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Asphalt Materials II
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Asphalt Materials II

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 50944

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Cesare Oliviero Rossi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
Interests: green road and construction materials and technologies; physical chemistry characterization and modification; surfactant self-assembly; biodegradable surface-active molecules of bitumen
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Bagdat Teltayev

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Kazakhstan Highway Research Institute, Nurpeisova Str., 2A, Almaty 050061, Kazakhstan
Interests: asphalt materials; civil engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

After the success of the previous Special Issue concerning the chemistry of bitumen and the asphalt, we desire to continue in this direction in order to evidence and highlight the interesting research in this field. The world needs our know-how regarding bitumen and asphalt: chemistry, engineering, modeling, and all else that concerns this topic.    

In the last few years, the standards imposed by companies operating in road construction have become higher and higher; consequently, the need for increasingly high performance and wear-resistant pavements has pushed research to explore new materials.

In every part of the world, new roads or pavement maintenance works are carried out.

New asphalt materials have to provide solutions for today's requirements, such as durability, reduction of emissions, high performances, and energy consumption.

Life span and sustainability are very important for the paving industry.

For the purpose of improving the qualitative properties of bitumen and asphalt, additives are applied, e.g., to increase elasticity, improve heat stability, improve adhesion to aggregates, decrease viscosity, increase resistance to aging, and prevent binder drainage from the aggregate surface.

The aim of this Special Issue is to attract world-leading researchers in the area of bitumen and asphalt materials in an effort to highlight the latest exciting developments, discuss the underlying properties of various investigated materials, and promote concrete applications.

This Special Issue is going to serve as an information source on material characterization, theoretical aspects, and experimental techniques for asphalt and modified asphalt binder properties; modeling of pavement materials; testing and investigation of binders; and new techniques for material modification.

We would like to extend our sincere gratitude and appreciation to all authors.

Prof. Dr. Cesare Oliviero Rossi
Prof. Dr. Bagdat Teltayev
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Asphalt
  • Bitumen
  • Advanced binder
  • Additives
  • Road materials
  • Materials modeling
  • Advanced techniques
  • Road data collection

Published Papers (19 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 6724 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Testing Method Effects on Cracking Resistance of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures
by Dayong Yang, Hamid Reza Karimi and Mohammad Reza Mohammad Aliha
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 5094; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115094 - 31 May 2021
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 3920
Abstract
As an inherent characteristic of materials, the fracture toughness is an important parameter to study the cracking behavior of asphalt concrete mixtures. Although material compositions and environmental conditions have a significant effect on the fracture toughness, for a certain material and testing environment, [...] Read more.
As an inherent characteristic of materials, the fracture toughness is an important parameter to study the cracking behavior of asphalt concrete mixtures. Although material compositions and environmental conditions have a significant effect on the fracture toughness, for a certain material and testing environment, the test condition including the specimen configuration and loading type may also affect the obtained fracture toughness. In this paper, the effect of specimen configuration and applied loading type on the measured pure mode-I fracture toughness (KIc) is investigated. In order to achieve this purpose, using a typical asphalt mixture, four different test specimens including Semi-Circular Bend (SCB), Edge Notch Disc Bend (ENDB), Single Edge Notch Beam (SENB) and Edge Notch Diametral Compression (ENDC) disc are tested under pure mode I. The mentioned specimens have different shapes (i.e., full disc, semi-disc and rectangular beam) and are loaded either with symmetric three-point bending or diametral compressive force. The tests were performed at two low temperatures (−5 °C and −25 °C) and it was observed that the critical mode-I fracture toughness (KIc) was changed slightly (up to 10%) by changing the shape of the test specimen (i.e., disc and beam). This reveals that the fracture toughness is not significantly dependent on the shape of the test specimen. However, the type of applied loading has a significant influence on the determined mode I fracture toughness such that the fracture toughness determined by the disc shape specimen loaded by diametral compression (i.e., ENDC) is about 25% less than the KIc value with the same geometry but loaded with the three-point bending (i.e., ENDB) specimen. In addition, the fracture toughness values of all tested samples were increased linearly by decreasing the test temperature such that the fracture toughness ratio (KIc (@−25 °C)/KIc (@−5 °C)) was nearly constant for the ENDB, ENDC, SCB and SENB samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Materials II)
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10 pages, 1296 KiB  
Article
Stability of Bituminous Emulsion Induced by Waste Based Bio-Surfactant
by Michele Porto, Paolino Caputo, Abraham A. Abe, Valeria Loise and Cesare Oliviero Rossi
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(7), 3280; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11073280 - 6 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2514
Abstract
In the asphalt industry, bituminous emulsions are widely used in road pavement operations and in building/construction processes such as cold mix asphalt and waterproofing processes, respectively. A very important fact to keep in mind is that not all types of bitumen are suitable [...] Read more.
