small-scale dairy farmers in western Kenya illustrates the effect of local-level and sectoral-level institutional constraints, such as market risks on decision making, on GHG emissions and the effectiveness of climate action. The findings suggest that price risks are significant in incentivising the adoption of CSA technologies. Since institutional interactions influence the choice of individual farmer management actions in adaptation planning, they significantly contribute to GHG spillover at scale. This can be visualised in terms of the nexus between low or non-existent dairy feeding strategies, low herd productivity, and net higher methane emissions per unit of produced milk in a dairy value chain. The use of the Sustainable Food Value Chain (SFVC) analytical lens could mediate the identification of binding constraints, foster organisational and policy coherence, as well as broker the effective mainstreaming of agricultural emissions into local–global climate change risk management initiatives. Market risks thus provide a systematic and holistic lens for assessing alternative carbon transitions, climate financing, adaptation–mitigation dualism, and the related risk of maladaptation, all of which are integral in the planning and implementation of effective climate action initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions)

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14 pages, 4450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Long-Term Nitrogen Fertilization and Ground Water Level Changes on Soil CO₂ Fluxes from Oil Palm Plantation on Tropical Peatland

by Auldry Chaddy, Lulie Melling, Kiwamu Ishikura, Kah Joo Goh, Yo Toma and Ryusuke Hatano

Atmosphere 2021, 12(10), 1340; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101340 - 13 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2723

Abstract

A long-term study on the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization on soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes in tropical peatland was conducted to (1) quantify the annual CO₂ emissions from an oil palm plantation under different N application rates and (2) evaluate the temporal effects of groundwater level (GWL) and water-filled pore space (WFPS) on soil organic carbon (SOC) and CO₂ fluxes. Monthly measurement of soil CO₂ fluxes using a closed chamber method was carried out from January 2010 until December 2013 and from January 2016 to December 2017 in an oil palm plantation on tropical peat in Sarawak, Malaysia. Besides the control (T1, without N fertilization), there were three N treatments: low N (T2, 31.1 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), moderate N (T3, 62.2 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), and high N (T4, 124.3 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). The annual CO₂ emissions ranged from 7.7 ± 1.2 (mean ± SE) to 16.6 ± 1.0 t C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, 9.8 ± 0.5 to 14.8 ± 1.4 t C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, 10.5 ± 1.8 to 16.8 ± 0.6 t C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, and 10.4 ± 1.8 to 17.1 ± 3.9 t C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Application of N fertilizer had no significant effect on annual cumulative CO₂ emissions in each year (p = 0.448), which was probably due to the formation of large quantities of inorganic N when GWL was temporarily lowered from January 2010 to June 2010 (−80.9 to −103.4 cm below the peat surface), and partly due to low soil organic matter (SOM) quality. A negative relationship between GWL and CO₂ fluxes (p < 0.05) and a positive relationship between GWL and WFPS (p < 0.001) were found only when the oil palm was young (2010 and 2011) (p < 0.05), indicating that lowering of GWL increased CO₂ fluxes and decreased WFPS when the oil palm was young. This was possibly due to the fact that parameters such as root activity might be more predominant than GWL in governing soil respiration in older oil palm plantations when GWL was maintained near or within the rooting zone (0–50 cm). This study highlights the importance of roots and WFPS over GWL in governing soil respiration in older oil palm plantations. A proper understanding of the interaction between the direct or indirect effect of root activity on CO₂ fluxes and balancing its roles in nutrient and water management strategies is critical for sustainable use of tropical peatland. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions)

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19 pages, 4608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Agricultural Greenhouse Gases Emissions of the Main Stream Area of the Yellow River Basin in Gansu, China

by Lili Pu, Xingpeng Chen, Chengpeng Lu, Li Jiang, Binbin Ma and Xuedi Yang

Atmosphere 2021, 12(10), 1296; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101296 - 05 Oct 2021

