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Mater. Proc., 2024, CEMP 2023

The 6th Conference on Emerging Materials and Processes (CEMP 2023) 

Islamabad, Pakistan | 22–23 November 2023

Volume Editors:

Sofia Javed, National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan

Waheed Miran, National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan

Erum Pervaiz, National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan

Iftikhar Ahmad, National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan

Number of Papers: 30
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Cover Story (view full-size image): The 6th Conference on Emerging Materials and Processes (CEMP 2023) was held on November 22–23, 2023, at the School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences [...] Read more.
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3 pages, 1515 KiB  
Editorial
Preface of the 6th Conference on Emerging Materials Processes
by Sofia Javed, Waheed Miran, Erum Pervaiz and Iftikhar Ahmad
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017001 - 18 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1266
Abstract
The 6th Conference on Emerging Materials and Processes (CEMP 2023) was held on 22–23 November 2023, at the School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan “https://cemp [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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1 pages, 139 KiB  
Editorial
Statement of Peer Review
by Sofia Javed, Waheed Miran, Erum Pervaiz and Iftikhar Ahmad
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017002 - 22 Jul 2024
Viewed by 544
Abstract
In submitting conference proceedings to Materials Proceedings, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review administered by the volume editors [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)

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6 pages, 505 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
An Intelligent System for Predicting the Methanol Conversion Rate from the Direct Hydrogenation of CO2 under Uncertainty
by Abdul Samad, Husnain Saghir, Abdul Musawwir and Muhammad Zulkefal
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017003 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1234
Abstract
In this study, an intelligent system was developed for the real-time monitoring of methanol conversion from the direct hydrogenation of CO2 under the effect of uncertainty in process conditions. The modeling and simulation of methanol synthesis were conducted using Aspen Hysys, the [...] Read more.
In this study, an intelligent system was developed for the real-time monitoring of methanol conversion from the direct hydrogenation of CO2 under the effect of uncertainty in process conditions. The modeling and simulation of methanol synthesis were conducted using Aspen Hysys, the first-principal modeling software. The Aspen model was then shifted into dynamic mode by introducing a ±5% uncertainty in key process conditions, i.e., temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate, to produce a dataset comprising 370 samples. The data samples were then employed to build a Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) model to predict the methanol conversion rate. The GPR model has a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.83127 and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.98078. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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5 pages, 1901 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Synthesis and Characterization of Activated Carbon and Its Application for Wastewater Treatment
by Farhan Raheel, A. Rafay, Bushra Bibi, Sher Ahmad, Zeeshan Ali, Mohsin Saleem, M. Shoaib Butt, Atiq Ur Rehman and M. Irfan
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017004 - 7 Apr 2024
Viewed by 2147
Abstract
The presence of chemicals, heavy metals, and colorants from textile effluents in water represent a significant health risk. To address this, a range of treatment methods, including ion exchange, membrane processes, physicochemical approaches, and biological techniques, are employed to eliminate these contaminants. Activated [...] Read more.
The presence of chemicals, heavy metals, and colorants from textile effluents in water represent a significant health risk. To address this, a range of treatment methods, including ion exchange, membrane processes, physicochemical approaches, and biological techniques, are employed to eliminate these contaminants. Activated carbon, distinguished by its porous structure and effective pollutant, is a notable solution. An environmentally sustainable method involves producing activated carbon from agricultural and industrial waste to combat water pollution. For instance, the recycling of industrial waste, like glass fiber-reinforced plastic, can be used for water treatment via pyrolysis with a ZnCl2 activation process. The quality of the activated carbon is confirmed through characterization methods such as XRD, FTIR, SEM, and Raman spectroscopy, suggesting potential applications extending beyond water filtration, encompassing supercapacitors, fuel storage, and CO2 absorption. This study underscores the environmentally friendly potential of repurposing industrial waste for efficient and eco-conscious water purification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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4 pages, 948 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Methyltrichlorosilane Hydrophobic Coating on Geopolymer Membranes for water Desalination via Direct Contact Membrane Distillation
by Naeem Ahmad and Kashif Khan
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017005 - 7 Apr 2024
Viewed by 741
Abstract
Water is a crucial component of human existence. The earth’s hydrosphere is composed mostly of saline water. Membrane distillation is a process that ensures desalination as a low-pollution and resource-stable technique. Traditional techniques such as reverse osmosis and thermal evaporation are energy intensive [...] Read more.
