Background: The sequential processes that lead to pathological cardiovascular remodeling are unclear. From the multiple components that constitute the cardiovascular system, it is believed that vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) play a central role. SMCs have the ability to differentiate into a proliferative and migratory phenotype which supports vessel homeostasis. These synthetic SMCs display increased oxidative stress, secrete extracellular vesicles, and promote vascular calcification. SMC driven calcification is regulated by vitamin K-dependent matrix Gla protein (MGP). Since vitamin K promotes energy to bacteria, and vitamin K can scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, we reasoned that vitamin K can have non-canonical functions to decrease vascular calcification. Aim: We investigated the potential of vitamin K to reduce oxidative stress and support ATP synthesis in SMCs. Methods: Primary SMCs were cultured in M199 medium containing 20% FBS and 1% P/S. Warfarin (vitamin K antagonist; 10 microM) and MK-7 (10 microM) were added and ATP (luminescence), oxidative stress (DCFDA) and extracellular vesicles (EV: CD63-CD81-PE bead-assay) were measured. Results: We show that SMCs take up MK-7 very efficiently. Interference with vitamin K metabolism using warfarin resulted in increased intracellular oxidative stress (4 fold; p < 0.005) and EV release (2.5 fold; p < 0.01). The addition of MK-7 counteracts intracellular oxidative stress, both under normal conditions (2 fold; p < 0.05), as well as under warfarin-induced oxidative stress conditions (4 fold; p < 0.001). Additionally, chronic hypoxia induced by the HIF1a stabilizing cobalt chloride induced increased oxidative stress (2.5 fold; p < 0.01), and MK-7 could counteract oxidative stress, indicative for improved mitochondrial activity. Finally, MK-7 increased ATP production as compared to vehicle (15%; p < 0.05), even in the presence of warfarin. Conclusion: Our experiments show that in primary human SMCs, MK-7 lowers oxidative stress and EV release and increases ATP production. This pathway points to a non-canonical role of MK-7 in the prevention of vascular calcification, unrelated to its canonical role as a cofactor for the posttranslational modification of MGP. Full article

The COVID-19 pandemic has been disruptive to people’s mental health and lifestyle, including dietary intakes. This study aimed to explore psychological distress, lifestyle, and demographic factors and the relationship to discretionary choices in women of reproductive age (18–50 years) during COVID-19 in Australia. Reproductive-aged women (18–50 years) in Australia were invited to participate in a national online survey, between October and November 2020. Targeted recruitment ensured broad national representativeness across age and state of residence. Psychological distress score, socioeconomic characteristics, physical activity, and frequencies of discretionary choices (sugar-sweetened beverages, alcohol, and discretionary foods) were collected. Using the R statistical software (R Core Team, 2020), logistic regression was performed to analyse the data. A total of 1005 women were included in the study. Around 40% of the women reported a high level of psychological distress. About half of all the women had a higher intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (>1/week) (46%) and alcohol (≥2/week) (49%) and 15% reported a higher intake of discretionary foods (≥3/day). Women of Australian, New Zealander, or pacific ethnicity and women with more sitting times were more likely to have higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. Women of older age (45–50 y), women who reported a higher annual household income (≥AUD100,000), and women who had moderate or high physical activity were more likely to consume high intakes of alcohol. Women with high psychological distress, and those who gained weight during the pandemic, had a greater likelihood of high intake of discretionary foods. Such a high intake of discretionary choices in stressful situations, including the COVID-19 pandemic, needs appropriate public health strategies to avoid further mental and metabolic health issues. Full article

The current obesity pandemic and related health complications severely impair the quality of life and significantly increase the burden of health care costs. Obesity causes chronic low-grade inflammation, which may cause chronic metabolic disease and complications and may be accompanied by the activation of the immune system. The activation of the immune system may have a key role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders related to obesity. Adipose tissue disorders cause changes in adipose tissue distribution and function, with significant effects on cytokines, chemokines, hormone expression, and the composition of immune cell populations present in adipose tissue. Diet can influence immune system functioning and inflammatory response modulation. This study aimed to analyze the association between diet inflammatory potential, inflammation, and the innate immune response of people with obesity. In six months, 81 patients with obesity were monitored during energy-restricted anti-inflammatory diet nutritional intervention (intervention group; IG) and during energy-restricted Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka standard nutrition education protocol (control group; CG). The inflammatory potential of the participant’s diet was assessed with the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII^®). Both studied groups statistically significantly reduced markers of inflammation, hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α. The innate immunity (proportion of NK, NKT cells, and Tregs) was significantly decreased in the intervention group. Intervention with an anti-inflammatory diet showed the greatest reduction of these parameters in participants with the highest obesity degree. The use of anti-inflammatory dietary components, besides dietary energy restriction, has a significant impact on the improved immune status of people with obesity. Full article

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disease characterized by the excessive accumulation of lipids in the liver parenchyma. To date, there is no effective pharmacological treatment against NAFLD; however, lifestyle modifications, including physical activity and the adoption of healthy eating habits, are therapeutic approaches against this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the improvement of the intrahepatic fat content (IFC) in patients with NAFLD and metabolic syndrome and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation after 6 months of lifestyle intervention, which included a hypocaloric diet and the promotion of physical activity. Patients diagnosed with NAFLD (n = 60 adults; 40–60 years old) living in the Balearic Islands, Spain were classified in tertiles according to the improvement of IFC measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Pro/antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers were determined in plasma before and after the lifestyle intervention. The greatest improvement in IFC was directly related to a better cardiorespiratory fitness, determined with the Chester step test. Significant greater reductions in weight, body mass index, alanine aminotransferase and triglycerides were observed in the group with the greatest improvement in IFC compared to the one that improved the least after the intervention. No significant differences were detected in glucose, cholesterol and in aspartate aminotransferase. Similarly, the reduction in catalase plasma activity, irisin and cytokeratin 18 levels were significantly higher in the group with the highest degree of IFC reduction, whereas no differences were observed in superoxide dismutase activity and in malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels. A progressive decrease in reactive oxygen species production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells activated with lipopolysaccharide was observed after the lifestyle intervention. The present data show that a greater reduction in IFC is related to an improvement in pro/antioxidant and pro-inflammatory status and better cardiorespiratory fitness in NAFLD patients. Full article