In the asphalt industry, bituminous emulsions are widely used in road pavement operations and in building/construction processes such as cold mix asphalt and waterproofing processes, respectively. A very important fact to keep in mind is that not all types of bitumen are suitable for the realization of bituminous emulsions. This is largely due to the variation in their chemical nature and the different cracking processes carried out on the bitumen during the fractional distillation process in the petroleum industry. The objective of this study is to identify the underlying causes of the non-emulsionability of bitumen using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Dynamic Shear Rheology (DSR) analysis. NMR analysis aims at identifying the fundamental chemical components that are responsible for the emulsionability of the bitumen binder and how important their role is in this phenomenon. On the other hand, the DSR analysis is aimed at determining if the rheological (viscoelastic) behavior of bitumen is implicated in its emulsionability. The indications gotten from the data produced by these techniques, enable us as soon as the analyzed bitumen is deemed non-emulsionable to identify what type of additive can be used to modify the bitumen and alleviate its non-emulsionability until a point where its chemical components become ideal for the realization of bituminous emulsions. In this research work, a model bitumen (labelled as Cimar) which is known for its excellently high emulsionability in the production of anionic bituminous emulsions was used as the reference sample. Two bitumens (labelled as Adriatica and Alma) which from preliminary testing were deemed non-emulsionable were alongside the additives selected and subjected to the aforementioned techniques for analysis on their emulsionability. The NMR data obtained allowed the identification of the chemical nature of the components of the analyzed bitumens and the design of the right additive which improves the bitumen and makes it suitable for the preparation of emulsions. In addition to these, a largely uncommon however effective method of acid number determination of bitumen gave indications on an underlying factor which largely influences the emulsionability of bitumen. An aliphatic and an aromatic surfactant were identified thanks to the spectroscopic findings in this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Materials II)
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15 pages, 3547 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on Physical and Rheological Properties of Trinidad Lake Asphalt Modified Binder
by Krzysztof Kołodziej, Lesław Bichajło and Tomasz Siwowski
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(6), 2796; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062796 - 21 Mar 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1703
Abstract
Mastic asphalt (MA) has been recognized as one of the most deformation-resistant and thus durable materials for bridge pavement. The performance properties of MA are highly dependent on the physical and rheological properties of the binder applied in the MA mixture. To modify [...] Read more.
Mastic asphalt (MA) has been recognized as one of the most deformation-resistant and thus durable materials for bridge pavement. The performance properties of MA are highly dependent on the physical and rheological properties of the binder applied in the MA mixture. To modify the binder properties to obtain the expected performance of the MA mixture, Trinidad Lake Asphalt (TLA) is often applied. In this study, the TLA-modified binders to be used in mastic asphalt bridge pavement systems were evaluated to develop the optimum material combination using conventional and performance-related testing. Physical and rheological tests were carried out on TLA-modified binders with the different modifier content in the range of 10–50% on a weight basis. The tests revealed that the TLA modifier addition to the 35/50 base bitumen should be close to the value of 20%. Higher concentrations of TLA may make the binder very stiff and could induce low-temperature cracks in mastic asphalt. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Materials II)
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15 pages, 2890 KiB  
Article
Laboratory Evaluation of Asphalt Mixture Performance Using Composite Admixtures of Lignin and Glass Fibers
by Ahmed Khater, Dong Luo, Moustafa Abdelsalam, Yanchao Yue, Yueqin Hou and Mohamed Ghazy
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(1), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010364 - 1 Jan 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3280
Abstract
Moisture damage and low-temperature cracking are common distresses experienced by road pavement. Different types of modifiers, such as fibers, can be used to improve the quality of asphalt pavements. In this paper, lignin and glass fiber were selected as additives to enhance the [...] Read more.