Water is a crucial component of human existence. The earth’s hydrosphere is composed mostly of saline water. Membrane distillation is a process that ensures desalination as a low-pollution and resource-stable technique. Traditional techniques such as reverse osmosis and thermal evaporation are energy intensive and require expensive raw materials. In this work, geopolymer membranes were fabricated from metakaolin and coated with methyltrichlorosilane (MTCS). The coating agent improved the hydrophobicity of the membrane from 28° to 136.5°. A permeation experiment (duration: 3 h) via direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) was conducted for the MTCS-coated membrane, which showed a water vapor flux of 11 kg/m2.h. The development of a hydrophobic geopolymer membrane is an exciting advancement for desalination. Overall, this work represents a promising step forward towards the development of a novel eco-friendly technique for processing saline water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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4 pages, 429 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Machine Learning-Enabled Prediction and Optimization of Sulfur Recovery Units: A Step towards Industry 4.0 Integration
by Imran Khan, Husnain Saghir and Muhammad Ahsan
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017006 - 7 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1282
Abstract
Sulfur recovery units are integral to the oil and gas industry, addressing the release of hazardous gases, particularly hydrogen sulfide. These units facilitate the conversion of H2S into elemental sulfur, aligning with stringent environmental regulations. This study employs a machine learning [...] Read more.
Sulfur recovery units are integral to the oil and gas industry, addressing the release of hazardous gases, particularly hydrogen sulfide. These units facilitate the conversion of H2S into elemental sulfur, aligning with stringent environmental regulations. This study employs a machine learning algorithm to predict sulfur recovery efficiency under uncertain conditions. An industrial sulfur recovery unit was simulated in Aspen HYSYS and validated using real-world industrial data. The simulation incorporated artificial uncertainties (±5%) in key process parameters, including acid gas flow rate, acid gas temperature, air flow rate, air temperature, and Claus reactor inlet temperature. The generated data were utilized to train a Gaussian process regression model, assessed through R2 and RMSE values during validation, achieving a high predictive accuracy with an R2 value of 0.993 and RMSE value of 0.0709. In the next step, the Gaussian process regression model served as a surrogate for fitness function evaluations within a particle swarm optimization framework. The application of a hybrid optimization methodology resulted in the optimal parameter values, leading to a notable 3% increase in sulfur recovery efficiency. This study establishes the foundation for applying industry 4.0 principles to augment predictive capabilities in sulfur recovery units, thereby laying the groundwork for the development of digital twins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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5 pages, 3811 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Fabrication and Characterization of Paraffin-Based Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces for Applications of Condensation Heat Transfer
by Raza Gulfam, Izzat Iqbal Cheema, Yousaf Ishrat, Muhammad Abdullah Askari and Fengyong Lv
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017007 - 9 Apr 2024
Viewed by 673
Abstract
Phase change materials, such as paraffin waxes, have recently been introduced in surface science. Paraffin-based slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (P-SLIPSs) provide switchable wettability and various adhesion states. Herein, P-SLIPSs were fabricated on copper plates. To study condensation heat transfer, two condensation rigs were [...] Read more.
Phase change materials, such as paraffin waxes, have recently been introduced in surface science. Paraffin-based slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (P-SLIPSs) provide switchable wettability and various adhesion states. Herein, P-SLIPSs were fabricated on copper plates. To study condensation heat transfer, two condensation rigs were fabricated and optimized via a comparison between the experimental and theoretical heat transfer coefficients, finding a good agreement in the short cold-finger-assisted rig. The condensation mode on P-SLIPSs is dropwise mode. Consequently, the condensation heat transfer coefficients on P-SLIPSs were found to be higher compared with that of pristine copper plates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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6 pages, 929 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Modeling and Analysis of Hybrid Blood Nanofluid as Drug Carriers through Artery with Rheological Effects
by Tahir Zaman, Zahir Shah, Muhammad Rooman and Hamayat Ullah
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017008 - 8 Apr 2024
Viewed by 840
Abstract
In this current work, we assume the mathematical modelling of non-Newtonian time-dependent hybrid nanoparticles via a cylindrical stenosis artery. In this work, blood is used as a base fluid, and the nanoparticles (copper and aluminum oxide) of cylindrical shape are inserted inside the [...] Read more.
