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Uses and Applications of Body Composition in Different Population Groups’ Health, Disease and Physical Exercise

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 February 2024) | Viewed by 13292

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. José Miguel Martínez-Sanz

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Guest Editor

Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
Interests: sport nutrition, body composition; supplements; legislation; nutrition software and tools
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Antonio Jesús Sanchez-Oliver

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Guest Editor

Department of Human Motor and Sports Performance, Universidad de Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain
Interests: health habits; physical fitness; body composition; obesity; diet; sport performance; sport nutrition
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Dr. Raquel Vaquero-Cristobal

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Guest Editor

Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
Interests: anthropometry; biomechanics; body composition; exercise adaptations; health; training
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Raúl Domínguez

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Guest Editor

1. Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
2. Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
Interests: sports nutrition; muscle function; cardiorespiratory responses; ergogenic aids; diet
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Body composition analysis could be conducted using different techniques and based on different tissues or body compartments (fat, muscle, bone, residual or lean mass). Currently, there is a growing interest in generating new applications and software or establishing comparison between the methods (DXA, bioimpedance, anthropometry, infrared, air displacement) used more with the aim of finding optimal values of body composition in different populations (health, disease, physical activity or sport). On the one hand, across body composition analysis can diagnose and classify obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, sarcopenia, amenorrhea, osteopenia and eating disorders. On the other hand, the body composition and kinanthropometric characteristics could contribute to sport performance and sports talent detection. Additionally, the use of applications, software or new technologies to monitor changes in body composition will be useful when nutritional or physical exercise interventions are carried out for better health or sports performance.

This Special Issue seeks to provide educational innovation and technologies in body composition for stabilising the balance between different methods of determination, as well as establish reference values related to health in different types of population as the effect of different lifestyle interventions, dietetic-nutritional and/or physical activity intervention in body composition. Additionally, this Special Issue seeks to establish possible methods of assessment and monitoring of body composition associated with sports performance and/or detection of sports talent. As the Chief Editors of this Special Issue we would like to call for original research articles, cohort studies, case studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses focused on this topic. José Miguel Martínez-Sanz, Antonio Jesús Sánchez-Oliver, Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal and Raúl Domínguez.

Dr. José Miguel Martínez-Sanz
Prof. Dr. Antonio Jesús Sanchez-Oliver
Dr. Raquel Vaquero-Cristobal
Prof. Dr. Raúl Domínguez
Guest Editors

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Keywords

body composition
technologies
applications
apps
software
biomechanics
sport
physical activity
disease
health
educational innovation
performance
artificial intelligence

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phase Angle and Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Patients

by Thais Alves Cunha, Márcia Marília Gomes Dantas Lopes, Acsa Nara de Araújo Brito, Karina Marques Vermeulen-Serpa, Sancha Helena de Lima Vale, José Brandão-Neto and Lucia Leite-Lais

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(4), 1545; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041545 - 15 Feb 2024

Viewed by 567

Abstract

Phase angle (PhA) and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) have emerged as valuable tools for assessing nutritional status and prognosis in various patient populations, but there is a lack of studies in rare neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate these bioelectrical parameters in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), compared with healthy peers. The tetrapolar impedance method was applied and bioimpedance analysis (BIA) was performed. Bioelectrical parameters were obtained (Resistance—R; Reactance—Xc) or calculated (PhA; BIVA). For BIVA, bivariate vectors and confidence ellipses were graphically represented. In addition, R and Xc were used to determine body composition (BC) (Fat Mass—FM; Fat-Free Mass—FFM; and Total Body Water—TBW). In this study, 40 participants were divided into two groups: case group (n = 20, ALS patients) and control group (n = 20, healthy subjects. Our main results showed that ALS patients presented low levels of BMI, FFM, R, and Xc adjusted by height (R/H, Xc/H), hydration, and cellularity, compared to the healthy subjects. Our findings highlight BC and bioelectrical parameters, including PhA and BIVA, as valuable indicators of nutrition status, which should be implemented in the nutrition care process of ALS patients during the disease course. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uses and Applications of Body Composition in Different Population Groups’ Health, Disease and Physical Exercise)

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17 pages, 780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anthropometric Values in Spanish Elite Soccer: Differences between Divisions and Playing Positions

by Mireia Porta, Jaime Sebastiá-Rico, José Miguel Martínez-Sanz, Carlos Contreras, Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal and Pablo A. López-Cáceres

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11441; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011441 - 18 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2425