Moisture damage and low-temperature cracking are common distresses experienced by road pavement. Different types of modifiers, such as fibers, can be used to improve the quality of asphalt pavements. In this paper, lignin and glass fiber were selected as additives to enhance the water- and low-temperature stability of the asphalt mixtures. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the composite effects of adding lignin fiber and glass fiber to a bituminous mix using experimental methods. The Marshall immersion, freeze–thaw splitting, and three-point bending tests were applied to evaluate the efficiency of lignin fiber (and/or) glass fiber modified asphalt mixes with regard to moisture damage and low temperature. Four kinds of asphalt mixtures, namely, the control asphalt mix (C), lignin fiber modified asphalt mix (L), glass fiber modified asphalt mix (G), and a composite of lignin fiber and glass fiber modified asphalt mix (LG) were evaluated. The experimental results showed that with the addition of 0.30% lignin fiber and 0.30% glass fiber the water stability, low-temperature stability, and quality of bituminous mix were improved significantly. With lignin fiber, the asphalt mixtures showed better resistance to thermal cracking, while glass fiber resulted in greater moisture susceptibility. The composite admixture was more effective than either lignin or glass fiber in modifying the asphalt performance. This clarifies the great beneficial effect of using the composite mixture in the asphalt mixtures industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Materials II)
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13 pages, 7195 KiB  
Article
Performance Evaluation of Fiber-Reinforced, Stress Relief Asphalt Layers to Suppress Reflective Cracks
by Cheolmin Baek
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7701; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217701 - 30 Oct 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2308
Abstract
In this study, the performance of the fiber-reinforced, stress-absorbing membrane interlayer (F-SAMI) method was evaluated to suppress reflective cracks, which usually occur when the overlay method is applied for the maintenance of existing aged pavement. The F-SAMI method has an effect of suppressing [...] Read more.
In this study, the performance of the fiber-reinforced, stress-absorbing membrane interlayer (F-SAMI) method was evaluated to suppress reflective cracks, which usually occur when the overlay method is applied for the maintenance of existing aged pavement. The F-SAMI method has an effect of suppressing the occurrence of reflective cracks by constructing a material composed of emulsified asphalt, fibers, and aggregates between the surface layer and the base layer. The mechanical performance of the F-SAMI was evaluated through both small-scale (model mobile load simulator 3, or MMLS3) and large-scale (accelerated pavement testing, or APT) pavement acceleration tests on the specimen and pavement structures, respectively, with the F-SAMI layer applied between the surface layer and the base layer. In this study, the base layer was made with an asphalt mixture or a concrete mixture, and the surface layer was made with polymer-modified stone mastic asphalt (PSMA). Evaluation was conducted by applying four types of F-SAMI layer, according to the content of asphalt and aggregate and compared with the case where general tack coating was applied. In order to induce the occurrence of reflective cracks, a notch was made in the center of the base layer. As a result of the experiment, it was shown that regardless of the mixture type of the base layer, the specimen or pavement with the F-SAMI method was much more resistant to reflective cracking than those with the tack coating. In addition, it was found that the F-SAMI method with aggregates was more resistant to reflective cracks than that without aggregates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Materials II)
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0 pages, 5349 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Addition of Antioxidant 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-quinoline on Characteristics of Crepe Rubber Modified Asphalt in Short Term Aging and Long Term Aging Conditions
by Bahruddin Ibrahim, Arya Wiranata and Alfian Malik
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7236; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207236 - 16 Oct 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2771
Abstract
The use of natural rubber to resist bitumen is usually prone to degradation and aging. One method to overcome this problem is the addition of antioxidants. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of antioxidants 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-quinoline (TMQ) on natural rubber [...] Read more.
The use of natural rubber to resist bitumen is usually prone to degradation and aging. One method to overcome this problem is the addition of antioxidants. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of antioxidants 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-quinoline (TMQ) on natural rubber modified asphalt crepe rubber and its performance in short-term and long-term aging conditions. The modified rubber asphalt mixture’s manufacture begins by melting the crepe rubber at 200 °C before being mixed in asphalt at 165 °C. Addition of antioxidant TMQ during the stirring process of the mixture of asphalt and melted rubber. The crepe rubber content was 8, 10, and 12% w/w, while the TMQ content was 1, 2, and 3% w/w of the total sample weight. The modified asphalt samples’ characterization included penetration, softening point, weight loss after a rolling thin film oven test (RTFOT), penetration after RTFOT, and Marshall test. Review of the performance of asphalt under short-term aging conditions using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). Evaluation of asphalt performance under long-term aging conditions using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the fact that the best-modified asphalt product was the addition of 10% crepe rubber and 2% TMQ. The best-modified asphalt characteristics have penetration 68.70 dmm, softening point 55.45 °C, weight loss only 0.0579%, penetration after RTFOT 59.60, Marshall stability 1403.96 kg with optimum asphalt content of 5.50%, and rutting factor (G*/Sinδ) 6.91 kPa and 16.1 kPa before and after RTFOT. Overall, the modified crepe rubber asphalt can improve the performance of the asphalt in terms of durability. Simultaneously, the antioxidant TMQ works very well in increasing the resistance of bitumen to aging in the conditions of short-term aging and long-term aging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Materials II)
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12 pages, 2505 KiB  
Article
Novel Gradation Design of Porous Asphalt Concrete with Balanced Functional and Structural Performances
by Xiang Ma, Hao Wang and Peisheng Zhou
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7019; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207019 - 9 Oct 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1776
Abstract
To improve the permeability of porous asphalt concrete (PAC) with a small nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS) of 10 mm (PAC10), a novel gradation design by excluding the 0.075–3 mm aggregate was developed. This study aims to evaluate the functional and structural performances [...] Read more.