In this current work, we assume the mathematical modelling of non-Newtonian time-dependent hybrid nanoparticles via a cylindrical stenosis artery. In this work, blood is used as a base fluid, and the nanoparticles (copper and aluminum oxide) of cylindrical shape are inserted inside the artery to combine with blood to form hybrid nanofluid (HNF). The homotopy analysis method (HAM) is deployed for the solution of nonlinear resulting equations. For the validation of this current work, the results of the existing work have been compared with our proposed model results. A comparison of key profiles like velocity, temperature, wall shear stress, and flow rate is also performed at a specific critical height of the stenosis. It is also observed that the thermal conductance of hybrid nanofluids is greater than that of nanofluids. Including the hybrid nanoparticles (copper and aluminum oxide) inside the blood enhances the blood axial velocity. These simulations are applicable to the magnetic targeting treatment of stenosed artery disorders and the diffusion of nanodrugs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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5 pages, 1249 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Lanthanum-Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films: A Study on Optoelectronic Properties
by Ayesha Tabriz, Nadia Shahzad, Saad Nadeem, Sana Mehmood, Naseem Iqbal, Ghulam Ali and Muhammad Imran Shahzad
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017009 - 9 Apr 2024
Viewed by 987
Abstract
To enhance the overall performance of perovskite solar cells, the quality of the electron transport layer (ETL) held significant importance. Zinc oxide (ZnO) emerged as highly promising due to its exceptional optical and electrical characteristics. This study included the incorporation of lanthanum (La [...] Read more.
To enhance the overall performance of perovskite solar cells, the quality of the electron transport layer (ETL) held significant importance. Zinc oxide (ZnO) emerged as highly promising due to its exceptional optical and electrical characteristics. This study included the incorporation of lanthanum (La III) into the ZnO lattice to improve its optoelectronic properties. All the produced thin films were crystallized at low annealing temperatures. Through careful analysis, it was observed that the inclusion of doping with 4% La (III) resulted in increased crystallinity, leading to low surface roughness. Additionally, this doping strategy facilitated enhanced mobility of charge carriers and conductivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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5 pages, 1126 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Artificial-Intelligence-Assisted Investigation of Quality and Yield of Cumene Production
by Asad Ayub, Muhammad Zulkefal and Hamza Sethi
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017010 - 10 Apr 2024
Viewed by 763
Abstract
Global demand for cumene is rising day by day due to its broad applications in the production of numerous types of polymers like nylon-6, epoxy resins, and polycarbonates. Efforts to enhance process design and operation efficiency are ongoing. However, addressing process uncertainties remains [...] Read more.
Global demand for cumene is rising day by day due to its broad applications in the production of numerous types of polymers like nylon-6, epoxy resins, and polycarbonates. Efforts to enhance process design and operation efficiency are ongoing. However, addressing process uncertainties remains a significant challenge for stable process industry operations. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have proven to be powerful tools for modelling and predicting complex chemical processes, offering substantial potential for improving the quality and quantity of cumene production. In the present study, a data-based model was used for the prediction of the molar flow and mole fraction of cumene in the final product stream. A steady-state Aspen plus model was set to a dynamic mode by deliberately introducing ±10% variability in process conditions. This dynamic model served as the foundation for generating a comprehensive dataset. Two ANN models were developed using the dataset for the prediction of the molar flow and mole fraction of cumene. During the rigorous testing phase, the models demonstrated outstanding performance, as evidenced by their correlation coefficient values of 0.99216 and 0.99412 for the molar flow and mole fraction of cumene, respectively. These high correlation coefficients provide compelling evidence of the models’ robust and precise predictive capabilities, highlighting their potential for real-world application. This study paves the way for Al integration in the process industry, making a significant step toward embracing industry 4.0. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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5 pages, 1959 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
A Clean and Efficient Energy Solution for Climate Change Mitigation and Energy Crises in Pakistan: The Atmospheric Vortex Engine
by Muhammad Arslan, Muhammad Ahsan Imran, Muhammad Tariq, Kanwar Haziq Afzal and Muhammad Waseem
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017011 - 11 Apr 2024
Viewed by 961
Abstract
Heat carried upward by atmospheric convection produces mechanical energy. An atmospheric vortex engine (AVE) uses a synthetic tornado-like vortex to capture mechanical energy from upward heat convection. The vortex is created by tangentially introducing warm or humid air into a circular wall base. [...] Read more.
