Herbicide Spray Deposition in Wheat Stubble as Affected by Nozzle Type and Application Direction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Field Set-Up
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Herbicide Spray Deposition Collection
2.4. Droplet Size Classification
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spray Droplet Size
3.2. Nozzle Type and Application Direction Effects
3.3. Wheat Stubble Height Effects
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2017 | 2019 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Field 1 | Field 2 | Field 3 | Field 4 | |
Temperature | 21 °C | 21 °C | 22 °C | 22 °C |
Humidity | 65% | 65% | 70% | 70% |
Wind speed | 3 m s−1 | 3 m s−1 | 2.20 m s−1 | 2.20 m s−1 |
Application time | 2:30 p.m. | 4:30 p.m. | 1:00 p.m. | 2:30 p.m. |
Application date | September 20 | September 20 | August 15 | August 15 |
Sprayer pressure | 270 kPa | 270 kPa | 270 kPa | 270 kPa |
Tractor speed | 12 km h | 12 km h | 12 km h | 12 km h |
Nozzle b | Droplet Size Characteristics a,c | Spray Classification f | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dv0.1 | Dv0.5 | Dv0.9 | RS d | Driftable Fines e | ||
____________________ μm ____________________ | % | |||||
XR11004 | 99 | 227 | 406 | 1.35 | 22 | Fine |
TTJ11004 | 160 | 360 | 643 | 1.34 | 8.5 | Medium |
AIXR11004 | 190 | 417 | 699 | 1.22 | 5 | Coarse |
TTI11004 | 365 | 758 | 1193 | 1.09 | 0.5 | Ultra Coarse |
Source of Variation (SV) | Number of Factors | p-Value | d.f. |
---|---|---|---|
Application Direction (D) | 3 | 0.0998 | 2 |
Nozzle Type (N) | 4 | 0.0993 | 3 |
D x N | 0.0340 * | 6 | |
Stubble Height (H) | 2 | <0.0001 * | 1 |
D x H x N | 0.8472 | 6 |
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Simão, L.M.; Easterly, A.C.; Kruger, G.R.; Creech, C.F. Herbicide Spray Deposition in Wheat Stubble as Affected by Nozzle Type and Application Direction. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1507. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101507
Simão LM, Easterly AC, Kruger GR, Creech CF. Herbicide Spray Deposition in Wheat Stubble as Affected by Nozzle Type and Application Direction. Agronomy. 2020; 10(10):1507. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101507
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimão, Luana M., Amanda C. Easterly, Greg R. Kruger, and Cody F. Creech. 2020. "Herbicide Spray Deposition in Wheat Stubble as Affected by Nozzle Type and Application Direction" Agronomy 10, no. 10: 1507. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101507