To improve the permeability of porous asphalt concrete (PAC) with a small nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS) of 10 mm (PAC10), a novel gradation design by excluding the 0.075–3 mm aggregate was developed. This study aims to evaluate the functional and structural performances of the novel PAC10 with various mineral filler contents, using the conventional PAC10 and 13 mm NMAS PAC (PAC13) as reference, and develop the optimum gradation of the novel PAC10. The performance properties evaluated include moisture susceptibility, durability, high-temperature stability, low-temperature cracking resistance and permeability. The results indicated that for the two conventional PACs with the same fine aggregate and mineral filler content, PAC10 had worse permeability and rutting resistance, similar moisture susceptibility and durability, and better low-temperature cracking resistance, compared with the PAC13. The novel PAC10 showed better permeability than the conventional PAC10. With the increase of the mineral filler content, the structural performance of the novel PAC10 is improved, but its permeability is decreased. With a mineral filler content of 6%, the novel PAC10 can have balanced functional and structural performances, which are equivalent to those of the conventional PAC13. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Materials II)
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15 pages, 4081 KiB  
Article
Laboratory Study on the Performance of Asphalt Mixes Modified with a Novel Composite of Diatomite Powder and Lignin Fiber
by Moustafa Abdelsalam, Yanchao Yue, Ahmed Khater, Dong Luo, Josephine Musanyufu and Xiaoli Qin
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(16), 5517; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165517 - 10 Aug 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2345
Abstract
The performance and the fundamental weaknesses of asphalt mix under environmental temperature and water effects have made researchers try to modify the asphalt mix properties by using the proper additives. For this reason, this paper aims to improve the anti-cracking performance and water [...] Read more.
The performance and the fundamental weaknesses of asphalt mix under environmental temperature and water effects have made researchers try to modify the asphalt mix properties by using the proper additives. For this reason, this paper aims to improve the anti-cracking performance and water stability of asphalt pavement by adding a novel composite of diatomite and lignin fiber in asphalt mixes. Four types of asphalt mixes, including control asphalt mix (CAM), diatomite modified asphalt mix (DMAM), lignin fiber modified asphalt mix (LFMAM), and diatomite-lignin fiber composite modified asphalt mix (DLFMAM) were prepared in the laboratory. Low-temperature bending test, Marshall Immersion test, and freeze-thaw splitting test were employed to evaluate the performance of the asphalt mixes. Results reveal that the use of the lignin fiber in reinforced asphalt mixes combined with diatomite led to an enhancement in the asphalt pavement performance more than the other three types of mixes. Diatomite has an important influence on the water damage resistance of asphalt mix more than lignin fiber. On the other hand, diatomite has a small effect on the anti-cracking performance; meanwhile, lignin fiber showed a significant improvement in the cracking resistance of asphalt mixes. DLFMAM has the best traveling performances among all asphalt mixes. Thus, this work provides a good reference for the design of composite asphalt mixes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Materials II)
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14 pages, 2073 KiB  
Article
NMR Diffusiometry Spectroscopy, a Novel Technique for Monitoring the Micro-Modifications in Bitumen Ageing
by Paolino Caputo, Dlshad Shaikhah, Michele Porto, Valeria Loise, Maria Penelope De Santo and Cesare Oliviero Rossi
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(16), 5409; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165409 - 5 Aug 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2387
Abstract
In the past three decades, several conventional methods have been employed for characterizing the bitumen ageing phenomenon, such as rheological testing, ultraviolet testing, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), gas chromatography (GC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray scattering, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Nevertheless, [...] Read more.