Heat carried upward by atmospheric convection produces mechanical energy. An atmospheric vortex engine (AVE) uses a synthetic tornado-like vortex to capture mechanical energy from upward heat convection. The vortex is created by tangentially introducing warm or humid air into a circular wall base. Heat sources include solar energy, warm sea water, warm, humid air, and industrial waste. Earth’s natural surface collects heat, eliminating the need for solar collectors. The AVE uses the same thermodynamic principles as the solar chimney, but it uses centrifugal force in a vortex instead of a chimney and the earth’s surface instead of a collector. Turbogenerators nearby generate mechanical energy. Since the AVE uses less fuel to generate the same amount of electricity, it could reduce global warming. An AVE increases thermal power plant efficiency by lowering its cold-source temperature from the base of the troposphere to the tropopause. The AVE process could reduce global warming by lifting heat above greenhouse gases to radiate toward space. Since Pakistan is most affected by climate change and has many energy crises, this study aims to change engineers’ mindsets from inefficient conventional energy sources to more efficient non-conventional, cleaner energy sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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6 pages, 616 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Cattaneo-Christov Heat Flux Model Effect on Magnetized Maxwell Nanofluid Flow over a Stretching Surface
by Muhammad Jameel, Zahir Shah, Muhammad Salim Khan and Nekmat Ullah
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017012 - 11 Apr 2024
Viewed by 673
Abstract
This study investigates the flow of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Maxwell fluid over a stretching sheet using a Darcy-Forchheimer (DF) model. We employ numerical analysis with a copper (Cu) nanofluid suspended in water, considering Cattaneo–Christov heat flow, viscous dissipation, and joule heating. Nonlinear ordinary [...] Read more.
This study investigates the flow of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Maxwell fluid over a stretching sheet using a Darcy-Forchheimer (DF) model. We employ numerical analysis with a copper (Cu) nanofluid suspended in water, considering Cattaneo–Christov heat flow, viscous dissipation, and joule heating. Nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are solved using the bvp4c method in Matlab and we examine the normalized shear stress, temperature profile, and heat flux rate. Our findings reveal insights for practical applications, showing how parameters such as the relaxation Prandtl number, magnetic parameter, Eckert number parameter, and radiation parameter impact system behaviour. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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4 pages, 540 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Exergy Analysis of an Alkaline Water Electrolysis System
by Hamza Sethi, Muhammad Zulkefal and Asad Ayub
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017013 - 11 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1006
Abstract
Life on Earth is being affected daily by the enormous amounts of greenhouse gas emissions, due to the utilization of fossil fuels to produce energy for almost everything. Many researchers have been working for the development of new clean and sustainable energy sources [...] Read more.
Life on Earth is being affected daily by the enormous amounts of greenhouse gas emissions, due to the utilization of fossil fuels to produce energy for almost everything. Many researchers have been working for the development of new clean and sustainable energy sources such as solar and wind energies. Hydrogen, being a clean fuel having very high calorific value, can be used as a storage medium for these renewable energy sources and can be used efficiently in fuel cells, as well as in combustion engines. This research is focused on the investigation of hydrogen production through the electrolysis of water. An Aspen Plus-based model for the electrolysis process has been designed and validated and its exergy analysis has been conducted. Also, the improvement potential of all the equipment has been reported. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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5 pages, 1236 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Visible Absorption Spectra and In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Rhodamine-640 Perchlorate on Rhabdomyosarcoma Cancer Cell Line
by Muniba Yaseen, Ahmat Khurshid, Tayyaba Ghani and Hafeez Ullah
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017014 - 11 Apr 2024
Viewed by 745
Abstract
Photosensitizers have been used for years to treat or diagnose several oncological diseases. In this research, we evaluate Rhodamine (Rh-640 perchlorate), a second-generation photosensitizer’s mediated preliminary photodynamic effects. To investigate these preliminary dose–response effects on the Rhabdomyosarcoma cancer cell line, the UV absorption [...] Read more.
Photosensitizers have been used for years to treat or diagnose several oncological diseases. In this research, we evaluate Rhodamine (Rh-640 perchlorate), a second-generation photosensitizer’s mediated preliminary photodynamic effects. To investigate these preliminary dose–response effects on the Rhabdomyosarcoma cancer cell line, the UV absorption spectra, standard curve, and cytotoxic analysis of Rh-640 perchlorate are demonstrated. The absorption spectra suggest that longer wavelengths of light like yellow-red light are best used for light irradiation. Different concentrations are used to evaluate absorbance and cytotoxic response. The results suggest that Rh-640 perchlorate may be used for the selective destruction of cancer cells without imposing any toxicity on normal cells in the dark. This research finding also suggests that its efficiency may also be evaluated on other cancer cell lines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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5 pages, 890 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Exergy Analysis of Methanol Production Plant from Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide
by Muhammad Zulkefal, Asad Ayub and Hamza Sethi
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017015 - 12 Apr 2024
Viewed by 980
Abstract
Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through carbon capture and conversion to fuel and other useful products is a focus of recent research. Among all fuels, CO2 to methanol stands out for its efficiency and promise. To make the CO2-to-methanol (CTM) [...] Read more.
Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through carbon capture and conversion to fuel and other useful products is a focus of recent research. Among all fuels, CO2 to methanol stands out for its efficiency and promise. To make the CO2-to-methanol (CTM) process sustainable and efficient, it needs to be analyzed with respect to its thermodynamic potential. Conventionally, energy analysis was used, but exergy analysis is an advanced tool used for this purpose. In this study, the Aspen Plus-based CTM model was developed, and its exergy analysis was carried out. Physical exergy data are taken from Aspen Plus V.11, while an interface between Aspen Plus and Excel was used to calculate the exergy destruction, exergy efficiency, and the improvement potential of the process. All three sections of the CTM model were compared and it was observed that the separation section has the highest exergy destruction of 37,225.89 KW with an exergy efficiency and exergetic improvement potential of 76.17% and 8870.75 KW, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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7 pages, 817 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Parametric Optimization of High-Dielectric Organic Thin-Film Solar Cells
by Muhammad Raheel Khan and Bożena Jarząbek
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017016 - 12 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 880
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have the potential to generate electricity under sunlight at a low cost. In this study, the influence of active layer thickness, defect density, temperature and the presence of reflective coating is studied for the structure ITO/PTAA/PBDB-T: ITIC-OE/PDINO/Ag, by applying [...] Read more.
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have the potential to generate electricity under sunlight at a low cost. In this study, the influence of active layer thickness, defect density, temperature and the presence of reflective coating is studied for the structure ITO/PTAA/PBDB-T: ITIC-OE/PDINO/Ag, by applying PTAA as a hole transport layer (HTL), while the blend of PBDB-T: ITIC-OE is used as an active layer and PDINO is applied as electron transport layer (ETL), respectively. Solar capacitance simulator one-dimensional (SCAPS—1D) software is used to optimize different parameters, which affect the performance of OSCs. By introducing backside reflective coating, the efficiency increases by 2.5%. In the future, this study can be used for the power conversion efficiency (PCE) enhancement of OSCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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5 pages, 494 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Modeling Approach to Estimate Energy Consumption of Reverse Osmosis and forward Osmosis Membrane Separation Processes for Seawater Desalination
by Yasir Hussain, Muhammad Irfan and Saeed Gul
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017017 - 12 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1076
Abstract
Due to growing industrialization and population increase, water scarcity is becoming a major global concern. Desalination is often regarded as a potential solution to the worldwide water crisis; however, due to rising prices and energy usage, desalination has remained a research focus. Traditionally, [...] Read more.
Due to growing industrialization and population increase, water scarcity is becoming a major global concern. Desalination is often regarded as a potential solution to the worldwide water crisis; however, due to rising prices and energy usage, desalination has remained a research focus. Traditionally, specific energy consumption (SEC) kWh/m3 for seawater desalination has been calculated using a hybrid approach that ignores membrane design attributes and operational parameters. The current study constructed a mathematical framework based on well-established theory to quantify and compare the energy consumption of pressure-driven and osmotic-driven membrane separation processes by incorporating the necessary membrane design and operational parameters into the model framework. The model results were compared to the literature data and found to be in good agreement. The findings of this study show a non-linear relationship between the membrane flowrate factor and the energy needs of reverse osmosis RO, with the effect being more obvious at low values of Kf < 50 L/h.bar, where Kf is equal to the product of membrane permeability and membrane area. The results also showed that the lowest SEC was obtained at 60–65% recovery, and, from model testing, the energy consumption was 3.65 kWh/m3 and 3.88 kWh/m3 for the RO and FO–RO processes, respectively. Additionally, the hybrid process demands more membrane area, which further raises the cost of desalination. The mathematical framework developed in this work will act as a prediction design tool for membrane plant designers to check and compare the feasibility of these processes before experimental work to save money and time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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6 pages, 1873 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
A Novel Low-Cost Mechanism for Energy Generation through Footsteps
by Syed Azfar Imam Zaidi, Shahid Iqbal, Fahad Hussain, Muhammad Hammad Ikram, Waqas Javid and Muhammad Mateen
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017018 - 15 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1470
Abstract
Energy is the primary concern of the modern era and the requirement of energy is being increased day by day; energy resources are not sufficiently available for sustainable development. It is crucial to generate affordable and pollution-free sources of energy to meet this [...] Read more.