Colonic mucosa exhibits numerous functional alterations associated to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Oxidative stress, a factor involved in T2DM pathogenesis and its complications, may contribute to some of the colonic alterations. Silicon (Si) is a trace element with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. In this study, we examined if the intake of soluble G⁵ organic Si (2 mg/kg b.w./day), as a functional ingredient, might enhance the antioxidant status of the proximal colonic mucosal barrier in late-stage T2DM rats. A control-restructured meat matrix (RM) included in a high-saturated-fat hypercholesterolemic diet (HSFHCD-RM) and combined with low-dose streptozotocin plus nicotinamide was used to induce T2DM. Sixteen diabetic rats were divided into two groups and received different experimental diets for 8 weeks: LD group fed a HSFHCD-RM, and LD-Si group fed a Si-enriched RM (HSFHCD-Si-RM). We evaluated Si effects on the immunolocalizations and activities of antioxidant enzymes in proximal colonic mucosa. Compared to LD-group mucosa, LD-Si group showed stronger immunoreactivities in Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SO1) (4.63 ± 0.02 vs. 1.5 ± 0.03; 626%, p = 0.00001), Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD2) (3.63 ± 0.03 vs. 0.5 ± 0.05; 208.6%, p = 0.0001), catalase (CAT) (2.38 ± 0.03 vs. 0.75 ± 0.05, 131.51%, p = 0.0001), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (3.25 ± 0.03 vs. 0.5 ± 0.05; 550.0%, p = 0.0001) and glutathione reductase (GR) (3.50 ± 0.05 vs. 2.56 ± 0.03; 36.75%, p = 0.001). Moreover, Si consumption led to higher total SOD (3.06 ± 0.42 vs. 2.53 ± 0.39; 20.94%, p = 0.001), CAT (34.10 ± 1.75 vs. 30.51 ± 1.81; 11.65%, p = 0.01) and GR (63.11 ± 13.22 vs. 51.46 ± 9.97; 22.60%, p = 0.001) activities, and lower GPx activity (191.82 ± 18.89 vs. 226.61 ± 20.07, 22.63%, p = 0.001). In summary, these results demonstrate the enhanced antioxidant status of the proximal colonic mucosa after Si intake in a late-stage T2DM model. Si effectively protected colonic mucosa against oxidative stress induced by T2DM. The incorporation of Si as a functional ingredient could be beneficial as a new nutritional tool to reverse colonic mucosa dysfunction associated to metabolic disorders, such as T2DM. Full article

Plant-based (PB) diets typically result in a lowering of total and LDL cholesterol. Eggs could complement the PB diet by increasing HDL cholesterol. In this randomized, controlled crossover intervention, we recruited 30 participants (49.3 ± 8 year) with metabolic syndrome (MetS) who followed a PB diet for 13 weeks. A registered dietitian advised all subjects on food selection and followed them through the whole intervention to ensure compliance. Participants underwent a 2-week washout with no eggs or spinach (sources of dietary choline) for 2 week and were randomly allocated to consume spinach (70 g) with either two eggs (EGG) or the equivalent amount of egg substitute (SUB) for breakfast for 4 weeks. After a 3-week washout, they were allocated to the alternate breakfast. We hypothesized that whole egg intake (EGG) would increase plasma choline and result in better improvement in parameters of metabolic syndrome. In total, 24 participants (13 women/11 men) finished the intervention. Plasma lipids, glucose, anthropometrics, liver enzymes, insulin, plasma choline, and TMAO were assessed at baseline and the end of each intervention. Compared with the SUB breakfast, we observed a significant decrease in body weight (p < 0.02) and a significant increase in HDL cholesterol (p < 0.025) following the EGG breakfast. There were no differences in plasma LDL, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, or blood pressure. Plasma choline was higher in both treatments (p < 0.01), compared with baseline (8.3 ± 2.1 nmol/mL). However, choline values were higher in EGG (10.54 ± 2.8 nmol/L), compared with SUB (9.47 ± 2.7 mmol/L) p < 0.025. These results indicate that consuming a plant-based diet in combination with whole eggs results in increases in plasma choline and in HDL cholesterol, both of which are beneficial for individuals with MetS. Full article

Natural products have been used for their healing properties for many centuries and have been of great interest in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Physical inactivity and the modern sedentary lifestyle, in which processed food has taken an important place, play an important role in oxidative stress induction. However, medicinal plants with antioxidant properties have been used since ancient times for their ability to treat or prevent several human ailments in which oxidative stress appears to be a cause. The aim of this research is to discover the antioxidant potential of Lomatium dissectum, a species of the carrot family (Apiaceae) commonly known as fernleaf biscuitroot. Lomatium roots has been used historically by Native Americans, mostly as a treatment for respiratory illness and bacterial and viral infections. This study aims to find out the phytochemical composition, to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content, reducing potential, and free radical scavenging activity in ethanolic extract of Lomatium roots. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and steroids. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to be 20.80 ± 5.76 mg GAE/g and 65.5 ± 15.8 mg QE/g dry weight, respectively. The plant extract showed a high reducing potential in a dose-dependent fashion, which indicated the ability of the plant to donate electrons to neutralize free radicals. The antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl free radical scavenging assays. The Lomatium extract displayed a concentration-dependent radical scavenging activity. At a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, the plant extract scavenged DPPH and superoxide and hydroxyl radicals by 53.09%, 50.4%, and 33.84%, respectively. These results show that the Lomatium root extract possesses free radical scavenging activity and reducing potential and is rich in phenols and flavonoids. This is the first attempt to research the antioxidant potential of the Lomatium root. The results support traditional claims and pave the path for the discovery of antioxidant-rich nutrients that may help to prevent us from oxidative-stress-borne diseases. Full article

