Submit to Animals Review for Animals Propose a Special Issue

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser

Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases—Novel Challenges in Today’s World

Print Special Issue Flyer
Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Keywords
Published Papers

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Clinical Studies".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2021) | Viewed by 52428

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special issue Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases—Novel Challenges in Today’s World book cover image

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Dr. João R. Mesquita

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

1. Abel Salazar Biomedical Institute of Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
2. EPIUnit–Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
Interests: transmissible diseases; zoonosis; epidemiology; infectious diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

More than 61% of all human pathogens are zoonotic, representing 75% of all emerging pathogens during the past decade. Although substantial developments in medical/environmental surveillance and in diagnostic methods have been recently achieved, zoonotic emerging and re-emerging diseases are still a major global concern. In fact, such threats are expanding under global warming conditions, particularly in less developed regions. The current 2019 novel coronavirus epidemic is an extreme reminder of the role animal reservoirs play in public health and highlights the need to address health risks at the animal–human–environment interface in a One Health perspective.

Original manuscripts that address any aspects of emerging or re-emerging animal diseases are invited for this Special Issue.

Prof. João R. Mesquita
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

zoonosis
infectious diseases
parasitic diseases
emerging

Published Papers (12 papers)

Download All Papers

Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review, Other

3 pages, 208 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases: Novel Challenges in Today’s World or More of the Same?

by João R. Mesquita

Animals 2021, 11(8), 2382; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11082382 - 12 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2814

Abstract

More than 61% of all human pathogens are zoonotic, representing 75% of all emerging pathogens during the past decade. Albeit significant technological leaps in diagnostics development and disease surveillance, zoonotic emerging infectious diseases are evermore a matter of concern, particularly in modern days where global warming keeps providing ideal climatic conditions to the introduction of exotic infectious agents or disease vectors in new territories. Worryingly, the 2019 novel coronavirus epidemic acts as an extreme reminder of the role animal reservoirs play in public health, accounting for over 4,200,000 deaths worldwide until today. In this Special Issue, we approach a myriad of zoonotic infectious diseases and their complex mechanisms. This Special Issue is composed of three reviews on zoonotic diseases of African Lions, hemogregarine classification, and hepatitis E virus in Brazil, followed by one letter and one opinion piece that broadens the spectrum of disease emergence to mechanistic aspects of emerging non-communicable diseases. The Special Issue is completed by six research papers covering a wide array of emerging and re-emerging diseases of poultry, bovine, poultry and tortoises, of various nature such as parasitic, bacterial, and viral. This is a brief but assertive collection that showcases the need to address health at the animal–human–environment interface, in a One Health perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases—Novel Challenges in Today’s World)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review, Other

11 pages, 1884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Descriptive Pathological Study of Avian Schistosomes Infection in Whooper Swans (Cygnus cygnus) in Japan

by Mohamed S. Ahmed, Reda E. Khalafalla, Ashraf Al-Brakati, Tokuma Yanai and Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy

Animals 2020, 10(12), 2361; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122361 - 10 Dec 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2474

Abstract

Cercarial dermatitis, or Swimmer’s itch, is one of the emerging diseases caused by the cercariae of water-borne schistosomes, mainly Trichobilharzia spp. Since the zoonotic potential of Allobilharzia visceralis is still unknown, studies on this schistosome would be helpful to add knowledge on its possible role in causing human infections. In the present study, 54 whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) from rescue/rehabilitation centers in Honshu, Japan, were necropsied to identify the cause of death. Grossly, 33 (61.11%) swans were severely emaciated and 23 (42.59%) had multiple reddened areas throughout the length of the intestine with no worms detected in the internal organs. Microscopically, adult schistosomes were found in the lumen of the mesenteric, serosal, portal, and testicular veins, in the capillaries of the intestinal lamina propria, and in the sinusoids of the adrenal gland, spleen, and liver of 23 (42.59%) swans. Hypertrophy of veins containing adult worms was identified in 15 (27.77%) swans, and vascular lumen obliteration was observed in 8 (14.81%) swans. Mild to severe villous atrophy and superficial enteritis were observed in 8 birds (14.81%), whereas bile pigments and hemosiderin were detected in the livers of 14 (25.92%) and 18 (33.33%) swans, respectively. In three swans (5.55%), schistosome parasites were found in the subcapsular veins of the testes. The schistosomes in the present study were assumed to be A. visceralis based on the microscopical and histological evidence of adult schistosomes found in the lumen of veins as well as the infection pathology, which was very similar to the schistosome-induced pathology previously reported in swans infected by A. visceralis in Europe and Australia. The swans examined herein most likely died from obstructive phlebitis associated with A. visceralis, but further molecular confirmation is required for identification of this species. However, the present study does not provide new data on the zoonotic potential, but only on the pathogenic potential of this schistosome in swans. Furthermore, our study provides a novel contribution to the description of the pathological effects of avian schistosomes infection in whooper swans in Japan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases—Novel Challenges in Today’s World)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Characterization of Salmonella Minnesota Clonal Lineages Associated with Poultry Production in Brazil