Energy is the primary concern of the modern era and the requirement of energy is being increased day by day; energy resources are not sufficiently available for sustainable development. It is crucial to generate affordable and pollution-free sources of energy to meet this required demand. Walking is a common daily activity for humans; the kinetic energy from walking is converted into mechanical energy. Moreover, this energy is converted into electrical power using a rack-and-pinion mechanism which is simply a non-conventional method of producing electric current. In this research study, a simple and low-cost rack-and-pinion mechanism with a flywheel is introduced to enhance the performance and efficiency of energy conversion from kinetic energy to mechanical energy and subsequently into electrical energy. The results showed that the proposed footstep floor tile generated an average power of 3 watts for a 0.5 s duration with a peak load of 60 kg. The electrical energy produced per step was noted as 1.8 Joules. A percentage of 75% of the total potential energy theoretically accessible was transmitted by the energy-harvesting paver, and 50% of it was successfully converted into electricity. The generated energy is stored in a backup battery bank system and can be used to charge smart devices, providing a cost-effective and pollution-free solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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4 pages, 946 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Effective Surface Washing of All Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals to Enhance Optoelectronic Properties
by Saqib Ali, Maryam Basit, Muhammad Arman Liaquat, Muhammad Adnan, Aftab Akram and Sofia Javed
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017019 - 18 Apr 2024
Viewed by 822
Abstract
All inorganic perovskite colloidal nano crystals are an emerging class of optoelectronic materials. However, their colloidal and structural stability during isolation and washing are major hurdles for their commercial application. Their intrinsic chemical instability and optical stability are directly related to the bonding [...] Read more.
All inorganic perovskite colloidal nano crystals are an emerging class of optoelectronic materials. However, their colloidal and structural stability during isolation and washing are major hurdles for their commercial application. Their intrinsic chemical instability and optical stability are directly related to the bonding nature of the nanocrystals’ surface and organic capping agents that passivate the surface of nanocrystals. We studied the surface ligand properties of CsPbBr3 prepared by the conventional hot injection method and their washing with varying polarity antisolvent. We observed changes in electrical and optical properties through experimental studies. The study was mainly done by optical and electronic measurements. We determined a facile nanocrystal washing protocol and observed a considerable improvement in the optoelectronic properties of the all-inorganic perovskite colloidal nanocrystals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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4 pages, 8431 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Nanofiltration (NF) and Reverse-Osmosis (RO) Membranes for Aqueous Ammonium Nitrate Salt Rejection: Experimental Studies
by Zulfiqar Ali and Tahir Maqsood Qaisrani
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017020 - 19 Apr 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1128
Abstract
Herein, two commercially available spiral-wound nanofiltration (NF) and reverse-osmosis (RO) membrane elements were tested for aqueous ammonium nitrate salt separation. The effect of feed concentration and salt rejection as a function of transmembrane pressure were evaluated. NF and RO membranes exhibited 60% and [...] Read more.
Herein, two commercially available spiral-wound nanofiltration (NF) and reverse-osmosis (RO) membrane elements were tested for aqueous ammonium nitrate salt separation. The effect of feed concentration and salt rejection as a function of transmembrane pressure were evaluated. NF and RO membranes exhibited 60% and 92% ammonium nitrate salt rejection, respectively, upon the initial feed concentration of 0.1 wt% at a seven-bar operating pressure. High ammonium nitrate salt rejection by the RO membrane was owing to its relatively small pore size compared to the NF membrane. It was found experimentally that the commercially available RO and NF membrane elements can be used for ammonium nitrate salt rejections from industrial effluents at ambient conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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5 pages, 1744 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Performance Analysis of Advanced Nuclear Power Plant with Variation of Sea Water Temperature
by Muhammad Umair Tariq, Rashid Ali, Syed Muhammad Haris and Sajjad Ali
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017021 - 19 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1058
Abstract
Nuclear power plays a significant role in fulfilling the energy needs of Pakistan and its share in the total energy mix has increased from 4.7% to 8.8% in the past seven years. As per the Pakistan energy outlook report (2021–2030), this share is [...] Read more.
Nuclear power plays a significant role in fulfilling the energy needs of Pakistan and its share in the total energy mix has increased from 4.7% to 8.8% in the past seven years. As per the Pakistan energy outlook report (2021–2030), this share is hypothesized to increase to 10.82% by the year 2030, which will alleviate the energy shortage problem and, at same time, reduce carbon emissions. Like all thermal power plants, it is also necessary for nuclear plants to operate at optimum efficiency. This study is based on the thermodynamic analysis of the conventional side of an advanced HPR-1000 (PWR) nuclear power plant. In this paper, a comparison of indigenously developed model results is made, with vendor-provided sea water temperatures and power curves for year-long sea water temperature variation. Firstly, a computational model is developed using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software to evaluate the performance of the secondary side of the plant and is validated based on the designer-provided heat balance analysis for full power mode. Then, the condenser heat balance is performed for different cooling medium inlet temperatures and terminal temperature differences to study the relationship of condenser performance, thermal efficiency, and output power. Initial results reveal that sea water temperature varies at the condenser inlet from 5 to 35 °C, the power output of the unit decreases by 54 MW, and the thermodynamic efficiency drops by 1.79%. Thus, this paper highlights the impact of sea water temperature on plant performance and the need to devise more effective techniques to approach the plant’s optimum efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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5 pages, 977 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Enhancing Fresh Water Production in Solar Parabolic Dish Desalination System
by Abdul Wahab, Waqas Javid, Hamza Ahmed, Abdullah Sheikh, Muhammad Shahbaz and Shahid Iqbal
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017022 - 19 Apr 2024
Viewed by 949
Abstract
This study presents a solar-powered parabolic dish desalination system with a solar tracking system and conical receiver. It efficiently transforms solar radiation into heat and evaporates saltwater, producing fresh water. The system is sustainable and affordable, making it a viable solution for water [...] Read more.
