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Dynamics and Chemistry of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and...
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Dynamics and Chemistry of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Its Response to External Forcing—Observations and Models

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Upper Atmosphere".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 May 2023) | Viewed by 11871

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Stefan Bender

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
Interests: atmospheric physics; space physics; trace-gas retrieval; inverse methods; uncertainty quantification; statistics; empirical modelling
Dr. Yvan Orsolini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Norway & Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
Interests: middle atmosphere dynamics, chemistry and remote sensing; impact of snow and sea ice on subseasonal-to-seasonal forecasting
Dr. Kristell Pérot

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers Technical University, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
Interests: middle atmospheric chemistry and physics; limb sounding observations; trace gas retrieval; empirical modelling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, the IPCC has recognized processes in the middle and upper atmosphere above the stratopause (~50 km) as important for future climate projections. This region of the Earth's atmosphere maintains a balance between external forcings (e.g., solar radiation and particle precipitation) and the forcing emanating from the lower atmosphere in the form of planetary waves, tides and gravity waves. Quantifying how these forcings drive the general circulation of the atmosphere and control the chemical balance and its temporal and spatial variability is crucial to understanding how composition, momentum, and energy couple vertically and horizontally in the atmosphere and ionosphere. Still, many of these processes have been only quantified poorly, leading to large uncertainties in their variability. In particular, the middle and upper atmosphere’s response to external forcings, both direct and indirect, and to internal dynamical events such as sudden stratospheric warmings, is not yet completely resolved and continues to be the subject of active research.

We invite studies of the middle and upper atmosphere, both observational and related to the modelling of its dynamics and chemistry. We welcome studies of the response to external forcings such as (but not limited to) energetic particle precipitation (EPP) and solar UV variability during the solar cycle. Results comparing the solar forcing importance relative to other external forcings arising from natural variability (such as volcanic forcing) or to anthropogenic forcing are also welcome. Furthermore, we also invite contributions related to the inter-comparison of coupled climate model responses to solar forcing, as well as to the response of the coupled stratosphere–troposphere–ocean system to solar forcing

This Special Issue invites both observation-based (ground-based or satellite) and modelling contributions that concern the chemistry and dynamics of the middle and upper atmosphere with respect to:

  • the treatment of EPP in chemistry-climate models
  • the coupled climate system response to EPP and UV forcing
  • the response to stratospheric warming events
  • natural variability induced by gravity waves and tides

Dr. Stefan Bender
Dr. Yvan Orsolini
Dr. Kristell Pérot
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mesosphere
  • thermosphere
  • solar-terrestrial physics
  • solar activity
  • external forcing
  • particle precipitation
  • whole-atmosphere models
  • sudden stratospheric warming
  • middle-atmosphere dynamics
  • atmospheric tides
  • atmospheric gravity waves
  • planetary waves