The plant hormones cytokinins play a major role in cell division and cell differentiation. They affect organogenesis in plant cell cultures and contribute to many other physiological and developmental processes in plants. Kinetin was first discovered 60 years ago and was the first known member of cytokinines. On the market, kinetin is formulated by cosmetic companies to combat anti-aging and is topically applied without a defined dosage or instructions on its use. Until now, no systemic formulations with specific doses and mechanisms have been produced. Some studies have reported the effect of kinetin on different human diseases , such as its ability to prevent age-related changes in human skin by protecting the DNA in skin cells from damage (antioxidant effects) and decreasing skin water loss, in addition to its therapeutic potential in the treatment of the human splicing disease, familial dysautonomia, in vitro. Our research with kinetin began with studying its activity in plants , followed by screening for the systemic activity of kinetin in mammalian cells in vitro, where we showed for the first time that kinetin exerts anticytotoxic, antioxidant, antigenotoxic and antiapoptotic activities in different cell lines from different origins. The promising in vitro results allowed us to continue to the in vivo stage of the investigation, where we examined the safety of kinetin for systemic administration in rats. Full article

Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide. Consequently, many byproducts are generated during coffee processing, including the pulp, a source of antioxidant phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds and caffeine, reducing oxidative stress. However, phenolics’ antioxidant properties are physiologically restricted to their bioaccessibility and bioavailability. This study aimed to investigate the gastrointestinal behavior of the coffee pulp’s phenolic compounds under simulated conditions. The coffee pulp, obtained from the Arabica variety by the wet processing method, was milled and digested following the in vitro INFOGEST method. Phenolic compounds were analyzed using colorimetric and UPLC–MS/MS methods. The in vitro antioxidant capacity was estimated using the ABTS method. The potential bioavailability was predicted using in silico tools. The coffee pulp showed a high content of phenolic acids, especially chlorogenic (1011 ± 28 µg g⁻¹), protocatechuic (1757 ± 7 µg g⁻¹), and gallic (469 ± 20 µg g⁻¹) acids, and flavonoids, particularly quercetin derivatives. The caffeine content (5060 ± 67 µg g⁻¹) stood out among all the phenolic compounds, 4.6-fold higher than total chlorogenic acids and 1.4-fold higher than total phenolic compounds. Although the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity significantly increased (p < 0.05) throughout the digestive process, the bioaccessibility of the individual phenolics decreased (p < 0.05). Hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids showed high intestinal bioaccessibility (79.0% ± 12.6% and 82.3% ± 11.1%, respectively), while flavonols and flavones exhibited lower values (58.7% ± 8.9% and 41.9% ± 6.8%, respectively). Caffeine (83.1% ± 5.9%) also exhibited high intestinal bioaccessibility. The potential bioavailability, expressed as human intestinal absorption, was higher for caffeine (74.0% ± 5.3%), followed by hydroxybenzoic acids (48.6% ± 7.8%) and hydroxycinnamic acids (22.8% ± 3.1%), while the lowest values were obtained for flavonols (13.6% ± 2.2%) and flavones (7.8% ± 3.1%). Thus, despite exhibiting similar bioaccessibility, caffeine may reach the bloodstream and target organs in a higher proportion than phenolic compounds. These results provide new knowledge on the gastrointestinal behavior of antioxidant phenolic compounds and caffeine from the coffee pulp, supporting its use as a new antioxidant food ingredient. Full article

Bladder cancer is one of the ten most common types of cancer diagnosed in the world. During this time, an unbalanced state of reactive oxygen species’ (ROS) production and antioxidant capacity occurs that causes oxidative damage, cell damage, and eventually the death of the cells. The aim of this research was to explain what fluorescence diagnostics is and to present the techniques of modern bladder tumor fluorescence diagnostics that uses the phenomenon of oxidative stress. Modern fluorescence diagnostics of bladder neoplasms combining fluorescence cystoscopy with other methods, shows great potential both in basic biomedical research and in the clinical practice of diagnosis and bladder cancer treatment. In this paper, we present the current research reports on the generation and operation of ROS in bladder cancer. Full article

Over the past two years, a significant number of studies and statistical reports have appeared that prove the relationship between the level of vitamin D in the body and the severity of COVID-19. The main sources of vitamin D in the human body are food and sunlight. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intake of vitamin D in daily food rations by the students. As an applied aspect, consider the effect of the frequency of consumption of vitamin D-containing foods on the occurrence of symptoms of allergic diseases. The study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey of students from two universities in the city Kharkiv (Ukraine). The data collection was carried out by a conducting questionnaire with three sections: frequency of consumption for 22 vitamin D-containing foods, identification of allergic symptoms, and an estimate of the average duration of exposure time to sunlight by season. The survey suggests that the rations of students are poor for consuming products vitamin D-containing foods. The classification of these products was carried out using statistical analysis of data and chemometric techniques. There was a lack of consumption of vitamin D-containing foods and a critical time spent in sunlight, regardless of the season. At the same time, a positive correlation between the presence of vitamin D deficiency in young people and a high percentage of respondents with symptoms of allergic diseases was obtained. Full article

The aim of this review is to understand if Spirulina can significantly improve the CD4+ cell count in patients with HIV. PubMed was searched up to February 2022 for relevant trials, and seven studies were found to match our inclusion criteria. Overall, the available evidence indicates that Spirulina might be useful to improve the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count in patients with HIV. A more pronounced effect is likely to be observed for a 10 g daily dose of Spirulina for 6 months, while smaller amounts given for shorter periods of time seem to be less effective. High-quality Spirulina-derived products are necessary to ensure the best clinical safety and avoid contaminants. Further studies on the topic are needed. Full article