Abstract

Body composition is an important factor in a soccer player’s performance, and anthropometry is one of the most widely used methods of measurement. The physical demands of Spanish soccer have evolved over time, so the ideal body composition requirements must be adapted to the present day. The aim of this study was to describe the anthropometric and body composition profiles of professional soccer players in the second, second B, and third divisions during the 2019–2020 season in order to compare the anthropometric parameters of players among positions and competitive divisions. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine differences in kinanthropometric and derived variables in a sample of Spanish soccer players. A total of 615 soccer players from the second (116 players), second B (310 players), and third (189 players) divisions participated in this study. After comparing the groups according to the playing position and category, it was observed that at higher levels of play, soccer players show lower values of fat mass (FM) and higher values of muscle mass (MM) and bone mass (BM); at lower levels of play, soccer players show more anthropometric differences between playing positions. Lastly, the somatotype of the elite soccer player is balanced mesomorphic, with higher levels of mesomorphy at higher levels of play. In summary, this is the first study to evaluate the body composition of the different Spanish soccer divisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uses and Applications of Body Composition in Different Population Groups’ Health, Disease and Physical Exercise)

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12 pages, 635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Behavior of Spanish Schoolchildren in Relation to the Polygenic Risk of Obesity

by Andrea Calderón García, Roberto Pedrero Tomé, Ana Alaminos-Torres, Consuelo Prado Martínez, Jesús Román Martínez Álvarez, Noemí López Ejeda, María Dolores Cabañas Armesilla and María Dolores Marrodán Serrano

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11169; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011169 - 11 Oct 2023

Viewed by 850

Abstract

Several precedents support an association between single nucleotide genetic polymorphisms (SNPs), the obese phenotype, and eating behavior in the infant-juvenile population. This study aims to study this aspect in depth, analyzing the eating behavior of a sample of schoolchildren from Madrid in regard to their genetic predisposition to obesity. A total of 258 schoolchildren, aged 6 to 16 years, were evaluated through the Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) and the genotyping of 32 SNPs. Associations were observed between the total genetic risk score and eating behaviors related to emotional eating and food responsiveness. Individually, different SNPs were associated with eating behaviors, primarily those related to pro-eating behaviors or increased risk of developing obesity. However, diverse results are obtained, depending on the SNP. These results highlighted the strongest associations between the rs1801725 SNP risk allele (CASR) and increased enjoyment of food by 1846-fold. Likewise, the satiety response was associated with SNP rs11676272 (ADCY3) 2.39 and SNP rs7566605 (INSIG2), increasing this response by 2.39 and 1.63 times, respectively. Emotional anti-ingesting behaviors were inversely associated with SNP rs1421085 (FTO) and SNP rs987237 (TFAP2B). In contrast, SNP rs55915917 (CRHR1) increased the risk of these behaviors. SNPs rs4788099 (SH2B1), rs6857 (NECTIN2), and rs180172 (ADCY3) were associated with slow feeding. In conclusion, associations were found between most of the analyzed SNPs and the CEBQ items. This suggests that feeding behavior exists as a mediator between genotype and obesity phenotype, beginning in childhood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uses and Applications of Body Composition in Different Population Groups’ Health, Disease and Physical Exercise)

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9 pages, 266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Body Composition and Gross Motor Coordination in Six-Year-Old Boys and Girls

by Filip Kojić, Vladan Pelemiš, Bojan Jorgić, Mihai Olanescu, Adrian Suciu and Miruna Peris

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(11), 6404; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116404 - 24 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1057

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between morphological characteristics (body composition and anthropometric data) and gross motor coordination in preschool children (42 boys and 40 girls, aged 6.22 ± 0.43 years, height: 1.22 ± 0.48 m, body mass index: 20.22 ± 2.34 kg/m², muscle mass: 11.50 ± 2.08 kg, and fat mass: 5.43 ± 4.02 kg). Motor coordination was determined by the obstacle course backward test (OCB), while body composition was measured using the bioelectrical impedance (BIA) method. Sex differences in the OCB test and body morphology were determined by an independent t-test. Multiple linear regression was used to examine whether morphological characteristics could predict OCB scores. Boys were significantly taller, with greater muscle mass, protein mass, and total body water compared to girls (t = 2.01–3.73, p < 0.05). Inversely, mineral mass was greater in girls than in boys (t = 2.98, p = 0.01). No significant sex differences were observed in the results obtained for the OCB test (t = 0.74, p = 0.46). All morphological variables showed trivial-to-weak (r = 0.01–0.15) associations with the OCB results, without reaching statistical significance (p ≤ 0.16). The model of predictor variables did not have a statistically significant effect on the OCB scores in boys and girls (R² = 0.09, p = 0.91 and R² = 0.012, p = 0.92, respectively). These results indicate that sex dimorphism in body composition is present at an early age before puberty, while morphological characteristics have a negligible influence on motor coordination in 6-year-old children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uses and Applications of Body Composition in Different Population Groups’ Health, Disease and Physical Exercise)

