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Advanced Measures for Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 29422

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Prof. Dr. Yoshiyuki Kaneda

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Guest Editor

Institute of Education, Research and Regional Corporation for Crisis Management Shikoku (IECMS), Kagawa University, Takamatsu 760-0016, Kagawa, Japan
Interests: resilient science
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner

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Guest Editor

Professor in Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Interests: tsunami modeling; marine hazard assessment; disaster mitigation science; human resource cultivation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As of 2021, it has been 10 years since the Great East Japan Earthquake.

In March 2011, this earthquake generated destructive damages by causing a large tsunami.

This earthquake is similar to the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake which caused enormous damages around coastal countries in the Indian ocean. Recently, many destructive earthquakes have frequently occurred in Japan, Indonesia, and other countries.

This Special Issue will focus on advanced measures of earthquakes and disaster mitigation.

Advanced measures involve hardware and software of resilience science and include multidisciplinary research.

Resilience science is composed of science, medical science, engineering, sociology, geography, informatics, philosophy, law, administration, art, psychology, etc., but advanced science and technology, including IT/AI, robotics, and data science, are especially important and useful for disaster mitigation.

In earthquake disaster mitigation, new research and technologies for early warning, estimation of building damage and prediction of earthquakes, etc., are required.

In tsunami disaster mitigation, new research and technologies as well as early warning early estimations are required.

Therefore, papers in this Special Issue are requested can cover broad research fields for earthquake mitigation. Interesting and significant papers are welcomed.

Prof. Yoshiyuki Kaneda
Prof. Dr. Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner
Guest Editors

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Keywords

earthquake
tsunami
disaster mitigation
resilience science
multidisciplinary science
IT
AI
robotics
data science

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 4677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Realtime Tsunami Prediction System Using Ocean Floor Network for Local Regions

by Narumi Takahashi and Kentaro Imai

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 1627; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031627 - 3 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3592

Abstract

The ocean floor network system for earthquakes and tsunamis is one of the effective tools for the early detection of large earthquakes on plate boundaries and the tsunamis they generate. The Dense Oceanfloor Network system for Earthquakes and Tsunamis (DONET) was installed in the first rupture areas of the 1944 Tonankai and 1946 Nankai earthquakes. The DONET around the Nankai Trough, a site of huge earthquakes that have caused severe damage, has the potential to detect the genesis of a tsunami. We developed a real-time tsunami prediction system for local communities that takes advantage of the features of DONET, and we have already made it available to several local governments and a commercial company. The outputs of the prediction are the tsunami arrival time, its height, its inundation area, and inundation depth. The system makes real-time monitoring of tsunamis possible. The system should be conceptually applicable to the Nankai Trough area, which has characteristics consistent with the assumptions the system makes about tsunami propagation, crustal activities, and coastal communities. Here, we describe the conceptual basis of the system, the features used to ensure the accuracy of predictions, and the policies used to develop and implement them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Measures for Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation)

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28 pages, 4302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing Community Disaster Resilience in the Lembang Fault Area, Indonesia: Lessons Learned from Japanese Experience

by Rizqi Abdulharis, Alfita Puspa Handayani, Chikako Isouchi and Irwan Meilano

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 1271; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031271 - 25 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3990

Abstract

Having experienced large-scale disasters between 2004 and 2006, the fatalities due to large-scale disasters in 2018 in Indonesia were still high. In contrast, community disaster resilience (CDR) and disaster risk management (DRM) in Japan have been continuously improved. Thus, there is a need to develop CDR for supporting DRM in Indonesia by learning from the Japanese experience, particularly in a disaster-prone area without large-scale disaster experience. This research was a pilot project on the development of CDR in Indonesia. The case study was Lembang Fault area, which is a geologic hazard-prone area. People’s perception was collected using structured interviews, while demographic and local economic data were acquired from official statistical publications. Satellite images were utilized to acquire the imageries of natural and built environment, as well as land use/land cover and its changes, between 2019 and 2021. Based on CDR assessment in the Lembang Fault area, the levels of people’s participation and capacity on DRM were low. This may be caused by the low level of training and education, linking of social capital and past disaster experience, as well as the inability of the people to interpret the symbols in indigenous knowledge. Moreover, government interventions on DRM and land administration are required to develop CDR in the Lembang Fault area. Organized community development is expected rather than to solely involve universities and NGOs. Furthermore, strategies to develop economic resilience are needed to allow the community to bounce back from future disaster. Finally, baseline data should be collected and managed to develop DRM strategy and CDR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Measures for Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation)

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18 pages, 11359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Practical Evaluation Method for Tsunami Debris and Its Accumulation

by Kentaro Imai, Takashi Hashimoto, Yuta Mitobe, Tatsuo Masuta, Narumi Takahashi and Ryoko Obayashi

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(2), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12020858 - 14 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2340