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 8554 KiB  
Article
Intertropical Convergence Zone as the Possible Source Mechanism for Southward Propagating Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances over South American Low-Latitude and Equatorial Region
by Patrick Essien, Cosme Alexandre Oliveira Barros Figueiredo, Hisao Takahashi, Nana Ama Browne Klutse, Cristiano Max Wrasse, João Maria de Sousa Afonso, David Pareja Quispe, Solomon Otoo Lomotey, Tunde Toyese Ayorinde, José H. A. Sobral, Moses Jojo Eghan, Samuel Sanko Sackey, Diego Barros, Anderson V. Bilibio, Francis Nkrumah and Kwesi Akumenyi Quagraine
Atmosphere 2022, 13(11), 1836; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111836 - 4 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2513
Abstract
This paper presents the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) as the possible source mechanism of the medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) propagating to the southeast direction over the South American region. Using the data collected by the GNSS dual-frequency receivers network from January 2014 [...] Read more.
This paper presents the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) as the possible source mechanism of the medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) propagating to the southeast direction over the South American region. Using the data collected by the GNSS dual-frequency receivers network from January 2014 to December 2019, detrended TEC maps were generated to identify and characterize 144 MSTIDs propagating southeastward over the South American low-latitude and equatorial region. We also used images from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) 13 and 16 in the infrared (IR) and water vapor (WV) channel, and reanalisys data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to study the daily features and seasonal migration of ITCZ. In the winter, when ITCZ migrates to the northern hemisphere around 10–15° N, 20 MSTIDs propagated southeastward. During summer, when the ITCZ lies within the continent, around 0–5° S 80 MSTIDs were observed to propagate southeastward; in the equinoxes (spring and fall), 44 MSTIDs were observed. Again, the MSTIDs propagating southeastward showed a clear seasonality of their local time dependence; in summer, the MSTIDs occurred frequently in the evening hours, whereas those in winter occurred during the daytime. We also found for the first time that the day-to-day observation of ITCZ position and MSTIDs propagation directions were consistent. With regard to these new findings, we report that the MSTIDs propagating southeastward over the South American region are possibly induced by the atmospheric gravity waves, which are proposed as being generated by the ITCZ in the troposphere. The mean distribution of the horizontal wavelength, period, and phase velocity are 698 ± 124 km, 38 ± 8 min, and 299 ± 89 m s−1, respectively. For the first time, we were able to use MSTID propagation directions as a proxy to study the source region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamics and Chemistry of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Its Response to External Forcing—Observations and Models)
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12 pages, 1545 KiB  
Article
Some Results of Photometric Measurements of Ionospheric Artificial Airglow at 557.7 and 630 nm Lines of Atomic Oxygen Caused by High-Frequency Radio Emission of the SURA Facility during Development of Sporadic E Layer
by Alexander B. Beletsky, Ivan D. Tkachev, Igor A. Nasyrov, Savely M. Grach, Denis A. Kogogin, Alexey V. Shindin and Roman V. Vasilyev
Atmosphere 2022, 13(11), 1794; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111794 - 30 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1442
Abstract
The results of analysis of the experimental data collected on 5 September 2021 on 557.7 and 630 nm artificial airglow of the ionosphere induced by powerful HF radio waves at the SURA facility are presented. For optical measurements, a photometric suite located directly [...] Read more.
The results of analysis of the experimental data collected on 5 September 2021 on 557.7 and 630 nm artificial airglow of the ionosphere induced by powerful HF radio waves at the SURA facility are presented. For optical measurements, a photometric suite located directly next to the SURA facility was used. Fast variations in the atmospheric emission intensity at 557.7 nm, 630 nm, and 391.4 nm with a three-channel photometer and spatial–temporal variations in the 557.7 nm with a CCD camera were measured. An ionospherically reflected pump wave and the stimulated electromagnetic emission (SEE) were recorded. Background ionospheric conditions were registered with ionosonde. For the first time, an increase in the 557.7 nm emission intensity induced by the SURA facility radiation was found concurrently with a partial blocking ionosphere in the F-region and suppression HF-induced phenomena in the F-region (the 630 nm airglow increase and SEE generation, powerful radio wave anomalous absorption) during the sporadic E-layer (Es) development. Additionally, we managed to obtain images showing moving spots of the SURA-induced 557.7 nm emission increased intensity at the Es layer heights. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamics and Chemistry of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Its Response to External Forcing—Observations and Models)
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15 pages, 10075 KiB  
Article
Auroral Ionosphere Model with PC Index as an Input
by Vera Nikolaeva, Evgeny Gordeev, Alexander Nikolaev, Denis Rogov and Oleg Troshichev
Atmosphere 2022, 13(3), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13030402 - 28 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2398
Abstract
Auroral Ionosphere Model (AIM-E) is designed to calculate chemical content in the high-latitude E region ionosphere and takes into account both the solar EUV radiation and the electron precipitation of magnetospheric origin. The latter is extremely important for auroral ionosphere chemistry especially in [...] Read more.
Auroral Ionosphere Model (AIM-E) is designed to calculate chemical content in the high-latitude E region ionosphere and takes into account both the solar EUV radiation and the electron precipitation of magnetospheric origin. The latter is extremely important for auroral ionosphere chemistry especially in disturbed conditions. In order to maximize the AIM-E timing accuracy when simulating highly variable periods in the course of geomagnetic storms and substorms, we suggest to parameterize the OVATION-Prime empirical precipitation model with the ground-based Polar Cap (PC) index. This gives an advantage to: (1) perform ionospheric simulation with actual input, since PC index reflects the geoeffective solar wind conditions; (2) promptly assess the current geomagnetic situation, since PC index is available in real-time with 1 min resolution. The simulation results of AIM-E with OVATION-Prime (PC) demonstrate a good agreement with the ground-based incoherent scatter radar data (EISCAT UHF, Tromso) and with the vertical sounding data in the Arctic zone during events of intense particle precipitation. The model reproduces well the electron content calculated in vertical column (90–140 km) and critical frequency of sporadic E layer (fOEs) formed by precipitating electrons. The AIM-E (PC) model can be applied to monitor the sporadic E layer in real-time and in the entire high-latitude ionosphere, including the auroral and subauroral zones, which is important for predicting the conditions of radio wave propagation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamics and Chemistry of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Its Response to External Forcing—Observations and Models)
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23 pages, 4880 KiB  
Article
Impacts of UV Irradiance and Medium-Energy Electron Precipitation on the North Atlantic Oscillation during the 11-Year Solar Cycle
by Sigmund Guttu, Yvan Orsolini, Frode Stordal, Odd Helge Otterå, Nour-Eddine Omrani, Nazario Tartaglione, Pekka T. Verronen, Craig J. Rodger and Mark A. Clilverd
Atmosphere 2021, 12(8), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081029 - 11 Aug 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3548
Abstract
Observational studies suggest that part of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) variability may be attributed to the spectral ultra-violet (UV) irradiance variations associated to the 11-year solar cycle. The observed maximum surface pressure response in the North Atlantic occurs 2–4 years after solar [...] Read more.
Observational studies suggest that part of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) variability may be attributed to the spectral ultra-violet (UV) irradiance variations associated to the 11-year solar cycle. The observed maximum surface pressure response in the North Atlantic occurs 2–4 years after solar maximum, and some model studies have identified that atmosphere–ocean feedbacks explain the multi-year lag. Alternatively, medium-to-high energy electron (MEE) precipitation, which peaks in the declining phase of the solar cycle, has been suggested as a potential cause of this lag. We use a coupled (ocean–atmosphere) climate prediction model and a state-of-the-art MEE forcing to explore the respective roles of irradiance and MEE precipitation on the NAO variability. Three decadal ensemble experiments were conducted over solar cycle 23 in an idealized setting. We found a weak ensemble-mean positive NAO response to the irradiance. The simulated signal-to-noise ratio remained very small, indicating the predominance of internal NAO variability. The lack of multi-annual lag in the NAO response was likely due to lagged solar signals imprinted in temperatures below the oceanic mixed-layer re-emerging equatorward of the oceanic frontal zones, which anchor ocean–atmosphere feedbacks. While there is a clear, yet weak, signature from UV irradiance in the atmosphere and upper ocean over the North Atlantic, enhanced MEE precipitation on the other hand does not lead to any systematic changes in the stratospheric circulation, despite its marked chemical signatures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamics and Chemistry of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Its Response to External Forcing—Observations and Models)
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