14 pages, 321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Body Composition Effects on Physical Tests and On-Court Game Performance of U-14 Elite Portuguese Basketball Players

by Sérgio Ramos, Anna Volossovitch, António Paulo Ferreira, Júlia Teles, Isabel Fragoso and Luís Miguel Massuça

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(10), 6313; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13106313 - 22 May 2023

Viewed by 1080

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of body composition, particularly body fat percentage (BF%) and fat-free mass (FFM), on physical fitness and players’ on-court performance in U-14 elite Portuguese basketball players. A total of 166 male basketball players (age, 13.80 ± 0.38 years) and 131 female basketball players (age, 13.57 ± 0.55 years) from under-14 (U-14) elite regional teams were evaluated. Differences between body composition groups, regarding physical tests and performance-related variables, adjusted for years at age peak velocity (YAPHV), were evaluated using ANCOVA tests, for male and female players. Results showed that: (i) low body fat male players jumped significantly higher and had more relative jumping power, were faster, and had better game performance than higher body fat male players, (ii) higher fat-free mass male players revealed significantly higher upper body strength and gained more rebounds than other players, (iii) higher body fat female players threw the medicinal ball further than other female players, and (iv) higher fat-free mass female players had significantly more upper body strength and jumped significantly lower than low fat-free mass female players. In conclusion, BF% seems to be oppositely associated with physical fitness and on-court performance in male basketball players, and FFM seems to be related to upper body strength in both sexes. Coaches should promote interventions that target lower BF% and ideal FFM mass values to improve physical and on-court performance in youth basketball. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uses and Applications of Body Composition in Different Population Groups’ Health, Disease and Physical Exercise)

16 pages, 472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Biological Maturation Status on Kinanthropometric Characteristics, Physical Fitness and Diet in Adolescent Male Handball Players

by David Romero-García, Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal, Mario Albaladejo-Saura, Francisco Esparza-Ros and José Miguel Martínez-Sanz

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 3012; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053012 - 26 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1497

Abstract

The aims of this research were to analyze the differences in kinanthropometric characteristics and physical performance as a function of biological maturation, as well as to analyze these differences with the inclusion of the covariates age, maturity offset and diet, and to know how the players were classified according to BMI z-score. Seventy-three handball players (mean age: 14.17 ± 0.61) underwent a kinanthropometric assessment, physical performance tests and self-completed the KIDMED questionnaire. The sample was divided into three groups based on age at peak height velocity (APHV). Significant differences were found for basic measurements, BMI, BMI z-score, Cormic Index, muscle mass, medicine ball throw and SJ jump (p < 0.000–0.048), with early maturers having the highest values. All covariates included had a determinant influence on the kinanthropometric characteristics (p < 0.000–0.014), and both age and maturity offset showed significant differences in most physical tests (p < 0.000–0.033), so these covariates should be considered in evaluations to predict the future performance of players. Finally, significant differences were found between the biological maturation groups in the distribution of the BMI classification, with the normal-weight grade being the predominant one. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uses and Applications of Body Composition in Different Population Groups’ Health, Disease and Physical Exercise)

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Review

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18 pages, 1679 KiB

Open AccessReview

Differences in Body Composition between Playing Positions in Men’s Professional Soccer: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

by Jaime Sebastiá-Rico, José Miguel Martínez-Sanz, Noelia González-Gálvez and Jose M. Soriano

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 4782; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13084782 - 11 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5034

Abstract

The performance of male soccer players (MSPs) depends on multiple factors, such as body composition. It is understandable to think that, due to the physical demands and specific functions during play, body composition may vary depending on the playing position. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to describe the anthropometric, BC, and somatotype characteristics of professional MSPs and to compare the reported values according to playing position. We systematically searched Embase, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science following the PRISMA statement. Random-effects meta-analysis, a pooled summary of means, and 95% CI (method or equation) were calculated. Random models were used with the Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) method. Twenty-six articles were included in the systematic review and the meta-analysis. After comparing the groups according to the playing position (goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, and forward), significant differences were found in age, height, weight, the sum of skinfolds, kilograms of muscle mass, and kilograms of fat-free mass (p = 0.001; p < 0.0001). No significant differences were observed in fat mass, percentage of fat-free mass, percentage of muscle mass, bone mass, and somatotype. Despite the limitations, this study provides useful information to help medical–technical staff to properly assess the BC of professional MSPs, providing reference values for the different positions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uses and Applications of Body Composition in Different Population Groups’ Health, Disease and Physical Exercise)

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