Abstract

Tsunami-related fires may occur in the inundation area during a huge tsunami disaster, and woody debris produced by the tsunami can cause the fires to spread. To establish a practical method for evaluating tsunami-related fire predictions, we previously developed a method for evaluating the tsunami debris thickness distribution that uses tsunami computation results and static parameters for tsunami numerical analysis. We then used this evaluation method to successfully reproduce the tsunami debris accumulation trend. We then developed an empirical building fragility function that relates the production of debris not only to inundation depth but also to the topographic gradient and the proportion of robust buildings. Using these empirical evaluation models, along with conventional tsunami numerical analysis data, we carried out a practical tsunami debris prediction for Owase City, Mie Prefecture, a potential disaster area for a Nankai Trough mega-earthquake. This prediction analysis method can reveal hazards which go undetected by a conventional tsunami inundation analysis. These results indicate that it is insufficient to characterize the tsunami hazard by inundation area and inundation depth alone when predicting the hazard of a huge tsunami; moreover, more practically, it is necessary to predict the hazard based on the effect of tsunami debris. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Measures for Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation)

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13 pages, 6479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Source Characteristics of the M_w6.4, 2016 Meinong Taiwan Earthquake from Teleseismic Data Using the Hybrid Homomorphic Deconvolution Method

by Boi-Yee Liao, Huey-Chu Huang and Sen Xie

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010494 - 4 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2208

Abstract

The kinematic source rupture process of the 2016 Meinong earthquake (M_w = 6.4) in Taiwan was derived from apparent source time functions retrieved from teleseismic S-waves by using a refined homomorphic deconvolution method. The total duration of the rupture process was approximately 15 s, and one slip-concentrated area can be represented as the source model based on images representing static slip distribution. The rupture process began in a down-dip direction from the fault toward Tainan City, strongly suggesting that the rupture had a unilateral northwestern direction. The asperity with an area of approximately 15 × 15 km² and the maximum slip of approximately 2 m were centered 12.8 km northwest of the hypocenter. Coseismic vertical deformation was calculated based on the source model. Compared with the results derived from InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) data, our results demonstrated that the location with maximum uplift was accurately well detected, but our maximum value was just approximately 0.4 times of the InSAR-derived value. It reveals that there are the other mechanisms to affect the vertical deformation, rather than only depending on the source model. At different depths, areas west, east, and north of the hypocenter maintained high values of Coulomb stress changes. This explains the mechanism behind aftershocks being triggered and provides a reference for predicting aftershock locations after a large earthquake. The estimated seismic spectral intensities, including spectral acceleration and velocity intensity (SIa and SIv), were derived. Source directivity effects caused damage to buildings, and we concluded that all damaged buildings were located within a SIa value of 400 gal. Destroyed buildings taller than seven floors were located in an area with a SIv value of 30 cm/s. These observations agree with those on damages caused by the 2010 Jiasian earthquake (ML 6.4) in Tainan, Taiwan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Measures for Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation)

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20 pages, 6584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Estimation of Earthquake Magnitude and Source Parameters Using Genetic Algorithms

by Astri Novianty, Irwan Meilano, Carmadi Machbub, Sri Widiyantoro and Susilo Susilo

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 11852; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411852 - 13 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3844

Abstract

To minimize the impacts of large losses and optimize the emergency response when a large earthquake occurs, an accurate early warning of an earthquake or tsunami is crucial. One important parameter that can provide an accurate early warning is the earthquake’s magnitude. This study proposes a method for estimating the magnitude, and some of the source parameters, of an earthquake using genetic algorithms (GAs). In this study, GAs were used to perform an inversion of Okada’s model from earthquake displacement data. In the first stage of the experiment, the GA was used to inverse the displacement calculated from the forward calculation in Okada’s model. The best performance of the GA was obtained by tuning the hyperparameters to obtain the most functional configuration. In the second stage, the inversion method was tested on GPS time series data from the 2011 Tohoku Oki earthquake. The earthquake’s displacement was first estimated from GPS time series data using a detection and estimation formula from previous research to calculate the permanent displacement value. The proposed method can estimate an earthquake’s magnitude and four source parameters (i.e., length, width, rake, and slip) close to the real values with reasonable accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Measures for Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation)

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14 pages, 1013 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eigenstate Transition of Multi-Channel Time Series Data around Earthquakes

by Akihisa Okada and Yoshiyuki Kaneda

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11407; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311407 - 2 Dec 2021

Viewed by 1592

Abstract

To decrease human and economic damage owing to earthquakes, it is necessary to discover signals preceding earthquakes. We focus on the concept of “early warning signals” developed in bifurcation analysis, in which an increase in the variances of variables precedes its transition. If we can treat earthquakes as one of the transition phenomena that moves from one state to the other state, this concept is useful for detecting earthquakes before they start. We develop a covariance matrix from multi-channel time series data observed by an observatory on the seafloor and calculate the first eigenvalue and corresponding eigenstate of the matrix. By comparing the time dependence of the eigenstate to some past earthquakes, it is shown that the contribution from specific observational channels to the eigenstate increases before earthquakes, and there is a case in which the eigenvalue increases as predicted in early warning signals. This result suggests the first eigenvalue and eigenstate of multi-channel data are useful to identify signals preceding earthquakes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Measures for Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation)