In the past three decades, several conventional methods have been employed for characterizing the bitumen ageing phenomenon, such as rheological testing, ultraviolet testing, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), gas chromatography (GC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray scattering, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Nevertheless, these techniques can provide only limited observations of the structural micro-modifications occurring during bitumen ageing. In this study, Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance self-diffusion coefficient (FT-NMR-SDC) spectroscopy, as a novel method, was employed to investigate and compare the microstructural changes between virgin bitumen (pristine bitumen) and aged bitumen. The virgin bitumen was aged artificially using two standard ageing tests: Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test (RTFOT) and Pressure Ageing Vessel (PAV). For a comprehensive comparison and an assessment of the validity of this method, the generated samples were studied using various methods: rheological test, atomic force microscopy, and optical microscopy. Significant differences were obtained between the structure and ageing patterns of virgin and aged bitumen. The results indicate that the modification of maltenes to asphaltenes is responsible for the ageing character. When compared with the other methods’ findings, FT-NMR-SDC observations confirm that the asphaltene content increases during ageing processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Materials II)
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13 pages, 9146 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Using Natural Fillers to Improve Moisture Damage Resistance and the Use of Pull-Off Tensile Test in Determining Moisture Damage Resistance in Asphalt Mixture
by Kroekphon Rachabut and Preeda Chaturabong
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(12), 4318; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10124318 - 23 Jun 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2809
Abstract
Moisture is one of the critical failures affecting asphalt pavement. It has been recently found that moisture created by rainwater and undrained water deteriorate the bonding interface between asphalt mastic and aggregate. Using different mineral fillers can lead to different moisture resistance in [...] Read more.
Moisture is one of the critical failures affecting asphalt pavement. It has been recently found that moisture created by rainwater and undrained water deteriorate the bonding interface between asphalt mastic and aggregate. Using different mineral fillers can lead to different moisture resistance in the same mix design. Nowadays, waste natural materials allow agriculturists to receive more income by recycling in many industries. In this study, the researchers adopted bagasse and coconut peat grinding into very fine particle passing through the sieve number 200 (0.075 mm) to replace the mineral fillers. Although the indirect tensile strength (ITS) test is commonly used for evaluating the moisture damage resistance of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) in a laboratory, there are some shortcomings in using this test, such as costly, heavy and indirect equipment. Another potential test that is likely to be more advantageous than the ITS test for evaluating the moisture damage resistance is the pull-off tensile strength (POTS) test. However, it is typically measured on a concrete surface, and no results using an asphalt mixture have been reported. The objectives in this study were to investigate the effects of waste natural fillers in asphalt mixture on adhesive bonding caused by moisture, and to determine whether the POTS test is a potential method in measuring moisture damage resistance in a laboratory. Results showed that the tensile strength ratios (TSR) of asphalt mixture with bagasse and coconut peat fillers are approximately equivalent to those with mineral fillers. Results also showed that asphalt mixtures with bagasse and coconut peat fillers can effectively prevent the moisture damage resistance. In addition, with the preliminary result, it was found that the POTS test showed a very good R square (R2) for a relation of TSR with the ITS test. As a result, the POTS can be a valid tool of quantifying moisture damage resistance with better simulating to field behavior, lower cost of equipment, and light weight. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Materials II)
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16 pages, 4763 KiB  
Article
Multi-Scale Rheo-Mechanical Study of SMA Mixtures Containing Fine Crumb Rubber in a New Dry-Hybrid Technology
by Francesco Mazzotta, Piergiorgio Tataranni, Andrea Simone, Daniele Fornai, Gordon Airey and Cesare Sangiorgi
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(11), 3887; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10113887 - 3 Jun 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2192
Abstract
Aiming to study the rheo-mechanical effects of fine crumb rubber into gap graded stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixtures, a multi-scale experimental approach was adopted. Therefore, in the perspective of the reuse of end of life tires’ in asphalt layers, the adopted new dry-hybrid [...] Read more.
Aiming to study the rheo-mechanical effects of fine crumb rubber into gap graded stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixtures, a multi-scale experimental approach was adopted. Therefore, in the perspective of the reuse of end of life tires’ in asphalt layers, the adopted new dry-hybrid technology effects have been investigated from the mastic, mortar and mixture points of view. The new rubberized asphalt production technology allows the use of rubber powder as filler, the rubber amount optimization being validated through multi-scale performance tests. Mastics and mortars’ complex modulus measured with dynamic shear and torsional tests were related to the mixture stiffness modulus recorded in direct tension-compression mode. The rheological properties of mastic are strictly influenced by the rubber presence, and consequently the asphalt mixtures stiffness and thermo-sensitivity are connected to the mastic and mortar rheo-mechanical behavior. Results are consistent through the adopted approach and reveal that with the new dry-hybrid technology, overcoming the wet and dry limits, it seems to be possible obtaining more durable and eco-friendly bituminous pavement layers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Materials II)
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12 pages, 2854 KiB  
Article
A Creep Model of Asphalt Mixture Based on Variable Order Fractional Derivative
by Wenbo Luo, Bo Li, Yongjun Zhang, Boyuan Yin and Jingling Dai
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(11), 3862; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10113862 - 2 Jun 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2600
Abstract
In order to quantitatively describe the time-varying mechanical properties of asphalt mixture during creep process, a nonlinear viscoelastoplastic creep model was proposed, by using variable-order fractional calculus. The differential order of the variable-order fractional element of the model is no longer constant, but [...] Read more.