by Diéssy Kipper, Laura M. Carroll, Andrea K. Mascitti, André F. Streck, André S. K. Fonseca, Nilo Ikuta and Vagner R. Lunge

Animals 2020, 10(11), 2043; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112043 - 05 Nov 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2174

Abstract

Salmonella serotype Minnesota has been increasingly detected in Brazilian poultry farms and food products (chicken meat, eggs) in recent years. In addition, S. Minnesota isolates from poultry are generally resistant to several antibiotics and persistent in farm environments. The present study aimed to assess phylogenomic diversity of S. Minnesota isolates from the poultry production chain in Brazil. In total, 107 worldwide S. Minnesota whole genomes (including 12 from Brazil) were analyzed using a comparative approach. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated two clades more related to poultry production in Brazil: S. Minnesota poultry lineages I and II (SM-PLI and SM-PLII). Phylodynamic analysis demonstrated that SM-PLI had a common ancestor in 1915, while SM–PLII originated circa 1971. SM-PLII encompassed a higher number of isolates and presented a recent increase in effective population size (mainly from 2009 to 2012). Plasmids IncA/C2 and ColRNA, antimicrobial resistance genes (aph(3′)-Ia, blaCMY-2, qnrB19, sul2, and tet(A)) and mainly a virulence genetic cluster (including the yersiniabactin operon) were detected in isolates from SM-PLI and/or SM-PLII. This study demonstrates the dissemination of two distinct S. Minnesota lineages with high resistance to antibiotics and important virulence genetic clusters in Brazilian poultry farms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases—Novel Challenges in Today’s World)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characterization and Developing a Point-of-Need Molecular Test for Diagnosis of Bovine Papillomavirus (BPV) Type 1 in Cattle from Egypt

by Mohamed El-Tholoth, Michael G. Mauk, Yasser F. Elnaker, Samah M. Mosad, Amin Tahoun, Mohamed W. El-Sherif, Maha S. Lokman, Rami B. Kassab, Ahmed Abdelsadik, Ayman A. Saleh and Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy

Animals 2020, 10(10), 1929; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101929 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3488

Abstract

Bovine papillomatosis is a viral disease of cattle causing cutaneous warts. A diagnosis of this viral infection is very mandatory for combating the resulting economic losses. Given the limited data available about bovine papillomavirus (BPV) in Egypt, the present study involved the molecular diagnosis of bovine papillomavirus type-1 (BPV-1), -2, -4, -5, and -10 in cattle presenting cutaneous warts on the head and neck from New Valley Province, Egypt. The phylogenetic analysis of the detected types of BPV was also performed, followed by developing a point-of-need molecular assay for the rapid identification of identified BPV types. In this regard, a total of 308 cattle from private farms in Egypt were clinically examined, of which 13 animals presented cutaneous warts due to suspected BPV infection. The symptomatic animals were treated surgically, and biopsies from skin lesions were collected for BPV-1, -2, -4, -5, and -10 molecular identification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence of BPV-1 DNA was confirmed in 11 collected samples (84.6%), while BPV-2, -4, -5, and -10 were not detected. Sequencing of the PCR products suggested the Egyptian virus is closely related to BPV found in India. An isothermal nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) with labeled primers specific for the BPV-1 L1 gene sequence, and based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), in combination with a lateral flow strip assay for the detection of RPA products, was developed and tested. The point-of-need molecular assay demonstrated a diagnostic utility comparable to PCR-based testing. Taken together, the present study provides interesting molecular data related to the occurrence of BPV-1 in Egypt and reveals the genetic relatedness of the Egyptian BPV-1 with BPV-1 found in buffalo in India. In addition, a simple, low-cost combined test was also validated for diagnosis of the infection. The present study suggests the necessity of future investigations about the circulating strains of the virus among the cattle in Egypt to assess their genetic relatedness and better understand the epidemiological pattern of the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases—Novel Challenges in Today’s World)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Different Vaccination Regimes for Avian Influenza H9N2 in Broiler Chicken