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15 pages, 4207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and Photogrammetric Technic for 3D Tsunamis Safety Modeling in Cilacap, Indonesia

by Muhammad Yudhi Rezaldi, Ambar Yoganingrum, Nuraini Rahma Hanifa, Yoshiyuki Kaneda, Siti Kania Kushadiani, Abdurrakhman Prasetyadi, Budi Nugroho and Agus Men Riyanto

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11310; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311310 - 29 Nov 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3421

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) modeling of tsunami events is intended to promote tsunami safety. However, the developed 3D modeling methods based on Computational Fluid Dynamics and photorealistic particle visualization have some weaknesses, such as not being similar to the original environment, not measuring the wave’s end point, and low image accuracy. The method for 3D modeling of tsunamis that results from this research can fulfil those weaknesses because it has advantages, such as being able to predict the end point of waves, similar to the original environment, and the height and area of inundation. In addition, the method produces more detailed and sharper spatial data. Modeling in this research is conducted using Agisoft Metashape Professional software to a produce 3D orthomosaic from pictures taken with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technique or drone (photogrammetry), and 3ds max software is used for wave simulation. We take a sample of an area in Cilacap, Indonesia that was impacted by the 2006 southwest coast tsunamis and may be vulnerable to future big megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis. The results could be used to provide several benefits, such as the creation of evacuation routes and the determination of appropriate locations for building shelters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Measures for Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation)

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22 pages, 3221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

KOERI’s Tsunami Warning System in the Eastern Mediterranean and Its Connected Seas: A Decade of Achievements and Challenges

by Öcal Necmioğlu, Fatih Turhan, Ceren Özer Sözdinler, Mehmet Yılmazer, Yavuz Güneş, Musavver Didem Cambaz, Selda Altuncu Poyraz, Tuğçe Ergün, Doğan Kalafat and Haluk Özener

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11247; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311247 - 26 Nov 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4897

Abstract

A tsunami warning system providing services in the Eastern Mediterranean, Aegean, Marmara and Black Seas under the UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)—Intergovernmental Coordination Group (ICG) for the Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System in the North-Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and Connected Seas (NEAMTWS) framework was established in Turkey by the Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI) (Özel et al., 2011). KOERI’s Regional Earthquake and Tsunami Monitoring Center (RETMC) was established on the foundations of the legacy KOERI National Earthquake Monitoring Center (NEMC) by adding observation, analysis and operational capability related to tsunami early warnings after an extensive preparatory period during 2009 and 2011. The center initiated its test-mode 7/24 operational status as a national tsunami warning center in 2011, and after a one year period it became operational as a candidate tsunami warning center for NEAMTWS on 1 July 2012, together with CENALT (Centre d’Alerte aux Tsunamis—France) and followed by the NOA (National Observatory of Athens—Greece) on 28 August 2012, INGV (Instituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia—Italy) on 1 October 2014 and IPMA (Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera—Portugal) on 1 February 2018, completing full coverage of the tsunami-prone regions monitored by NEAMTWS. In this paper, an overview of the progress and continuous improvement of KOERI’s tsunami early warning system will be presented, together with lessons learned from important tsunamigenic events, such as the 20 July 2017 Bodrum–Kos Mw 6.6 and 30 October 2020 Samos–Izmir Mw 6.9 earthquakes. Gaps preventing the completion of an effective tsunami warning cycle and areas for future improvement are also addressed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Measures for Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation)

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21 pages, 14002 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Strong Ground Motion with Identical Response Spectra and Different Duration on Pile Support Mechanism and Seismic Resistance of Spherical Gas Holders on Soft Ground

by Mio Kobayashi, Toshihiro Noda, Kentaro Nakai, Toshihiro Takaine and Akira Asaoka

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11152; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311152 - 24 Nov 2021

Viewed by 1809

Abstract

Safety measures are required for spherical gas holders to prevent them from malfunctioning even after a large earthquake. In this study, considering the strong nonlinearity of the ground and damage to the pile during an earthquake, a three-dimensional seismic response analysis of the holder–pile–ground interaction system was conducted for an actual gas holder on the soft ground consisting of alternating layers of sand and clay. In the analysis, the seismic response of the structure to strong ground motions of different durations with the same acceleration response spectrum was verified. The results show that the piles were relatively effective in controlling the settlement when the duration of the earthquake motion was long. This is because the axial force acting on the pile increased due to the redistribution of the holder load caused by the lowering of the effective confining pressure of the sand and clay layers during the earthquake, which increased the bearing capacity of the pile. In contrast, when the duration of the seismic motion was short, the piles had little effect on the reduction in the settlement because the maximum acceleration was higher than that in the former case, and the piles immediately lost their support function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Measures for Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation)

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