The immune system, inflammatory, and oxidative processes are involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of chronic diseases. Soybean lunasin has emerged as one of the most promising food-derived peptides with a positive impact on health. A soybean extract enriched in lunasin (LES) was obtained and characterized, evaluating its behavior under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Besides its in vitro radical scavenging capacity, the effects of LES on cell viability, phagocytic capacity, and levels of oxidative stress and inflammation-associated biomarkers were investigated in macrophages RAW 264.7. Different LES doses and treatment times were assayed. After extraction with an aqueous solvent, an enrichment with soluble proteins and small peptides, such as lunasin, was achieved. Lunasin was detected at the end of the simulated digestion, indicating its partial resistance to this process. LES showed radical scavenging activity. Moreover, at low doses, LES reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophages, while an oxidizing effect was observed at the highest concentration. LES exerted an immunomodulatory action, increasing the production of nitric oxide (NO) in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the phagocytic activity at short treatment times. LES also had a modulatory action on the secretion of pro-inflammatory (interleukin IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines. Full article

Nutrition is a major contributing factor to immunocompetence. Bio-fortification is a feasible strategy from an environmental and economical point of view. It is considered the perfect strategy to combat human mineral malnourishment. Bio-fortified foods can be efficiently assimilated by humans. However, relevant information on the effect of an implemented diet with bio-fortified leafy vegetables on hematological and chemical parameters is scarce. Vegetables are particularly rich sources of micronutrients and phytochemicals, such as polyphenols and vitamins. Lettuce is considered to be a frequently consumed salad vegetable that is rich in phytonutrients. The concentration of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in lettuce may depend on variation and species, but they may also vary within the same species. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the effects of bio-fortified lettuce with iodine on hematological parameters and in general, on whole-body homeostasis and specifically on iodine, glucose, lipid, hepatic, iron metabolism. A cohort of ten people was supplemented with curly endive leaf bio-fortified for 12 days. Blood samples were obtained at baseline (T0) and after 12 days (T2) of supplementation with curly endive leaf and were analyzed for hematochemical parameters. The results showed that curly endive bio-fortification improved whole-body homeostasis in healthy people. The measurement, after the consumption for 12 days with iodine bio-fortified curly endive crops, revealed an increase in iodine concentration in the urine samples and an increase in vitamin D, calcium and potassium concentrations in the blood samples. The intake of bio-fortified lettuce did not alter the blood-chemical parameters and the increased vitamin D levels suggested that bio-fortification with iodine could have an immunomodulatory function. Full article

The current study examined changes in body composition and dietary intake of healthy Spanish postmenopausal before and after the COVID-19-related lockdown. Sixty-six women participated in the study (58.7 ± 5.4 years). Participants had a full bioelectrical impedance study (BIA) before (between July–October 2019) and after (August–October 2020) the lockout, which occurred because of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. No statistically significant differences were observed in the body composition of the participants. The assessment of dietary intake of protein, fat and carbohydrates before and after the confinement period also showed no significant changes. It does not appear that there have been changes in the body composition of the postmenopausal women studied or in their dietary habits in the studied period. Full article

The aim of the present study was to explore links between dietary habits and biomarkers of systemic inflammation in older adults. In a sample of 233 community-dwelling older adults (65–70 years), dietary habits were assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire. Physical activity and sedentary time were assessed using accelerometry. Inflammatory biomarkers were assessed from blood samples. The results showed that intake of vegetables was inversely related to levels of systemic inflammation (p < 0.05), independently of physical activity level. The present study strengthens public health efforts to promote vegetable-rich diets in older adults to mitigate age-related systemic inflammation. Full article

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 pandemic on 11 March 2020. As COVID-19 has spread, lockdowns have been declared all over the world, including the United States, Europe, Asia, Africa, and South Korea. Consequently, it has changed daily life rapidly, including “social distancing”. In particular, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2020) confirmed that the prevalence of obesity (≥19 years old) was 31.4% in 2011, 33.8% in 2019, and 38.3% in 2020, indicating a rapid increase after the outbreak of COVID-19. It is a critical issue in health science to identify the differences in potential factors for obesity before and after the COVID-19 pandemic particularly because many previous studies showed that obesity increased the infection risk of COVID-19 and, even after infection with COVID-19, people with obesity suffered from higher severity and mortality rates than people who had a normal weight or were underweight. Consequently, this study aimed to identify keywords formed in society and how they changed by web-crawling South Korean media (news) and using “obesity” as a keyword. Diabetes, hypertension, health management, eating habits, physical activity, and protein were derived from the frequency analysis regardless of period. The results indicated that these keywords were used a lot in news articles on obesity. This study examined the flow of entire text data by showing the frequency of word occurrence in the entire documents or each document through the frequency analysis of South Korean media news on obesity. The results of this study are meaningful because they present the direction of obesity management measures in the future by identifying the changes in keywords in obesity news articles before and after the COVID-19 pandemic declaration. Full article