by Shaimaa Talat, Reham R. Abouelmaatti, Rafa Almeer, Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim and Wael K. Elfeil

Animals 2020, 10(10), 1875; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101875 - 14 Oct 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3076

Abstract

Low pathogenic avian influenza virus is one of the major threats that has been affecting the poultry industry in the Middle East region for decades. Attempts to eradicate this disease have failed. Currently, there are commercial vaccines that are either imported or produced locally from recently circulating isolates of H9N2 in Egypt and Middle Eastern countries. This present work focused on comparing the effectiveness of two vaccines belonging to these categories in Egypt. Two commercial broiler flocks (Cobb-500 Broiler) with maternally derived immunity (MDA) against H9N2 virus were employed and placed under normal commercial field conditions or laboratory conditions. Immunity was evaluated on the basis of detectable humoral antibodies against influenza H9N2 virus, and challenge was conducted at 28 days of life using a recent wild H9N2 virus. The results showed that vaccination on the 7th day of life provided significantly higher immune response in both vaccine types, with significantly lower virus shedding compared to vaccination at day 1 of life, regardless of field or laboratory conditions. In addition, the vaccine produced from a recent local H9N2 isolate (MEFLUVAC-H9-16) provided a significantly higher humoral immune response under both field and laboratory conditions, as measured by serology and virus shedding (number of shedders and amount of shedding virus), being significantly lower following challenge on the 28th day of life, contrary to the imported H9 vaccine. In conclusion, use of H9N2 vaccine at 7 days of life provided a significantly higher protection than vaccination at day 1 of life in birds with MDA, suggesting vaccination regimes between 5–8-days of life for broiler chicks with MDA. Moreover, use of a vaccine prepared from a recently circulating H9N2 virus showed significantly higher protection and was more suitable for birds in the Middle East. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases—Novel Challenges in Today’s World)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Circulation of Indigenous Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Strains in Turkish Cattle: The First Isolation and Molecular Characterization

by Zafer Yazici, Emre Ozan, Cuneyt Tamer, Bahadir Muftuoglu, Gerald Barry, Hanne Nur Kurucay, Ahmed Eisa Elhag, Abdurrahman Anil Cagirgan, Semra Gumusova and Harun Albayrak

Animals 2020, 10(9), 1700; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091700 - 20 Sep 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3810

Abstract

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a huge economic burden on the livestock industries of countries worldwide. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is one of the most important pathogens that contributes to BRD. In this study, we report the identification and first isolation, with molecular characterization, of a new BRSV strain from lung specimens of three beef cows in Turkey that died from respiratory distress. After the screening of lung tissues for BRD-associated viruses using a multiscreen antigen-ELISA, a BRSV antigen was detected. This was then confirmed by real-time RT-PCR specific for BRSV. Following confirmation, virus isolation was conducted in MDBK cell cultures and clear CPE, including syncytia compatible with BRSV, were detected. RT-nested PCR, using F gene-specific primers, was performed on the cultured isolates, and the products were sequenced and deposited to Genbank with accession numbers MT179304, MT024766, and MT0244767. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences indicated that the cattle were infected with BRSV from subgroup III and were closely related to previously identified American and Turkish strains, but contained some amino acid and nucleotide differences. This research paves the way for further studies on the molecular characteristics of natural BRSV isolates, including full genome analysis and disease pathogenesis, and also contributes to the development of robust national strategies against this virus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases—Novel Challenges in Today’s World)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research, Other

28 pages, 1304 KiB

Open AccessReview

Systematic Review of Hepatitis E Virus in Brazil: A One-Health Approach of the Human-Animal-Environment Triad

by Danny Franciele da Silva Dias Moraes, João R. Mesquita, Valéria Dutra and Maria São José Nascimento