This study presents a solar-powered parabolic dish desalination system with a solar tracking system and conical receiver. It efficiently transforms solar radiation into heat and evaporates saltwater, producing fresh water. The system is sustainable and affordable, making it a viable solution for water desalination in areas with limited access to fresh water. It achieves a high conversion rate from saltwater to fresh water, while consuming minimal energy. The results indicate that the system effectively utilizes solar energy, exhibiting high efficiency levels ranging from 78.56% to 82.77%, with an average efficiency of 80.79%. This system offers an effective solution to meet the growing demand for fresh water in water-scarce regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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8 pages, 5542 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Fuel Composites Development Using Cow Dung and Agricultural Biomass
by Muhammad Tufail Anwar, Nehar Ullah, Saifullah Khalid, Naeem Ahmad and Muhammad Shahzeb Khan
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017023 - 22 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1541
Abstract
A sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, cow dung is a renewable energy source that might considerably lower carbon emissions. By modifying its characteristics, such as its gross calorific value (GCV), it could be utilized as a flexible and effective fuel for both industrial [...] Read more.
A sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, cow dung is a renewable energy source that might considerably lower carbon emissions. By modifying its characteristics, such as its gross calorific value (GCV), it could be utilized as a flexible and effective fuel for both industrial and domestic use. To create a fuel composite with a higher heating value, this research examines the heating values and proximate analysis of local cow dung as well as the effects of blending it with agricultural waste. To provide the best heating value, the technique comprises infusing prepared agricultural biomass blends and cow dung at particular ratios. The composite’s quality was enhanced by increasing GCV from 3066 Kcal/kg to 3600 Kcal/kg, increasing volatile matter content, i.e., from 60% to 68%, as well as lowering the ash content of the resultant pellet from 19% to 11%, on average. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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4 pages, 2776 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Photovoltaic Performance of TiO2 Nanotubes Anodized under Different Voltages
by Tayyaba Ghani, Mazhar Mehmood, Hira Kanwal, Muniba Yaseen Naz and Shazia Bashir
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017024 - 22 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 637
Abstract
The present study was conducted to develop highly ordered facile TiO2 nanotubes (TiNTs) at two different applied voltages using two-step electrochemical anodization for the application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The nanotube fabrication is carried out in an aqueous electrolyte containing ethylene [...] Read more.
The present study was conducted to develop highly ordered facile TiO2 nanotubes (TiNTs) at two different applied voltages using two-step electrochemical anodization for the application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The nanotube fabrication is carried out in an aqueous electrolyte containing ethylene glycol and ammonium fluoride at 40 V and 60 V fixed applied potentials. Nanotubes synthesized at 40 V are comparatively uniform and smoother, whereas a rough top surface is observed at 60 V. The photovoltaic efficiency achieved for the device based on TiNTs prepared at 40 V is 0.84% which is higher than the efficiency achieved for the 60 V device. This work highlights the importance of ordered nanotubes for efficient devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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4 pages, 712 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Lignin-Derived Materials for Sustainable Development of Ionic Thermoelectric Supercapacitors
by Muhammad Muddasar, Mario Culebras and Maurice N. Collins
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017025 - 23 Apr 2024
Viewed by 936
Abstract
Lignin, a paper and pulp industry waste product, has attracted significant attention in recent years as a promising sustainable material for high-end energy applications. Herein, we examine lignin as a potential material for ionic thermoelectric hydrogels and carbon-based materials. Optimized lignin-derived hydrogels demonstrate [...] Read more.