In order to quantitatively describe the time-varying mechanical properties of asphalt mixture during creep process, a nonlinear viscoelastoplastic creep model was proposed, by using variable-order fractional calculus. The differential order of the variable-order fractional element of the model is no longer constant, but a variable that changes with time, which reflects the changes of the mechanical properties of the material during the creep process. Whereas the tertiary creep phase is modeled by the viscoplastic element with time-varying viscosity, which is attributed to damage evolution. The uniaxial creep compression tests of AC-13C asphalt mixture under different stress levels (0.7 MPa, 0.9 MPa, 1.1 MPa, 1.3 MPa, 1.5 MPa, 1.7 MPa) were carried out with MTS-809 testing machine at 25 °C, and the test results were analyzed by the model using Levenberg–Marquardt optimization algorithm. It is shown that creep damage occurs when the applied stress exceeds a certain critical value, and the damage incubation time depends on the applied stress level. The higher stress decreases the damage incubation time. The model is in good agreement with the experimental results, and is applicable to describe the entire creep process, which consists of primary, steady and tertiary stages. Moreover, the variation of the model parameter can describe the change of viscoelastic properties of the material during the creep process. The differential order of the variable-order fractional element is constant during the primary creep stage, indicating that the creep behavior of the asphalt mixture is linear viscoelastic in small strain range. For the same stress level, the fractional order of the steady creep stage is greater than that of the primary creep stage, and it increases with the increasing stress level, which shows that the viscous behavior in the steady creep is more remarkable than that in the primary creep, and the higher the stress level, the more prominent the viscous performance exhibits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Materials II)
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14 pages, 2430 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Temperature Distribution for Previous Cement Concrete Pavement with Asphalt Overlay
by Lijuan Zhang, Jianwu Huang and Peilong Li
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(11), 3697; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10113697 - 27 May 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1701
Abstract
In this study, the temperature distribution of a pavement was predicted by developing an analytic algorithm. The Laplace and inverse Laplace transform techniques and Gaussian quadratic formula were applied to a pavement system of an asphalt overlay placed over an existing concrete pavement. [...] Read more.
In this study, the temperature distribution of a pavement was predicted by developing an analytic algorithm. The Laplace and inverse Laplace transform techniques and Gaussian quadratic formula were applied to a pavement system of an asphalt overlay placed over an existing concrete pavement. The temperature distribution of the previous cement concrete pavement with an asphalt overlay can be estimated with the proposed analytical method regardless of the depth and time. To conduct the method, the layer thicknesses, material thermal properties and climatic factors (including air temperature, wind velocity and solar radiation) were firstly input. Then, a discrete least-squares approximation of the interpolatory trigonometric polynomials was used to fit some specific measured climatic factors considered in the surface boundary condition, i.e., the measured solar radiation intensity and air temperature. The pavement surface convection coefficient can be approximately calculated by the wind speed. The temperature solutions are validated with the measured pavement temperature data of two different periods of a whole year (summer and winter). The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of the developed analytical approach to predict the temperature distribution of the existing cement concrete pavement with an asphalt overlay in different weather conditions with acceptable accuracy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Materials II)
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15 pages, 3279 KiB  
Article
Performance and Mechanism of Asphalt Modified by Buton-Rock Asphalt and Different Types of Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber
by Fangting Qu, Songtao Lv, Junfeng Gao and Chaochao Liu
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(9), 3077; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093077 - 28 Apr 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3650
Abstract
In this paper, two types of Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber (SBR) were adopted to modify the Buton-rock asphalt (BRA) modified asphalt, aiming to select a binder with excellent comprehensive performances. Powder SBR and latex SBR (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%), were mixed with the 15 [...] Read more.