Animals 2021, 11(8), 2290; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11082290 - 03 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3859

Abstract

Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world with diverse socioeconomic and sanitary conditions, also being the fourth largest pig producer in the world. The aim of the present systematic review was to collect and summarize all HEV published data from Brazil (from 1995 to October 2020) performed in humans, animals, and the environment, in a One Health perspective. A total of 2173 papers were retrieved from five search databases (LILACs, Mendeley, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) resulting in 71 eligible papers after application of exclusion/inclusion criteria. Data shows that HEV genotype 3 (HEV-3) was the only retrieved genotype in humans, animals, and environment in Brazil. The South region showed the highest human seroprevalence and also the highest pig density and industry, suggesting a zoonotic link. HEV-1 and 2 were not detected in Brazil, despite the low sanitary conditions of some regions. From the present review we infer that HEV epidemiology in Brazil is similar to that of industrialized countries (only HEV-3, swine reservoirs, no waterborne transmission, no association with low sanitary conditions). Hence, we alert for the implementation of HEV surveillance systems in swine and for the consideration of HEV in the diagnostic routine of acute and chronic hepatitis in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases—Novel Challenges in Today’s World)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 2376 KiB

Open AccessReview

Haemogregarines and Criteria for Identification

by Saleh Al-Quraishy, Fathy Abdel-Ghaffar, Mohamed A. Dkhil and Rewaida Abdel-Gaber

Animals 2021, 11(1), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010170 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4193

Abstract

Apicomplexa is a phylum that includes all parasitic protozoa sharing unique ultrastructural features. Haemogregarines are sophisticated apicomplexan blood parasites with an obligatory heteroxenous life cycle and haplohomophasic alternation of generations. Haemogregarines are common blood parasites of fish, amphibians, lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, crocodilians, birds, and mammals. Haemogregarine ultrastructure has been so far examined only for stages from the vertebrate host. PCR-based assays and the sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene are helpful methods to further characterize this parasite group. The proper classification for the haemogregarine complex is available with the criteria of generic and unique diagnosis of these parasites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases—Novel Challenges in Today’s World)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 768 KiB

Open AccessReview

African Lions and Zoonotic Diseases: Implications for Commercial Lion Farms in South Africa

by Jennah Green, Catherine Jakins, Eyob Asfaw, Nicholas Bruschi, Abbie Parker, Louise de Waal and Neil D’Cruze

Animals 2020, 10(9), 1692; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091692 - 18 Sep 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 18451

Abstract

African lions (Panthera leo) are bred in captivity on commercial farms across South Africa and often have close contact with farm staff, tourists, and other industry workers. As transmission of zoonotic diseases occurs through close proximity between wildlife and humans, these commercial captive breeding operations pose a potential risk to thousands of captive lions and to public health. An understanding of pathogens known to affect lions is needed to effectively assess the risk of disease emergence and transmission within the industry. Here, we conduct a systematic search of the academic literature, identifying 148 peer-reviewed studies, to summarize the range of pathogens and parasites known to affect African lions. A total of 63 pathogenic organisms were recorded, belonging to 35 genera across 30 taxonomic families. Over half were parasites (35, 56%), followed by viruses (17, 27%) and bacteria (11, 17%). A number of novel pathogens representing unidentified and undescribed species were also reported. Among the pathogenic inventory are species that can be transmitted from lions to other species, including humans. In addition, 83 clinical symptoms and diseases associated with these pathogens were identified. Given the risks posed by infectious diseases, this research highlights the potential public health risks associated with the captive breeding industry. We recommend that relevant authorities take imminent action to help prevent and manage the risks posed by zoonotic pathogens on lion farms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases—Novel Challenges in Today’s World)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Other

Jump to: Editorial, Research, Review

5 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

High-Fat Diet-Induced Trefoil Factor Family Member 2 (TFF2) to Counteract the Immune-Mediated Damage in Mice

by Abdelaziz Ghanemi, Mayumi Yoshioka and Jonny St-Amand

Animals 2021, 11(2), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020258 - 21 Jan 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1676

