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Agronomy
Special Issues
Weed Management and Pesticide Application Technology
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Weed Management and Pesticide Application Technology

A special issue of Agronomy (ISSN 2073-4395). This special issue belongs to the section "Weed Science and Weed Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 June 2021) | Viewed by 23566

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Greg Kruger

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 402 West State Farm Road, North Platte, NE 69101, USA
Interests: pesticide applications; sprays; droplet size; drift; efficacy; nozzles; adjuvants; formulations
Dr. Andrew Hewitt

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
Interests: crop protection; spray drift; UAV spraying; forestry and vector control applications; remote sensing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Today, more than 3,000,000 ton of pesticides are produced annually around the globe. Making sure pesticides are applied in an efficacious yet safe manner is critical for the crop protection industry. In order to do that, it is critical to develop innovative methods for pesticide applications and weed management. This Special Issue of Agronomy will focus on innovative research to optimize pesticide applications and weed management. We are asking that you consider publishing the innovative research that you have done in the areas of improving the environmental sustainability of pesticide applications, innovative methods for applying pesticides, use of chemistry to modify the activity of pesticide applications, and the use of alternative pest management strategies to improve crop production for the future. Pesticide applications are undeniably important to help to ensure the future demands for food, fuel, and fiber are met, but the finesse and mastery of the applicator need to be met with new and novel tools and techniques.

Dr. Greg Kruger
Dr. Andrew Hewitt
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Agronomy is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • pesticide application
  • weed management
  • droplet size
  • adjuvant
  • formulation
  • drift
  • deposition
  • efficacy

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 340 KiB  
Article
Physical–Chemical Properties, Droplet Size, and Efficacy of Dicamba Plus Glyphosate Tank Mixture Influenced by Adjuvants
by Estefania Gomiero Polli, Guilherme Sousa Alves, Joao Victor de Oliveira and Greg Robert Kruger
Agronomy 2021, 11(7), 1321; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071321 - 29 Jun 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3757
Abstract
Dicamba plus glyphosate tank mixture have been largely adopted for postemergence weed control after the development of dicamba-tolerant crops. Ammonium sulfate is commonly used as water conditioner (WC) to increase glyphosate efficacy, but its use is restricted for dicamba herbicides. The use of [...] Read more.
Dicamba plus glyphosate tank mixture have been largely adopted for postemergence weed control after the development of dicamba-tolerant crops. Ammonium sulfate is commonly used as water conditioner (WC) to increase glyphosate efficacy, but its use is restricted for dicamba herbicides. The use of non-AMS water conditioner and other adjuvants could be a way to optimize efficacy of this tank mixture while mitigating herbicide off-target movement. The objective of this study was to determine the physical–chemical properties and droplet size distribution of dicamba and glyphosate solutions with and without non-AMS WC alone and tank mixed with other adjuvants and evaluate the response of weed species to these solutions under greenhouse and field conditions. The adjuvants mostly increased density and viscosity and decreased contact angle and surface tension of herbicide solutions. In presence of WC, except for the adjuvants containing drift reducing agent, Dv0.5 decreased with the addition of adjuvants. Under greenhouse conditions, biomass reduction increased up to 47 and 33 percentage points for velvetleaf and c. waterhemp when adjuvants were added to solutions without WC, respectively. No increase in control of horseweed and Palmer amaranth was observed with the use of adjuvants under field conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Weed Management and Pesticide Application Technology)
10 pages, 680 KiB  
Article
Herbicide Spray Deposition in Wheat Stubble as Affected by Nozzle Type and Application Direction
by Luana M. Simão, Amanda C. Easterly, Greg R. Kruger and Cody F. Creech
Agronomy 2020, 10(10), 1507; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101507 - 3 Oct 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2563
Abstract
Tall wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stubble can enhance soil water conservation during the fallow-period by trapping snow and decreasing evaporation. However, standing wheat stubble can intercept herbicide spray droplets before they reach their intended targets. This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects [...] Read more.
Tall wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stubble can enhance soil water conservation during the fallow-period by trapping snow and decreasing evaporation. However, standing wheat stubble can intercept herbicide spray droplets before they reach their intended targets. This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of three wheat stubble heights (>70 cm, 35 cm, and no-stubble), four nozzle types (XR, TTJ, AIXR, and TTI), and three application directions (angular (45°), perpendicular (90°), and parallel (0°) to the wheat row) on a spray deposition of glyphosate and a dicamba tank mixture. The ranking of droplet size from smallest to largest based on volume median diameter (VMD) was XR, TTJ, AIXR, and TTI. Wheat stubble greater than 70 cm decreased spray deposition 37%, while 35 cm stubble caused a 23% decrease. Sprayer application directions and nozzle type had significant interaction on spray deposition. Perpendicular application direction decreased spray deposition relative to the angular application direction for TTJ and TTI. Parallel application direction had lower spray deposition than angular application direction for TTJ and XR. Similarly, relatively-high-spray deposition (~75%) was provided by angular application direction regardless of the nozzle type. Applicators should consider traveling in an angular direction to the wheat rows for improved droplet deposition across spray nozzle types. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Weed Management and Pesticide Application Technology)
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15 pages, 936 KiB  
Article
Dicamba Retention in Commercial Sprayers Following Triple Rinse Cleanout Procedures, and Soybean Response to Contamination Concentrations
by Frances B. Browne, Xiao Li, Katilyn J Price, Jianping Wang, Yi Wang, Greg R Kruger, Jeff Golus, Gabrielle de Castro Macedo, Bruno C. Vieira and Tyler Sandlin
Agronomy 2020, 10(6), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060772 - 29 May 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3975
Abstract
The commercial launch of dicamba-tolerant (DT) crops has resulted in increased dicamba usage and a high number of dicamba off-target movement complaints on sensitive soybeans (Glycine max L.). Dicamba is a synthetic auxin and low dosages as 0.028 g ae ha−1 [...] Read more.
The commercial launch of dicamba-tolerant (DT) crops has resulted in increased dicamba usage and a high number of dicamba off-target movement complaints on sensitive soybeans (Glycine max L.). Dicamba is a synthetic auxin and low dosages as 0.028 g ae ha−1 can induce injury on sensitive soybean. Tank contamination has been identified as one of the sources for unintended sensitive crop exposure. The labels of new dicamba formulations require a triple rinse cleanout procedure following applications. Cleanout efficacy might vary based on the sprayer type and procedure followed. This study was performed to quantify dicamba retention in commercial sprayers and assess the risk for crop injury from remaining contaminants. The results indicate triple rinse with water was comparable to cleanout procedures utilizing ammonium, commercial tank cleaners, and glyphosate in rinses. Dicamba contaminants in final rinsates resulted in <15% visual injury and no yield response when applied to sensitive soybeans at R1 stage. A survey of 25 agricultural sprayers demonstrated a cleanout efficacy of 99.996% by triple rinsing with water following applications of dicamba at 560 g ae ha−1, with concentrations of less than 1 ug mL−1 detected rinsates from the fourth rinse. A dose response experiment predicted dosages causing 5% visual injury and the yield losses were 0.1185 and 2.8525 g ae ha−1. However, symptomology was observed for all tested dosages, including the rate as low as 0.03 g ae ha−1. The results from this study suggest triple rinsing with sufficient amount of water (≥10% of tank volume) is adequate for the removal of dicamba residues from sprayers to avoid sensitive soybean damage. This study can provide producers with confidence in cleanout procedures following dicamba applications, and aid in minimizing risk for off-target movement through tank contamination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Weed Management and Pesticide Application Technology)
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16 pages, 2086 KiB  
Article
Trifluralin and Atrazine Sensitivity to Selected Cereal and Legume Crops
by Imtiaz Faruk Chowdhury, Gregory S. Doran, Benjamin J. Stodart, Chengrong Chen and Hanwen Wu
Agronomy 2020, 10(4), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040587 - 20 Apr 2020
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 7105
Abstract
Soil-applied herbicides can persist in sufficient concentrations to affect the growth of crops in rotations. The sensitivity of wheat, barley, oat, lucerne and lentil to trifluralin and atrazine residues were investigated with three glasshouse experiments in 2018 and 2019. Each bioassay crop species [...] Read more.
Soil-applied herbicides can persist in sufficient concentrations to affect the growth of crops in rotations. The sensitivity of wheat, barley, oat, lucerne and lentil to trifluralin and atrazine residues were investigated with three glasshouse experiments in 2018 and 2019. Each bioassay crop species was tested against different concentrations of trifluralin and atrazine in sandy soil using a full factorial design. Shoot and root parameters of the tested crop species were fitted in logistic equations against herbicide concentrations to calculate effective doses for 50% growth inhibition (ED50). Results revealed that both shoot and root parameters of all the test crop species were significantly affected by trifluralin and atrazine. Trifluralin delayed crop emergence at the lower concentrations examined, while higher concentrations prevented emergence entirely. Low concentrations of atrazine did not affect emergence but significantly reduced plant height, soil–plant analyses development (SPAD) index, shoot dry weight, root length, root dry weight and number of nodules of all the crop species. At high concentration, atrazine resulted in plant death. Legumes were found to be more sensitive than cereals when exposed to both trifluralin and atrazine treatments, with lucerne being the most sensitive to both herbicides, ED50 ranging from 0.01 to 0.07 mg/kg soil for trifluralin; and from 0.004 to 0.01 mg/kg for atrazine. Barley was the most tolerant species observed in terms of the two herbicides tested. Lucerne can be used to develop a simple but reliable bioassay technique to estimate herbicide residues in the soil so that a sound crop rotation strategy can be implemented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Weed Management and Pesticide Application Technology)
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12 pages, 1711 KiB  
Article
Effect of Adjuvants and pH Adjuster on the Efficacy of Sulcotrione Herbicide
by Łukasz Sobiech, Monika Grzanka, Grzegorz Skrzypczak, Robert Idziak, Sylwia Włodarczak and Marek Ochowiak
Agronomy 2020, 10(4), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040530 - 8 Apr 2020
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4812
Abstract
The effectiveness of herbicides is affected by the pH of the spray liquid. The use of adjuvants can mitigate the negative effect of pH, and it also allows for a reduction in herbicide doses while maintaining high efficiency. Greenhouse studies were performed to [...] Read more.
The effectiveness of herbicides is affected by the pH of the spray liquid. The use of adjuvants can mitigate the negative effect of pH, and it also allows for a reduction in herbicide doses while maintaining high efficiency. Greenhouse studies were performed to evaluate the efficacy of the herbicide sulcotrione (HRAC F2), against barnyardgrass, at full or reduced doses with adjuvants, and a modified pH of the solutions. The contact angle and surface tension of liquid spray drops, as well as the shear viscosity of individual solutions, were also tested. Results indicated that at a low pH of the spray liquid (4), the use of a reduced dose of sulcotrione with adjuvant based on methylated rapeseed oil can increase the effectiveness of barnyardgrass control to the same level as at the full dose of herbicide. The use of adjuvants contributed to the reduction in the contact angle and the surface tension of liquid spray droplets. No significant differences in shear viscosity were observed for individual solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Weed Management and Pesticide Application Technology)
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