In this paper, two types of Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber (SBR) were adopted to modify the Buton-rock asphalt (BRA) modified asphalt, aiming to select a binder with excellent comprehensive performances. Powder SBR and latex SBR (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%), were mixed with the 15 w% BRA modified asphalt. The characterization of rheological properties included dynamic shear rheometer, rotational viscometer, and bending beam rheometer test. The short-term aging performance was characterized by the ratio of the complex shear modulus from the un-aged and rolling thin film oven (RTFOT) -aged asphalt. Besides, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were conducted to reveal the modification mechanism. It was observed that the two kinds of BRA-SBR modified asphalt had preferable anti-crack capacity at low temperatures than the BRA modified asphalt. Compared with latex SBR, the powder SBR significantly improved the high-temperature performance, and the anti-aging capacity was stable. However, some negative influence occurred by the addition of latex SBR on the anti-rutting and short-term aging property. According to the micro-mechanism analysis, adding powder SBR and latex SBR into BRA modified asphalt was a physical blending process, and they improved the dispersion state of BRA in asphalt. Based on the comprehensive performance, the recommended combination was BRA and powder SBR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Materials II)
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12 pages, 2408 KiB  
Article
Laboratory Performance Evaluation of Hot-Mix Asphalt Mixtures with Different Design Parameters
by Yining Zhang, Lijun Sun and Huailei Cheng
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(9), 3038; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093038 - 28 Apr 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2552
Abstract
Aggregate gradation and asphalt type are traditional variables that affects mix design of Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA). Recently, the number of design gyrations (Ndes) has been increasingly accepted as another variable parameter during the design process. Due to the growing shortage [...] Read more.
Aggregate gradation and asphalt type are traditional variables that affects mix design of Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA). Recently, the number of design gyrations (Ndes) has been increasingly accepted as another variable parameter during the design process. Due to the growing shortage of high-quality raw materials, it is necessary to make full use of the combined roles between these design parameters, instead of solely relying on their individual effect, to improve the HMA properties. Therefore, this study comprehensively explored the effect of aggregate gradation, Ndes, and asphalt type on the performance of HMAs. Seven different combinations of aggregate gradation, Ndes, and asphalt type were evaluated. The volumetric indicators, uniaxial penetration shear test (UPST), unconfined compression test (UCT), low-temperature bending test (LBT), four-point bending test (FPBT), and dynamic modulus test (DMT) were used to assess the performance of HMAs designed by various parameter combinations. It was found that the contribution of adopting harder asphalt binder was able to make up for the high-temperature resistance loss caused by lower Ndes or coarser gradation. The dynamic modulus exhibited the similar phenomenon. By contrast, the harder asphalt binder led to the worse tenacity of HMAs at low temperature; however, the tenacity can be restored through using lower Ndes or coarser gradation by increasing asphalt content. In addition, the fatigue life of HMAs went up significantly by about 36 ~ 41%, when both Ndes and asphalt penetration grade decreased to one lower level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Materials II)
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15 pages, 4778 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on the Micromorphology and Strength Formation Mechanism of Epoxy Asphalt During the Curing Reaction
by Wei Xu, Guoyi Zhuang, Zhengxiong Chen and Jintao Wei
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(7), 2610; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072610 - 10 Apr 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2456
Abstract
The micromorphological changes and the strength formation mechanism of the curing of epoxy asphalt, which is mostly used for steel bridge deck pavements, were investigated. A tensile test was used to analyze the mechanical properties of epoxy asphalt, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy [...] Read more.
The micromorphological changes and the strength formation mechanism of the curing of epoxy asphalt, which is mostly used for steel bridge deck pavements, were investigated. A tensile test was used to analyze the mechanical properties of epoxy asphalt, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to determine the change in the epoxy peak area. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to observe two-dimensional and three-dimensional micromorphological changes, respectively, during the curing reaction of epoxy asphalt. The results of the tensile and FTIR tests on epoxy asphalt showed that the tensile strength and epoxy conversion rate both increased with the curing time and exhibited similar trends, indicating that the network formed by the crosslinking and polymerization of epoxy groups causes the increased strength of epoxy asphalt. The curing degree of epoxy asphalt during the curing reaction can be indirectly evaluated from the conversion rate of epoxy groups. The asphalt tended to evenly be dispersed in the continuous phase of the epoxy resin during the formation of the epoxy resin network, and the network structure increased the deformation of the epoxy resin. The epoxy asphalt curing reaction process was classified into three stages based on the degree of curing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Materials II)
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16 pages, 4068 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Functional Performance of Paving Materials Based on the Driving Wheel Pavement Analyzer
by Xu Cai, Duanyi Wang and Jiangmiao Yu
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(7), 2410; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072410 - 1 Apr 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2269
Abstract
There is still a lack of suitable methods for evaluating pavement functional performance according to the characteristics of real-world environment and traffic. This study developed an acceleration test method based on the Driving Wheel Pavement Analyser (DWPA) to evaluate the anti-sliding properties, anti-stripping [...] Read more.
There is still a lack of suitable methods for evaluating pavement functional performance according to the characteristics of real-world environment and traffic. This study developed an acceleration test method based on the Driving Wheel Pavement Analyser (DWPA) to evaluate the anti-sliding properties, anti-stripping properties, and tire–pavement noise of AC-13, SMA-13, and OGFC-13 asphalt mixtures, and MS-1, MS-2, and MS-3 micro-surfacing materials. The results indicate that the OGFC-13 mixture exhibited the largest texture depth, and the SMA-13 mixture exhibited the largest British pendulum number (BPN) at the end of the test. The MS-3 material had the best anti-sliding performance among the micro-surfacing materials. Coarse gradation improved the anti-stripping performance of the micro-surfacing materials. The tire–pavement noise for all materials increased with the increase of wheel repetitions. The OGFC-13 mixture and MS-3 micro-surfacing material exhibited the best and worse noise reduction performance, respectively. The new measurement method for evaluating the pavement surface functional performance was proved to be efficient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Materials II)
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21 pages, 7101 KiB  
Article
Thermal Property Evaluation of Porous Asphalt Concrete Based on Heterogeneous Meso-Structure Finite Element Simulation
by Yanjing Zhao, Jiwang Jiang, Yiqing Dai, Lan Zhou and Fujian Ni
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(5), 1671; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10051671 - 2 Mar 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3273
Abstract
Porous asphalt concrete (PAC) can obviously improve vehicle driving safety on rainy days and reduce environmental noise. It has been widely used in China. The existence of a large number of interconnected voids in PAC makes a significant difference in heat transfer and [...] Read more.
Porous asphalt concrete (PAC) can obviously improve vehicle driving safety on rainy days and reduce environmental noise. It has been widely used in China. The existence of a large number of interconnected voids in PAC makes a significant difference in heat transfer and temperature distribution from conventional dense-graded asphalt concretes (AC). In this paper, the internal structure images of three dense-graded asphalt mixtures and one PAC were obtained by X-ray CT scanning technology, and the internal meso-structure finite element simulation models of asphalt mixtures were established by using the mapped meshing method. The temperature variations of asphalt mixture specimens during laboratory cooling and heating processes were simulated in this study, and laboratory tests were carried out to verify the simulation accuracy. Due to the simulation results, it was found that the thermal characteristics of the PAC mixture were different from those of the dense-graded asphalt mixture due to the large interconnected air void content in the PAC mixture. The temperature field in the PAC mixture was more sensitive to ambient air temperature under laboratory conditions. Moreover, in PAC specimens, temperature distributed more unevenly than in dense-grade asphalt mixtures. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the internal meso-structure of porous asphalt mixtures while simulating the temperature field in PAC specimens or pavement structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Materials II)
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12 pages, 3174 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Performance of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Asphalt Mixture
by Hua Zhao, Bowen Guan, Rui Xiong and Aiping Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(5), 1561; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10051561 - 25 Feb 2020
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 3216
Abstract
This study is focused on the effect of basalt fiber on the road performance of the asphalt mixture. The road performance of asphalt mixture with different dosages of basalt fiber was comprehensively evaluated using Marshall Stability test, the wheel tracking test, the three-point [...] Read more.
This study is focused on the effect of basalt fiber on the road performance of the asphalt mixture. The road performance of asphalt mixture with different dosages of basalt fiber was comprehensively evaluated using Marshall Stability test, the wheel tracking test, the three-point bending beam test and the freezing-thaw splitting test. The road performance of lignin fiber reinforced asphalt mixture and polyester fiber reinforced asphalt mixture also were tested to compare with the road performance of basalt fiber reinforced asphalt mixture. The results showed that basalt fiber can enhance mechanical properties, the low-and high-temperature performance and water sensitivity of the asphalt mixture significantly. Considering the road performance and economic benefits, the appropriate dosage of basalt fiber is about 0.3%. Marshall Stability (MS), dynamic stability (DS), the maximum bending strain and the tensile strength ratio (TSR) of asphalt mixture with 0.3% basalt fiber were increased by 19.6%, 25.5%, 22.2% and 6.0%, respectively. Basalt fiber has certain advantages in improving the low-temperature performance of asphalt mixture by comparison with lignin fiber and polyester fiber. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Materials II)
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