Abstract

Physiological homeostasis requires a balance between the immunological functions and the resulting damage/side effects of the immunological reactions including those related to high-fat (HF) diet. Within this context, whereas HF diet, through diverse mechanisms (such as inflammation), leads to immune-mediated damage, trefoil factor family member 2 (Tff2) represents a HF diet-induced gene. On the other hand, TFF2 both promotes tissue repair and reduces inflammation. These properties are towards counteracting the immune-mediated damage resulting from the HF diet. These observations suggest that the HF diet-induction of Tff2 could be a regulatory pathway aiming to counteract the immune-mediated damage resulting from the HF diet. Interestingly, since Tff2 expression increases with HF diet and with Tff2 also expressed in the brain, we also hypothesize that TFF2 could be a HF diet-induced food intake-control signal that reduces appetite. This hypothesis fits with counteracting the immune damage since reducing the food intake will reduce the HF intake and therefore, reduces the HF diet-induced tissue damage. Such food intake signaling would be an indirect mechanism by which TFF2 promotes tissue repair as well as a pathway worth exploring for potential obesity management pharmacotherapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases—Novel Challenges in Today’s World)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

8 pages, 1066 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Molecular Evidence of Hemolivia mauritanica, Ehrlichia spp. and the Endosymbiont Candidatus Midichloria Mitochondrii in Hyalomma aegyptium Infesting Testudo graeca Tortoises from Doha, Qatar

by Patrícia F. Barradas, Clara Lima, Luís Cardoso, Irina Amorim, Fátima Gärtner and João R. Mesquita

Animals 2021, 11(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010030 - 26 Dec 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2081

Abstract

Tick-borne agents constitute a growing concern for human and animal health worldwide. Hyalomma aegyptium is a hard tick with a three-host life cycle, whose main hosts for adults are Palearctic tortoises of genus Testudo. Nevertheless, immature ticks can feed on a variety of hosts, representing an important eco-epidemiological issue regarding H. aegyptium pathogens circulation. Hyalomma aegyptium ticks are vectors and/or reservoirs of various pathogenic agents, such as Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Babesia and Hepatozoon/Hemolivia. Ehrlichia and Anaplasma are emergent tick-borne bacteria with a worldwide distribution and zoonotic potential, responsible for diseases that cause clinical manifestations that grade from acute febrile illness to a fulminant disease characterized by multi-organ system failure, depending on the species. Babesia and Hepatozoon/Hemolivia are tick-borne parasites with increasing importance in multiple species. Testudo graeca tortoises acquired in a large animal market in Doha, Qatar, were screened for a panel of tick-borne pathogens by conventional PCR followed by bidirectional sequencing. The most prevalent agent identified in ticks was Hemolivia mauritanica (28.6%), followed by Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii (9.5%) and Ehrlichia spp. (4.7%). All samples were negative for Babesia spp. and Hepatozoon spp. Overall, 43% of the examined adult ticks were infected with at least one agent. Only 4.7% of the ticks appeared to be simultaneously infected with two agents, i.e., Ehrlichia spp. and H. mauritanica. This is the first detection of H. mauritanica, Ehrlichia spp. and Candidatus M. mitochondrii in H. aegyptium ticks collected from pet spur-thighed tortoises, in Qatar, a fact which adds to the geographical extension of these agents. The international trade of Testudo tortoises carrying ticks infected with pathogens of veterinary and medical importance deserves strict control, in order to reduce potential exotic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases—Novel Challenges in Today’s World)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 209 KiB

Open AccessLetter

Trefoil Factor Family Member 2 (TFF2) as an Inflammatory-Induced and Anti-Inflammatory Tissue Repair Factor

by Abdelaziz Ghanemi, Mayumi Yoshioka and Jonny St-Amand

Animals 2020, 10(9), 1646; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091646 - 14 Sep 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2339

Abstract

Trefoil factor family member 2 (TFF2) is known for its involvement in mucosal repair. Whereas it is overexpressed during inflammatory processes, adding TFF2 leads to an anti-inflammatory effect that would contribute to create the microenvironment required for tissue repair. These properties present TFF2 [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases—Novel Challenges in Today’s World)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases—Novel Challenges in Today’s World

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (12 papers)

Editorial

Research

Review

Other

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI