- Systematic Review
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Heart Rate Variability in Assessing Surgeons’ Stress Levels
- Abdulaziz Almuhini,
- Zeeshan Raza,
- Rossana Castaldo,
- Silvio Pagliara and
- Leandro Pecchia
13 February 2026
Background: Surgeons’ stress can significantly impact performance, leading to medical errors. Various factors contribute to stress, including a procedure’s complexity and surgeon experience. However, the field currently lacks a standardis...