Purpose: Despite suggestive epidemiological findings and plausible mechanisms, data directly linking vitamin D supplementation with improvement in cardiovascular risk is limited. Moreover, little is known about the effect of vitamin D on cardiovascular health of young healthy people. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of short-term supplementation with vitamin D₃ on blood pressure (BP), pulse wave velocity (PWV), body mass index (BMI), and salivary cortisol and cortisone levels in young healthy adults. Methods: The study applied a short, parallel placebo-controlled design. A total of 20 healthy, normotensive participants were instructed to consume 20 µg/d of vitamin D₃ for 2 w, and 10 volunteers received a placebo. BP, PWV, BMI, and salivary cortisol level were assessed at baseline and after 2 w time. Vitamin D and total energy intakes were also evaluated. Results: After 2 w of the supplementation there was a significant decrease in mean PWV by 0.475 ± 0.31 m/s (p = 0.007) with a negative correlation with vitamin D intake (r = −0.43), systolic BP by 5.3 ± 6.46 mmHg (p = 0.035) and diastolic BP by 3.4 ± 4.46 mmHg (p = 0.002). No significant change was observed in BMI. There was no significant effect on salivary cortisol (p = 0.554), but overall salivary cortisone increased from 5.33 ± 2.6 to 6.98 ± 3.3 nmole, p = 0.042). Salivary free cortisol/cortisone ratio was reduced from 0.952 ± 0.54 to 0.784 ± 0.68, p = 0.028. Urinary free cortisol/cortisone ratio was reduced (1.71 ± 0.75–1.22 ± 0.53, p = 0.015). Conclusions: Vitamin D₃ supplementation decreases both diastolic and systolic BP and improves arterial compliance but does not alter BMI or salivary cortisol levels. However, there was a reduction of salivary and urine free cortisol/cortisone ratio indicating an inhibition of 11βHSD type 1 enzyme activity. The results suggest that vitamin D₃ could have the potential to reduce the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases in young healthy adults. Further research with controlled conditions is warranted to test the reproducibility of the obtained results. Full article

Vitamin E compounds are known for their antioxidant potential. Research indicates a more effective antioxidant effect of tocotrienols compared to tocopherols. The aim of this study was to develop an FFQ for evaluation of tocotrienols intake and comparison with data obtained from a 24-h dietary record in adults. The average intake of tocotrienols for subjects (202) was: 2.165 mg/day from a 24-h dietary record and 2.236 mg/day for the FFQ. The highest content of the diet was β-tocotrienol, and the lowest was δ-tocotrienol. The results of the tocotrienols intake obtained with both methods were similar. Full article

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors have been reported in Uganda, but the role of dietary risk factors of MetS is rarely reported. This study examined the association between fruit and/or vegetable (FV) intake and MetS risk factors in adults aged 18–69 years. The data from the 2014 Uganda non-communicable diseases risk factor baseline survey was analyzed. The mean intake of FV according to the number of MetS risk factors and the odds ratios of each component according to quartiles (Q) of FV servings were computed. Overall, 1396 men and 1736 women were analyzed. The mean age was 34.4 years, the mean daily servings of total FV was 2.6 ± 0.1, and 77.7% of participants were diagnosed with at least an MetS risk factor, whereas 2.6% of participants had ≥3 risk factors. Men with ≥3 risk factors consumed less vegetable servings compared to those with one risk factor (0.9 ± 0.1 vs. 1.5 ± 0.1, p < 0.001). Total FV and vegetable intakes were low in women with ≥3 risk factors than in those with none (total FV: 1.4 ± 0.3 vs. 2.2 ± 0.3, p = 0.003; vegetables: 1.1 ± 0.1 vs. 1.4 ± 0.1, p = 0.005). Regarding individual risk factors, higher total FV intake and only fruit intake was unusually associated with higher odds of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) in men (total FV for Q1–Q4, p for trend = 0.025; fruits for Q1–Q4, p for trend = 0.03). Increasing intake of total FV was inversely associated with abdominal obesity in women (Q1–Q4, p for trend = 0.04). In conclusion, we found low consumption of vegetables in both men and women, and low consumption of total FV in women with ≥3 risk factors. In addition, total fruits and vegetable intake was inversely associated with abdominal obesity in women. However, the controversial finding that a high risk of low HDL-c is linked to higher FV or fruit intake in men deserves further research. The results suggest a favorable role of FV intake in MetS risk factors in this population. Full article

Background: The availability of characterized human adipocyte cell models for in vitro studies is currently limited. They may be useful to better understand the role of dysfunctional adipocytes in the pathophysiology of cardio-metabolic diseases and to evaluate the metabolic effects of nutraceutical compounds. In this study, human liposarcoma SW 872 cells, both non-differentiated and differentiated for 7 days with 100 mM oleic acid, have been used as the model system to (1) characterize these cells, concerning metabolic, pro-inflammatory, and morphologic features, and (2) begin to evaluate the “healthy” effects of some plant-derived nutraceutical compounds. Methods: In SW 872 cells, we evaluated the accumulation of triglycerides, glucose uptake, pro-inflammatory cytokine release, and the modulation of Akt protein phosphorylation (pAkt), highlighting the differences between differentiated and non-differentiated cells. Results: Oleic-acid-differentiated SW 872 cells have a higher triglyceride content (p < 0.001) than non-differentiated cells, as well as a lower glucose uptake (p < 0.001), but a higher insulin response (p < 0.05) and a specific activation of the Akt pathway. This cell model has thus been chosen for the preliminary evaluation of the effects of some phytochemical complexes on the modulation of these molecular parameters, observing, in some instances, promising effects on the reduction in triglyceride content and pro-inflammatory cytokine release, as well as on increased glucose uptake. Conclusions: Our study suggests that the SW 872 cell model could be useful for studies regarding human adipocyte function and dysfunction, as well as studies on the effects of bioactive compounds on dysfunctional adipose tissue, which will be addressed in future research. Full article

There is a close correlation between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cognitive impairment leading to dementia. Lately, the incidence of T2DM-related dementia has increased with population aging. Factors such as oxidative stress and inflammatory responses may contribute to brain dysfunction in diabetes. The major inflammatory response found in diabetic rat brains occurs through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and consequently, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Silicon is a micronutrient with antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties; however, its effects on the inflammatory responses in the brain of T2DM rats are unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of silicon in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of late-stage T2DM rats. A late-stage diabetic model was established by injection of a low-dose streptozotocin plus nicotinamide combined with following the experimental diets. Sixteen rats were divided into two groups. The diabetic group (D) was fed a saturated-fat hypercholesterolemic diet containing a control restructured meat matrix (RM). In the treatment group, silicon was included into RM as a functional ingredient (D-Si). The NF-kB, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were measured by immunohistochemistry in the cortex and hippocampus. Silicon down-regulated NF-κB activation, showing lower pNF-κB-labeled cells and lower immunoreactivity in both the cortex and hippocampus (p < 0.05). TNF-α levels decreased in both brain areas of D-Si rats (p < 0.05); whereas IL-6 levels were only decreased in cortex (p < 0.05). These results showed that silicon decreased the NF-κB pro-inflammatory pathway in cortex and hippocampus of late-stage T2DM rats. However, a further comprehension of underlying mechanisms would be interesting. It can be concluded that silicon administration as a functional ingredient may offer a novel nutritional strategy in the neuroprotection of T2DM-associated cognitive impairment. Full article

Agroindustry generates different types of waste every year, among which is food suitable for human consumption but without commercial value since it does not meet strict marketing parameters. In this sense, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that food losses reach 1300 million tons, 44% corresponding to fruits and vegetables. In addition, inadequate waste management becomes a problem of economic profitability and environmental sustainability. The nutritional characterization of plant matrices as well as their bioactive properties allows the design of alternative strategies for the recovery of bioactive waste molecules and their subsequent use, incorporating them back into the food chain and promoting a circular economy. Current literature affirms that legumes are rich in phenolic compounds that are recognized for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial capacity, among others, and their potential applications in food preservation and consumer health. In this study, five edible legumes not suitable for marketing—since they do not meet quality standards—were studied for their protein content (25.11–50.96%), total sugars (17.46–57.20%), total phenolic compounds (9.62–32.74 mg GAE/g sample) and minerals composition. Samples came from different geographical areas, namely: Medicago spp. (France), Phaseolus vulgaris (Spain and Argentina), Cicer arietinum (Spain), Lens culinaris (Spain) and Glycine max (United States, France and China). The nutritional characterization and quantification of the bioactive compounds of these not-suitable species reveals the convenience of their valorization in the formulation of nutraceuticals, functional foods, cosmetics or drugs, due to their potential as oxidative stress controllers, also avoiding the generation of large food waste. Full article

Obesity is associated with a low-grade inflammation, characterized by the secretion of inflammatory mediators, that contribute to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. Steatosis may be complicated by hepatocellular injury and liver inflammation (steatohepatitis or NASH). Ketogenic diet (KD), a high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet, seems to present anti-inflammatory properties which could reduce NAFLD development. However, the mechanisms involved in its beneficial effects remain unclear. Obesity was induced in C57/Bl6 mice (n = 20) by using a high-fat, high-sugar diet (HFD). After 16 weeks of HFD, mice were split into two groups for six weeks: KD mice (n = 10) and HFD mice (n = 10). At the end of the 22-week protocol, we measured liver weight, hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammatory infiltrates with histological staining, and hepatic gene expression by RT-qPCR. Both HFD and KD were isocaloric and compared with a control diet (Ctrl) group of mice (n = 10). After 22 weeks of HFD, mice developed obesity (+82% of weight gain, p < 0.001) associated with an increase in liver weight (+113%, p < 0.001) and hepatic lipid accumulation (+158%, p < 0.001), compared with Ctrl. RT-qPCR revealed an increase in TNFa (p < 0.05), IL-1 (p < 0.05) and collagen 1 (p < 0.01) gene expression, but no changes of IL-10, TGFb and IFNg, compared to Ctrl. Histological staining showed an important steatosis and inflammatory infiltrates. Compared to HFD, six weeks of KD allow to reduce the liver weight (−31%, p < 0.01), reduce steatosis and ballooning hepatocytes, and decreased IL-6 (p < 0.05) and collagen 1 (p < 0.05) gene expression. However, KD had no effect on IL-1, TNFa, IFNg, IL-10 gene expression, compared to HFD. These results suggest that in a context of hypercaloric diet and NAFLD development, replacing sugar by lipids is efficient to prevent the onset of NASH at least partly due to a reduction in lipid accumulation and hepatocellular injuries. Full article

Sulforaphane (1-isothiocyanato-4-(methylsulfinyl)-butane) and iberin (1-isothiocyanato-3-methylsulfinylpropane) have attracted widespread attention due to their anti-inflammatory and cancer-preventive properties. These isothiocyanates are products of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucosinolates glucoraphanin and glucoiberin, which are found only in the plants of the order Brassicales. Cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower, belong to the order Brassicales, specifically, in the Brassicaceae family. Our aim was to develop an efficient and accurate method for the simultaneous determination of sulforaphane and iberin in cruciferous vegetables using Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-Q-ToF-MS). The method was applied for the quantitative determination of these compounds in a variety of cruciferous vegetables (green and purple broccoli, white and purple cabbage, radish, turnip, arugula, watercress and cauliflower). The results showed that green and purple broccoli contained the highest levels of sulforaphane (660.14 ± 34.29 to 210.11 ± 9.76 μg g⁻¹ dry weight), while the highest concentration of iberin was detected in purple broccoli (144.98 ± 3.56 μg g⁻¹ dry weight). The lowest concentrations of sulforaphane and iberin were measured in watercress and radish. The differences in the content of these compounds can be attributed to the variability among Brassicaceae species, geography, season and various environmental factors. Full article

This umbrella review was aimed at understanding if the Mediterranean diet can have a protective role against the development of age-related cognitive disorders. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus and the DOAJ were systematically searched for relevant meta-analyses published in the last 10 years (up to October 2021). After the article selection process, six research works met the inclusion criteria. Pooled results of these meta-analyses indicated that following a Mediterranean diet can be associated with a reduction in the risk of developing cognitive disorders (mild cognitive impairment, vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease), although in one study the overall result was not statistically significant. In particular, people following a Mediterranean diet may be up to 40% less likely to develop age-related neurodegenerative disorders associated with impaired cognition. A possible explanation can be found in the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, pro-metabolic and prebiotic effects of the Mediterranean diet, rich in fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, micronutrients and natural antioxidants. In consideration of current epidemiological trends that suggest a substantial rise in cognitive disorder prevalence in the near future, promoting the Mediterranean diet can be a useful public health strategy for healthy aging and disease prevention (GRADE 1B). Additional studies are recommended to strengthen current indications. Full article

