Recent Insights and Advances in Lightning and Other Thunderstorm-Related Transient Events

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Upper Atmosphere".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 November 2025) | Viewed by 3196

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Italian Space Agency (ASI), I-00133 Rome, Italy
Interests: gamma-ray bursts; lightning; solar flares; remote sensing; terrestrial gamma-ray flashes
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

I would like to invite submissions to this Special Issue on “Recent Insights and Advances in Lightning and Other Thunderstorm-Related Transient Events”.

It is well established that Earth’s atmosphere is an electrically dynamic and ever-changing environment. Lightning discharges in thunderstorms, resulting from charge separation processes and the subsequent electrical breakdown in the atmosphere, which play a fundamental role in balancing the global atmospheric electrical circuit. In recent decades, many advances have been made in our understanding of the physics of lightning, but many open questions still remain unanswered, especially regarding its initiation mechanism and its effects on the surrounding environment.

Nonetheless, thunderstorms have also been pointed out as capable of producing other types of discharges and transient events involving different energetics and durations. These phenomena include sub-millisecond Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs), minute-lasting gamma-ray glows, hour-lasting Thunderstorm Ground Enhancements (TGEs), occasional releases of energetic particles, and upper-atmospheric Transient Luminous Events (TLEs). Recent years have seen an increasing interest in the investigation of these events, with improvements in spaceborne, airborne, and ground-based instrumentation and advances in observation techniques.

The multidisciplinary study of lightning and its associated phenomena can help provide new insights into the behavior of atmospheric electricity, the production of high-energy radiation in extreme environments, and the complex interactions between lightning and the surrounding context.

This Special Issue focuses on collecting recent results and new reviews about the physics of lightning, atmospheric discharges, and other thunderstorm-related transient events, with particular reference to new insights and advances in detection systems and observational campaigns.

Dr. Alessandro Ursi
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • lightning
  • lightning electromagnetics
  • global electric circuit
  • thunderstorms
  • thunderclouds
  • lightning leaders and return strokes
  • energetic radiation from lightning
  • upper-atmospheric electrical discharges
  • transient luminous events
  • terrestrial gamma-ray flashes

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 39011 KB  
Article
Results of the First ESTHER Summer Campaign: Detection of an Intense Positron Burst During a Summer Thunderstorm on Mount Etna
by Alessandro Ursi, Danilo Reitano, Salvatore Rapisarda, Andrea Bulgarelli, Alessio Piergotti, Stefano Dietrich and Enrico Virgilli
Atmosphere 2026, 17(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17010020 - 24 Dec 2025
Viewed by 532
Abstract
We report the results achieved by the Experiment to Study Thunderstorm High-Energy Radiation (ESTHER), a small ground-based project devoted to the investigation of high-energy radiation in thunderstorms, installed on Mt. Etna (Italy), during the first observational campaign of summer 2024. The experimental setup [...] Read more.
We report the results achieved by the Experiment to Study Thunderstorm High-Energy Radiation (ESTHER), a small ground-based project devoted to the investigation of high-energy radiation in thunderstorms, installed on Mt. Etna (Italy), during the first observational campaign of summer 2024. The experimental setup was installed at high altitude, at the Citelli Refuge (1741 m a.s.l.) and at the Etnean Observatory (2818 m a.s.l.), and acquired data for more than 4 months, experiencing 22 days of thunderstorms and recording correlated variations in the gamma-ray background. The most interesting result encountered during these first data takes is the detection of a 6.3 min high-energy event that occurred during an intense thunderstorm, which was recorded at the first installation site, on 22 July 2024. The gamma-ray detection system revealed a high-energy emission consisting of several episodes: an initial weak gamma-ray glowing, a following shallow prolonged emission, and a final intense burst. The last two episodes exhibited a remarkable 511 keV emission, with the last burst releasing more than 12% of its total counts within 511±25 keV and exhibiting a count rate in that energy range five times higher than that typically encountered in the environmental background. We interpret this emission as the possible result of positron annihilation occurring inside the parent thundercloud. Several lightning discharges took place nearby the installation site, with the closest one occurring at less than 500 m from the detectors, just before the onset of the final burst dominated by positron annihilation. Full article
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14 pages, 737 KB  
Article
An Octant-Based Multi-Objective Optimization Approach for Lightning Warning in High-Risk Industrial Areas
by Marcos Antonio Alves, Bruno Alberto Soares Oliveira, Douglas Batista da Silva Ferreira, Ana Paula Paes dos Santos, Osmar Pinto, Jr., Fernando Pimentel Silvestrow, Daniel Calvo and Eugenio Lopes Daher
Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 798; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070798 - 30 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 798
Abstract
Lightning strikes are a major hazard in tropical regions, especially in northern Brazil, where open-area industries such as mining are highly exposed. This study proposes an octant-based multi-objective optimization approach for spatial lightning alert systems, focusing on minimizing both false alarm rate (FAR) [...] Read more.
Lightning strikes are a major hazard in tropical regions, especially in northern Brazil, where open-area industries such as mining are highly exposed. This study proposes an octant-based multi-objective optimization approach for spatial lightning alert systems, focusing on minimizing both false alarm rate (FAR) and failure-to-warn (FTW). The method uses NSGA-III to optimize a configuration vector consisting of directional radii and alert thresholds, based solely on historical lightning location data. Experiments were conducted using four years of cloud-to-ground lightning data from a mining area in Pará, Brazil. Fifteen independent runs were executed, each with 96 individuals and up to 150 generations. The results showed a clear trade-off between FAR and FTW, with optimal solutions achieving up to 16% reduction in FAR and 50% reduction in FTW when compared to a quadrant-based baseline. The use of the hypervolume metric confirmed consistent convergence across runs. Sensitivity analysis revealed spatial patterns in optimal configurations, supporting the use of directional tuning. The proposed approach provides a flexible and interpretable model for risk-based alert strategies, compliant with safety regulations such as NBR 5419/2015 and NR-22. It offers a viable solution for automated alert generation in high-risk environments, especially where detailed meteorological data is unavailable. Full article
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Review

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17 pages, 889 KB  
Review
An Audiovisual Introduction to Streamer Physics
by Christoph Köhn
Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070757 - 20 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1239
Abstract
Streamers are small, thin plasma channels that form the precursors of hot lightning leaders and that are associated with phenomena such as transient luminous events or terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. We provide an easily accessible audiovisual introduction for students and early researchers, serving as [...] Read more.
Streamers are small, thin plasma channels that form the precursors of hot lightning leaders and that are associated with phenomena such as transient luminous events or terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. We provide an easily accessible audiovisual introduction for students and early researchers, serving as a supplement to traditional review papers. This overview contains an introduction to the collision-dominated motion of electrons in an ambient field and an ambient gas, including a discussion of cross-sections and friction force. Based on this, we will discuss electron avalanches before moving to streamers. Here, we will focus on the avalanche-to-streamer transition and present properties and different modeling approaches. Finally, we will discuss streamers in different gas mixtures as well as their relation to lightning and plasma chemistry. The viewer of the supplementary video will receive a first overview of streamer physics. Full article
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