Viewed by 2588

Abstract

In 2021, The People’s Republic of China proposed goals for peaking carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060, in the 15 counties (districts) of the Main Stream Area of the Yellow River Basin in Gansu that plays an important role in ecological protection and green development. Next the CO₂ equivalents were converted according to the IPCC2 standard, the total agricultural GHG emissions was calculated, the relationship with the agricultural output value was analyzed, and the discretization of the space was analyzed by the coefficient of variation and standard deviation. Firstly, the total agricultural GHG emissions in 15 counties (districts) of the Main Stream Area of the Yellow River Basin increased 55.54% in 2000–2019, and 2.35% annually, roughly divided into three stages: the rapid growth period (2000–2008), the slow decline period (2009–2014) and the rapid decline period (2015–2019). The economic efficiency is significantly improved, with an average annual decline of 6.49%, roughly divided into three stages: the slow-descent stage (2000–2004), the period of slow-growth stage (2005–2008) and the period of fast-decline (2009–2019). Secondly, based on the characteristics of the total GHG emissions, Maqu County has the largest GHG emissions increase, from 26.8842 kt in 2000 to 38.9603 kt, in 2019, an increase of 44.92%, while the smallest GHG emissions, in Anning District, decreased 87.33% from 111 t in 2000 to 14.1 t in 2019; In the rate of increase in the total GHG emissions, Dongxiang County had the largest rate of increase from 2000 to 2019, an increase of 160.28% and an average annual increase of 4.90%. The smallest rate of decrease in GHG emissions was seen in Chengguan District, where they decreased 92.11% from 2000 to 2019, an average annual decrease of 11.93%. The characteristics of agricultural GHG emissions intensity is a significant declining trending and agricultural production efficiency has been significantly improved. Finally, to provide a basis for the formulation of differentiated agricultural energy conservation and emissions reduction policies, reduce agricultural GHG emissions intensity and reduce the use efficiency of resources by formulating differentiated emission targets, tasks and incentive measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions)

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14 pages, 1126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ammonia Volatilization, Forage Accumulation, and Nutritive Value of Marandu Palisade Grass Pastures in Different N Sources and Doses

by Darlena Caroline da Cruz Corrêa, Abmael da Silva Cardoso, Mariane Rodrigues Ferreira, Débora Siniscalchi, Pedro Henrique de Almeida Gonçalves, Rodolfo Nussio Lumasini, Ricardo Andrade Reis and Ana Cláudia Ruggieri

Atmosphere 2021, 12(9), 1179; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091179 - 13 Sep 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2046

Abstract

The reduction in ammonia (NH₃) losses from volatilization has significant implications in forage production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of N fertilizers (urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate) and four doses (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg N ha⁻¹) on N losses by NH₃ volatilization, accumulation, and forage chemical composition of Urochloa brizantha cv Marandu. Two field experiments were conducted to measure NH₃ losses using semi-open chambers. The forage accumulation and chemical composition were evaluated in the third experiment; the response variables included forage accumulation, crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Compared to urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate reduced NH₃ losses by 84% and 87% and increased total forage accumulation by 14% and 23%, respectively. Forage accumulation rate and CP increased linearly with the N levels, while NDF contents decreased linearly with the N levels. In both experiments, NH₃ losses and forage characteristics were different according to the rainfall pattern and temperature variations. Our results indicate that the use of nitric and ammoniacal fertilizers and the application of fertilizer in the rainy season constitute an efficient fertilizer management strategy to increase forage yield and decrease losses from volatilization of NH₃. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions)

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21 pages, 2594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Assessment of Nitrous Oxide and Methane Emissions on a Crop Yield Basis in Response to Different Organic Amendment Types in Sichuan Basin

by Dayo George Oladipo, Kai Wei, Lei Hu, Ayodeji Medaiyese, Hamidou Bah, Lanre Anthony Gbadegesin and Bo Zhu

Atmosphere 2021, 12(9), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091104 - 26 Aug 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2806

Abstract

Agriculture’s goal to meet the needs of the increasing world population while reducing the environmental impacts of nitrogen (N) fertilizer use without compromising output has proven to be a challenge. Manure and composts have displayed the potential to increase soil fertility. However, their potential effects on nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) emissions have not been properly understood. Using field-scaled lysimeter experiments, we conducted a one-year study to investigate N₂O and CH₄ emissions, their combined global warming potential (GWP: N₂O + CH₄) and yield-scaled GWP in a wheat-maize system. One control and six different organic fertilizer treatments receiving different types but equal amounts of N fertilization were used: synthetic N fertilizer (NPK), 30% pig manure + 70% synthetic N fertilizer (PM30), 50% pig manure + 50% synthetic N fertilizer (PM50), 70% pig manure + 30% synthetic N fertilizer (PM70), 100% pig manure (PM100), 50% cow manure-crop residue compost + 50% synthetic N fertilizer (CMRC), and 50% pig manure-crop residue compost + 50% synthetic N fertilizer (PMRC). Seasonal cumulative N₂O emissions ranged from 0.39 kg N ha⁻¹ for the PMRC treatment to 0.93 kg N ha⁻¹ for the NPK treatment. Similar CH₄ uptakes were recorded across all treatments, with values ranging from −0.68 kg C ha⁻¹ for the PM50 treatment to −0.52 kg C ha⁻¹ for the PM30 treatment. Compared to the NPK treatment, all the organic-amended treatments significantly decreased N₂O emission by 32–58% and GWP by 30–61%. However, among the manure-amended treatments, only treatments that consisted of inorganic N with lower or equal proportions of organic manure N treatments were found to reduce N₂O emissions while maintaining crop yields at high levels. Moreover, of all the organic-amended treatments, PMRC had the lowest yield-scaled GWP, owing to its ability to significantly reduce N₂O emissions while maintaining high crop yields, highlighting it as the most suitable organic fertilization treatment in Sichuan basin wheat-maize systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions)

