Rosaceae Nut-Shells as Sustainable Aggregate for Potential Use in Non-Structural Lightweight Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials Properties and Specimens Preparation
2.1.1. Binder Mixture
2.1.2. Coarse and Fine Aggregates
2.1.3. Lime-Concrete Design and Specimen Preparation
2.2. Experimental Methods
2.2.1. Morphological Analysis of the Aggregates
2.2.2. TGA-MSEGA
2.2.3. Demolded, Air-Dry, and Oven-Dry Densities
2.2.4. Mechanical Test
2.2.5. Thermal Conductivity of Lime-Concrete Specimens
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Lightweight Aggregates
3.2. Morphological Analysis of the Aggregates
3.3. TG-MS-EGA Analysis
3.4. Density and Compressive Strength of the Lime-Based Concrete
3.5. Thermal Insulating Properties
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hydrated Lime | Cement 52.5 | |
---|---|---|
Chemical analysis (wt %) | ||
SiO2 | - | 19.8 |
CaO | 75.68 | 63.89 |
Al2O3 | - | 4.43 |
Fe2O3 | - | 3.08 |
SO3 | - | 3.77 |
MgO | - | 1.02 |
Na2O | - | 0.09 |
K2O | - | 0.67 |
TiO2 | - | 0.18 |
Physical Properties | ||
Bulk density (kg/m3) | 450 | 770 |
Specific gravity (g/cm3) | 2.24 | 2.75 |
Compressive strength 7 days (N/mm2) | - | 30 |
Compressive strength 28 days (N/mm2) | - | 52.5 |
Physical Property | Coarse Aggregate | Fine Aggregate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
PS | AS | PlS | Sand | |
Particle size (mm) | 4.5–9.5 | 4.5–9.5 | 4.5–9.5 | 1 |
Specific gravity (kg/dm3) | 1.28 | 1.44 | 1.37 | 1.5 |
Bulk density (kg/m3) | 556 | 630 | 591 | 1560 |
Water absorption (24 h) (%) | 15.2 | 10.9 | 12.6 | 1.1 |
Shape | Flaky | Flaky | Flaky | Tout-venant |
PS | AS | PlS | |
---|---|---|---|
Moisture content (%) | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.5 |
Ash (%) | 0.99 ± 0.2 | 1.12 ± 0.6 | 1.09 ± 0.6 |
* Lignin (%) | 41.7 | 51.4 | 49.5 |
* Hemicellulose (%) | 21.8 | 20.8 | 20.2 |
* Cellulose (%) | 23.8 | 22.4 | 23.2 |
C (%) | 47.7 ± 0.5 | 47.0 ± 0.5 | 47.3 ± 0.5 |
H (%) | 5.73 ± 0.10 | 6.13 ± 0.09 | 5.73 ± 0.09 |
N (%) | 0.19 ± 0.05 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.36 ± 0.04 |
O (%) (from difference) | 45.39 | 45.58 | 45.52 |
Protein content (%) | 1.19 ± 0.10 | 1.06 ± 0.11 | 2.25 ± 0.11 |
Fat (%) | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.01 |
Sample | Lime | Cement | Sand | Lightweight Aggregate | w/b Ratio * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSC_a | 585 | - | 625 | 350 | 0.45 |
ASC_a | 585 | - | 625 | 350 | 0.45 |
PlSC_a | 585 | - | 625 | 350 | 0.45 |
PSC_b | 390 | 195 | 625 | 350 | 0.40 |
ASC_b | 390 | 195 | 625 | 350 | 0.40 |
PlSC_b | 390 | 195 | 625 | 350 | 0.40 |
Region | Thermal Window | Thermally Activated Processes |
---|---|---|
I | 30–120 | Removal of moisture and VOCs up to ~100 °C |
II | ~120–210 | Removal of bound water, NH3 from protein denaturation, low-boiling VOCs, and loss of CO and CO2 |
III | ~210–260 | Shoulder related to protein degradation |
~260–430 | Removal of reaction water, high-boiling VOCs and SVOCs, decarboxylation of acids with CO2 loss, degradation of polysaccharides, plasticization, and pseudo-vitrification of the sample | |
Removal of hydrocarbons, fat degradation, water of constitution, CO and CO2, and volatilization of other metabolites | ||
IV | ~430–490 | Removal of reaction water, CO2, and other metabolites |
~490–700 | Weak reactions related to slow volatilization of CO2, carbon residues, and other molecules | |
Removal of reaction water, CO and CO2, and other metabolites | ||
V | ~700–1000 | Volatilization of carbon residues, probably C20–C40 fragments |
Residual ashes at 1000 °C | Inorganic compounds and carbon residues |
Region | Thermal Step | To | Tm | Tc | Δm% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | (1) | 30 | 70.9 | 120 | −2.8 |
II | (2) | 120 | - | 261.7 | −3.4 |
III | (3) | 261.7 | 310.2 | 332.5 | −29.2 |
(4) | 332.5 | 377.4 | 423.2 | −39.4 | |
IV | (5) | 423.2 | - | 489.3 | −4.0 |
489.3 | - | 700 | −5.0 | ||
V | 700 | - | 1000 | −4.7 |
Region | Thermal Step | To | Tm | Tc | Δm% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | (1) | 30 | 66.7 | 120 | −3.8 |
II | (2) | 120 | 220.4 | 261.7 | −4.8 |
III | (3) | 261.7 | 314.7 | 332.5 | −26.4 |
(4) | 332.5 | 375.1 | 423.2 | −36.4 | |
IV | (5) | 423.2 | - | 490 | −3.7 |
490 | - | 700 | −6.0 | ||
V | 700 | - | 1000 | −4.0 |
Region | Thermal Step | To | Tm | Tc | Δm% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | (1) | 30 | 64.2 | 120 | −4.2 |
II | (2) | 120 | - | 261.7 | −5.5 |
III | (3) | 261.7 | 304.9 | 332.5 | −28.1 |
(4) | 332.5 | 355.1 | 423.2 | −29.2 | |
IV | (5) | 423.2 | 465 | 489.3 | −4.4 |
489.3 | - | 700 | −10.4 | ||
V | 700 | - | 1000 | −10.2 |
Density (kg/m3) * | |||
---|---|---|---|
Sample | Demoulded (24 h) | Air-Dry (28 d) | Oven-Dry (28 d) |
PSC_a | 1270.7 ± 1.5 | 1107.7 ± 1.4 | 1031.9 ± 1.4 |
ASC_a | 1308.3 ± 0.9 | 1148.3 ± 1.0 | 1124.0 ± 0.8 |
PlSC_a | 1288.4 ± 1.2 | 1124.0 ± 1.0 | 1053.0 ± 1.1 |
PSC_b | 1464.5 ± 0.9 | 1295.2 ± 0.8 | 1204.8 ± 0.7 |
ASC_b | 1513.7 ± 1.1 | 1342.6 ± 1.0 | 1251.9 ± 1.1 |
PlSC_b | 1489.2 ± 1.0 | 1315.2 ± 1.2 | 1232.3 ± 0.9 |
Compressive Strength (MPa) * | ||
---|---|---|
Sample | 28-Day | 56-Day |
PSC_a | 1.38 ± 0.20 | 1.99 ± 0.14 |
ASC_a | 2.87 ± 0.12 | 3.35 ± 0.15 |
PlSC_a | 1.95 ± 0.34 | 2.12 ± 0.17 |
PSC_b | 4.01 ± 0.16 | 4.97 ± 0.21 |
ASC_b | 6.98 ± 0.31 | 7.71 ± 0.13 |
PlSC_b | 5.11 ± 0.17 | 6.01 ± 0.19 |
Sample | Thermal Conductivity Coefficient (W/mK) * |
---|---|
PSC_a | 0.15 ± 0.01 |
ASC_a | 0.28 ± 0.03 |
PlSC_a | 0.19 ± 0.04 |
PSC_b | 0.20 ± 0.01 |
ASC_b | 0.37 ± 0.05 |
PlSC_b | 0.28 ± 0.03 |
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D’Eusanio, V.; Bertacchini, L.; Marchetti, A.; Mariani, M.; Pastorelli, S.; Silvestri, M.; Tassi, L. Rosaceae Nut-Shells as Sustainable Aggregate for Potential Use in Non-Structural Lightweight Concrete. Waste 2023, 1, 549-568. https://doi.org/10.3390/waste1020033
D’Eusanio V, Bertacchini L, Marchetti A, Mariani M, Pastorelli S, Silvestri M, Tassi L. Rosaceae Nut-Shells as Sustainable Aggregate for Potential Use in Non-Structural Lightweight Concrete. Waste. 2023; 1(2):549-568. https://doi.org/10.3390/waste1020033
Chicago/Turabian StyleD’Eusanio, Veronica, Lucia Bertacchini, Andrea Marchetti, Mattia Mariani, Stefano Pastorelli, Michele Silvestri, and Lorenzo Tassi. 2023. "Rosaceae Nut-Shells as Sustainable Aggregate for Potential Use in Non-Structural Lightweight Concrete" Waste 1, no. 2: 549-568. https://doi.org/10.3390/waste1020033