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased levels of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is the mechanism by which light radiation (e.g., ultraviolet, UV) has a damaging effect on cells. At the same time, regardless of the data on the negative impact of light radiation and oxidative stress on carcinogenesis, both of these factors are used in the treatment of, e.g., skin cancer, breast cancer, etc. We wish to provide an overview of several systems that have been recently reported that employ both radiative and non-radiative chemiluminescent energy transfer for photosensitizer excitation that have been developed in the hope of achieving “dark” photodynamic therapy. This presentation reviews several of these important new developments in the design of therapeutic systems that utilize chemiluminescence. Thus, oxidative stress causes a condition in which cellular components, including DNA, proteins, and lipids, are oxidized and damaged. The anti-tumor effects result from a combination of direct photodamage to tumor cells, destruction of the tumor vasculature, and activation of the immune response. In this review, we will present how Vitamin D affects oxidative stress. The effect of vitamin D administration on the markers of oxidative stress was observed in people with a high-fat diet. A high fat diet is a potent inducer of oxidative stress by altering oxygen metabolism. The topics discussed in this speech will also concern the relationship of Vitamin D with PDT-treated tissue (skin and breast) by enabling accumulation of photosynthetizers. We will present an overview of the published research to date and our own research. Full article

Background: Evidence suggests that turmeric or curcumin intake can improve antioxidant defense, blood pressure, ageing and gut microbiota. The effects of turmeric concentrate (curcumin) intake on cardiovascular risk factors and exercise-induced oxidative stress were investigated. Methods: A randomized placebo-controlled study was performed to assess the effects of turmeric extract in healthy volunteers before and after a 30-minute exercise bout. Participants (n = 22) were given either 500 mg turmeric concentrate (Curcumin C3, Jarrow Formulas, Los Angeles, CA, USA) or placebo supplements. Anthropometry, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), pulse wave velocity (PWV), biomarkers of oxidative stress, perceived exertion and lipid peroxidation were assessed. Results: There were no significant differences in all baseline parameters between the placebo and the curcumin groups (p > 0.05). In the curcumin group, blood pressure response to exercise following curcumin intake was blunted, and the increase was not significant compared to basal values. In the last run, there was a significant difference (before–after) between curcumin and placebo groups (Δ in SBP: 7.3 ± 6.8 vs. 13.8 ± 6.3 mmHg, p = 0.007, and Δ in DBP: 2.3 ± 6.9 V 8.0 ± 6.8 mmHg, p = 0.012). Final PWV scores were reduced significantly in the curcumin group (7.2 ± 0.97 to 6.7 ± 0.77 m/s, p = 0.033), and this reduction was significant compared to the control (Δ of 0.56 vs. 0.21 m/s, p = 0.04). A significant increase was observed in urinary antioxidant power (p = 0.031) and total polyphenol levels (p = 0.022) post curcumin intervention, and those in the placebo did not show significant changes. The increase in exercise-induced MDA levels was blunted only in the curcumin group, and the before–after difference was significant compared to the control (Δ of −0.81 vs. +0.205 μmole/day, p = 0.032). The distance ran by the participants taking curcumin was significantly longer (p = 0.005), and compared to the placebo, the before–after difference was significant (Δ of −0.69 vs. +0.28 km, p = 0.014). Conclusion: Our study suggests that turmeric concentrate intake can reduce blood pressure and improve antioxidant, anti-inflammatory status and arterial compliance. Curcumin may improve exercise performance and ameliorate oxidative stress. Larger studies are warranted to validate these findings and test other cardiovascular risk factors. Full article

Exercise training (ET) is a natural activator of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a stress-sensor able to increase the endogenous antioxidant system. SIRT1 activators, including polyphenols and vitamins, can enhance the antioxidant capacity. Antioxidant supplements are used to improve athletic performance. However, they might blunt ET-related benefits. Middle-distance runners (MDR) taking (MDR-S) or not taking antioxidant supplements (MDR-NoS) were compared with each other and with sedentary subjects (CTR) to evaluate the ET effects on SIRT1 levels and oxidative stress, and to investigate whether an exogenous source of antioxidants could interfere with such effects. Thirty-two MDR and 14 CTR were enrolled. SIRT1 mRNA and activity were measured in PBMCs. Total oxidative status (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TEAC) were determined in plasma. MDR showed higher levels of SIRT1 mRNA (p = 0.0387) and activity (p = 0.0055) than CTR. MDR-NoS also showed higher levels than MDR-S without reaching statistical significance. SIRT1 activity was higher (p = 0.0012) in MDR-NoS than in MDR-S. TOS did not differ among the groups, while MDR showed higher TEAC levels than CTR (p = 0.0001) as did MDR-S and MDR-NoS (MDR-S vs. CTR, p = 0.0007 and MDR-NoS vs. CTR, p = 0.003). TEAC (β = 0.4488356, 95% CI 0.2074645 0.6902067; p = 0.0001) and the MDR-NoS group (β = 744.6433, 95% CI 169.9954 1319.291; p = 0.012) predicted SIRT1 activity levels. Antioxidant supplementation seems to hinder the role of ET as a natural activator of SIRT1. Full article

The main purpose of this review is to analyze published data concerning the antioxidant properties of astaxanthin, a xanthophyll, produced by the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis in response to specific conditions of “environmental stress” and characterized by its typical deep red color. Natural astaxanthin establishes effective protections against oxidative stress, neutralizing free radicals in both the inner and outer layer of cell membranes, especially in mitochondria. The most recent preclinical and clinical studies that have investigated the beneficial properties of this molecule toward the gastrointestinal tract were included. Full article

Objectives: Nowadays, the global population is moving towards herbal drugs, which contain bioactive compounds, to cure diseases. Rauwolfia serpentina is a medicinally important herb that is mainly effective in the treatment of hypertension and psychotic disorders. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of Rauwolfia serpentina on acute stress. The herb extract was orally administered before immobilization for 2 h only, to monitor any change in behavioral activities. We also evaluated the role of Rauwolfia serpentina in oxidative stress, including its effect on antioxidant enzymes’ activities, such as catalase and superoxide dismutase, and also on plasma glucose, corticosterone and leptin levels. Methods: Animals were divided into four groups, which were (i) saline unstressed, (ii) Rauwolfia serpentina unstressed, (iii) saline stressed and (iv) Rauwolfia serpentina stressed, which were injected accordingly with saline (1 mL/kg) or Rauwolfia serpentina (30 mg/kg). Animals of the stressed group received immobilization for 2 h. Behavioral analysis was performed after the termination of the 2 h immobilization period. Animals were then decapitated and plasma samples were collected for CAT, SOD, corticosterone, leptin and glucose estimation. Results: Results showed that Rauwolfia serpentina is an effective anxiolytic agent as it attenuates stress-induced behavioral deficits and improves locomotor activity. On the other hand, it provides positive outcomes regarding the antioxidant enzymes levels of stressed animals. Conclusion: Rauwolfia Serpentina was found to prevent the stress-induced increase in corticosterone, and an increase in the levels of endogenous leptin attenuates the stress-induced activity of the HPA axis. It is also concluded that 30 mg/kg of Rauwolfia serpentina is not sufficient to produce hypoglycemic effects. However, more studies are recommended to explain the particular action by which Rauwolfia serpentina produces its effects. Full article

Current research has shown that oily fish, specifically pelagic species such as blue shark (Prionace glauca), shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus), swordfish (Xiphias gladius) and bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), are a rich source of essential nutrients, such as proteins (15–21%), lipids (0.5–3.3%), carbohydrates, vitamins A and D, and minerals, such as calcium and selenium. In addition, they also contain bioactive compounds that have been reported to promote the health of the fish consumers. Bioactive compounds are components naturally present in food found in relatively small amounts, which, after enzymatic hydrolysis at the gastrointestinal level, influence cellular and physiological activities, obtaining a positive effect on consumer health. These benefits are achieved through multifactorial physiological mechanisms that include antioxidant, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiviral or immunomodulatory activity, among others. The increase in diseases such as cancer, hypertension and diabetes has caused the population to prefer good nutritional foods that also exert beneficial effects on health. Some of the bioactive compounds reported in these species include bioactive peptides, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and minerals. Therefore, in this work, we have reviewed the scientific evidence for the benefits of consuming bioactive compounds from oily fish and their effect on physiological risk factors, molecular pathways and bioactive metabolites. Full article

Sargassum muticum is an invasive brown macroalga in Galicia (Spain). Thus, exploitation of this biomass for the extraction of bioactive compounds could be an interesting strategy to add value to food supplements and functional foods. Among these compounds, fucoxanthin (Fx) has been gaining attention for its promising biological activities, such as its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, neuroprotective, anti-angiogenic and photoprotective properties. Fucoxanthin is the most abundant and characteristic pigment in brown algae, accounting for approximately 10% of the total carotenoids in nature. The aim of this study was to optimize the extraction yield (grams extract per 100 g of macroalgae dried weight, g E/100 g Ma dw) and Fx content (mg Fx/g E) from Sargassum muticum using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). For this purpose, a response surface methodology (RSM) study with a five-level circumscribed central composite design (28 independent experiments) was applied to optimize three main UAE variables: ethanol concentration (S, 35–100%), time (t, 5–55 min) and power (p, 100–500 W). A second-order polynomial model was used to fit the experimental data (obtained in triplicate). Based on the model prediction (R² = 0.965), the optimal conditions that individually maximized extraction yield were 29.98 ± 1.03 g E/100 g Ma dw at a t-value of 45.00 ± 3.35 min, an S-value of 37.50 ± 3.06% and a p-value of 409.46 ± 10.12 W. Meanwhile, for maximizing the Fx content (R² = 0.8199), the response was optimal at 0.93 ± 0.10 mg Fx/g Ma dw at a t-value of 45.00 ± 3.35 min, an S-value of 84.22 ± 4.59% and a p-value of 339.73 ± 9.22 W. Full article

The scarcity of natural resources and higher incidence of diseases related to inappropriate eating habits have prompted the search of food and nutraceutical products with functional properties that are also respectful of the environment. Agro-industrial by-products are a profitable source for obtaining bioactive compounds, with various biological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, which contribute to immunity and reduce the negative effects of infections, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In the case of the walnut (Juglans regia) oil industry, various by-products are generated, among which we can mention pomace, green shell, shell, skin and leaves. Therefore, there is an opportunity for the recovery of waste, the recovery of target molecules and the formulation of new products, whether they are nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, or food additives, contributing to the circular economy and consumer health. Walnut is commonly characterized by its high content of lipids (58–65%), mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols. In addition, the current literature states that its by-products are rich in phenolic compounds, mainly phenolic acids and flavonoids. In accordance, the antioxidant potential of different extracts of nuts, shells and leaves has bee studied using different methods such as the reduction potency assay, scavenging effect of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and inhibition of lipid oxidation by β-carotene linoleate system, with EC₅₀ values less than 1 mg/mL. The results obtained showed that all walnut extracts have a strong antioxidant capacity against ROS species. For this reason, this work focuses on the bibliographic review of the bioactive compounds present in the by-products of the walnut industry, as well as mentioning their biological properties and possible applications in the food sector. Full article