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13 pages, 1843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nitrous Oxide Emissions from an Alpine Grassland as Affected by Nitrogen Addition

by Yufeng Wu, Xiaopeng Gao, Dengchao Cao, Lei Li, Xiangyi Li and Fanjiang Zeng

Atmosphere 2021, 12(8), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12080976 - 29 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1787

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) addition is an important nutrient strategy for alpine grassland in northwestern China to improve productivity for livestock needs. A field experiment was conducted in a semi-arid alpine grassland in northwestern China to investigate the effect of N addition rates on soil N₂O emissions over the growing seasons of 2017 and 2018. Treatments included six N addition rates (0, 10, 30, 60, 120, 240 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹), which were applied before each growing season. The N₂O fluxes increased with N addition rates and showed different episodic changes between the two growing seasons. In 2017, the maximum N₂O flux rate occurred within 2 weeks following N addition. In 2018, however, the maximum N₂O flux rate occurred later in the growing season due to a heavy rainfall event. Growing season cumulative N₂O emissions ranged between 0.32 and 1.11 kg N ha⁻¹, and increased linearly with N addition rates. Increasing N addition rates over 60 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ did not further increase plant above-ground biomass. The inter-annual variability of N₂O flux suggests the importance of soil moisture in affecting N₂O emissions. It is particularly important to avoid over-applying N nutrients beyond plant needs to reduce its negative effect on the environment while maintaining livestock productivity. The N₂O flux rate increased with soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soil pH. These results suggest the optimal N addition rate to the livestock grassland in this region should be 60 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions)

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19 pages, 1639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reconciling Reduced Red Meat Consumption in Canada with Regenerative Grazing: Implications for GHG Emissions, Protein Supply and Land Use

by James A. Dyer and Raymond L. Desjardins

Atmosphere 2021, 12(8), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12080945 - 23 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3486

Abstract

This paper reconciled the soil ecology benefits of forages and ruminants with reducing GHG emissions from beef. A scenario analysis compared four integrated systems for beef, pork and broilers. Slaughter cattle diets were either business as usual (BAU) or grass fed (GF), and the combined red meat consumption could not exceed the recommendation for human health. The four consumption scenarios included (PS1) equal beef and pork with BAU beef, (PS2) equal beef and pork with GF beef, (PS3) more pork and less beef with GF beef and (PS4) more pork and less beef with BAU beef. Broiler consumption was increased to force all four scenarios to provide the same amount of protein. All four scenarios required similar feed grain areas (2.5 to 3 Mha). At 2.3, 4.4, 2.2 and 1.2 Mha for PS1, PS2, PS3 and PS4, respectively, the areas in harvestable forage showed much greater variation. From high to low GHG emissions, the ranking of scenarios was PS2, PS1, PS3 and PS4. Although allowing for avoidance of soil organic matter loss changed this ranking, the carbon footprint of beef production was still double or more that of pork in all four PS. To reconcile the agro-ecological benefits of beef with reducing GHG emissions, PS3 may be better than PS4. Along with eating more pork and broilers, and less red meat overall, consumers can choose GF beef as an occasional alternative. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions)

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20 pages, 7563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Are CH₄, CO₂, and N₂O Emissions from Soil Affected by the Sources and Doses of N in Warm-Season Pasture?

by Darlena Caroline da Cruz Corrêa, Abmael da Silva Cardoso, Mariane Rodrigues Ferreira, Débora Siniscalchi, Ariana Desie Toniello, Gilmar Cotrin de Lima, Ricardo Andrade Reis and Ana Claudia Ruggieri

Atmosphere 2021, 12(6), 697; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060697 - 29 May 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4144

Abstract

The intensification of pasture production has increased the use of N fertilizers—a practice that can alter soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the fluxes of CH₄, CO₂, and N₂O in the soil of Urochloa brizantha ‘Marandu’ pastures fertilized with different sources and doses of N. Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate GHG fluxes following N fertilization with urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate at doses of 0, 90, 180, and 270 kg N ha⁻¹. GHG fluxes were quantified using the static chamber technique and gas chromatography. In both experiments, the sources and doses of N did not significantly affect cumulative GHG emissions, while N fertilization significantly affected cumulative N₂O and CO₂ emissions compared to the control treatment. The N₂O emission factor following fertilization with urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate was lower than the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change standard (0.35%, 0.24%, and 0.21%, respectively, with fractionation fertilization and 1.00%, 0.83%, and 1.03%, respectively, with single fertilization). These findings are important for integrating national inventories and improving GHG estimation in tropical regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions)

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