Lignin, a paper and pulp industry waste product, has attracted significant attention in recent years as a promising sustainable material for high-end energy applications. Herein, we examine lignin as a potential material for ionic thermoelectric hydrogels and carbon-based materials. Optimized lignin-derived hydrogels demonstrate a remarkable Seebeck coefficient of 3.63 mV/K when subjected to an axial temperature gradient. Furthermore, synthesized lignin-based porous carbon materials exhibit exceptional performance as supercapacitor electrodes, with a superior specific capacitance of 56.3 F/g at 0.5 A/g. Lignin-based hydrogels and porous carbon electrodes offer a promising path towards the development of lignin-derived ionic thermoelectric supercapacitors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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4 pages, 149 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Alternative Resources of Rare Earth Elements in Pakistan
by Muhammad Daniel Saeed Pirzada
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017026 - 23 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1262
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) have emerged as strategic elements. Due to their unique electronic and magnetic properties, REEs have extensive applications in modern-day technologies. Two aspects make the supply chain of REEs very critical: first, more than ~85% of the global rare earth [...] Read more.
Rare earth elements (REEs) have emerged as strategic elements. Due to their unique electronic and magnetic properties, REEs have extensive applications in modern-day technologies. Two aspects make the supply chain of REEs very critical: first, more than ~85% of the global rare earth elements are processed by China alone; second, presently, hardly any substitute materials exist for these elements. The supply chain of these elements is vulnerable because of the Chinese monopoly on rare earth resources. These circumstances drove researchers to explore alternative resources for these elements. This article reviews the prospective alternative resources of REEs. Based on the available resources and technical experience, a road map has also been suggested. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
4 pages, 1374 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Fabrication of 2-D Nanosheets of NbSe2 via Liquid Phase Exfoliation and Their Morphological, Structural, and Optical Characterization
by Ayesha Jamshed, Maryam Basit, Saqib Ali, Sumbal Hakeem, Muhammad Arman Liaqat, Fatima Jamshed, Rahim Jan and Sofia Javed
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017027 - 24 Apr 2024
Viewed by 760
Abstract
The present work is on the synthesis and investigation of the structural, optical, and optoelectrical properties of NbSe2 as an efficient material for energy conversion applications. The liquid phase exfoliation method was employed for the synthesis of 2D nanosheets from the bulk [...] Read more.
The present work is on the synthesis and investigation of the structural, optical, and optoelectrical properties of NbSe2 as an efficient material for energy conversion applications. The liquid phase exfoliation method was employed for the synthesis of 2D nanosheets from the bulk NbSe2 at different exfoliation levels. SEM was used to confirm the physical dimensions of the nanosheets, while XRD was used to verify the structural retention of hexagonal nanosheets. The results demonstrate that high-quality, single-crystalline NbSe2 nanosheets with a size of ≈1 μm in the lateral dimension and ≈6–12 nm thick were obtained. The 2D nanosheets will be further explored for energy storage and conversion applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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4 pages, 1563 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Morphology, Structure and Optical Properties of Spin-Coated SnO2 Films for Solar Cell Application
by Sumbal Hakeem, Saqib Ali, Muhammad Arman Liaqat, Ayesha Jamshed, Maryam Basit, Muhammad Talha Masood and Sofia Javed
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017028 - 24 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1011
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly become a hot area of research in the photovoltaic field due to their (e.g., 26.2%), ease of fabrication, and low cost. Over the last decade the electron transport layer (ETL) has been one of the most critical [...] Read more.
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly become a hot area of research in the photovoltaic field due to their (e.g., 26.2%), ease of fabrication, and low cost. Over the last decade the electron transport layer (ETL) has been one of the most critical elements in achieving high-performing solar cells, necessitating a higher electron mobility and superior charge extraction ability. Consequently, there is a significant demand for an improved ETL that is not only cost-effective but also exhibits high charge extraction and mobility, particularly in the context of planar solar cell architecture. Tin Oxide (SnO2) has emerged as one of the most promising high-performance inorganic ETLs suitable for PSCs. In this work, we synthesize solution-processed SnO2. The spin-coated SnO2 thin films undergo annealing at relatively low temperatures ranging from 130 °C to 180 °C and various characterization tools are employed for the evaluation of thin films. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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5 pages, 1589 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance through the Synergistic Effects of a Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon and Electrochemically Deposited Polyaniline Composite
by Syed Shaheen Shah, Md. Abdul Aziz and Munetaka Oyama
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017029 - 24 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 929
Abstract
This research delves into asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) design, utilizing activated carbon from bamboo poles (AC) and electrodeposited polyaniline (PANI) on nickel foam (NF) as key active components. The composite electrode formed from AC and PANI exhibited enhanced electrochemical attributes in various electrochemical configurations. [...] Read more.
This research delves into asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) design, utilizing activated carbon from bamboo poles (AC) and electrodeposited polyaniline (PANI) on nickel foam (NF) as key active components. The composite electrode formed from AC and PANI exhibited enhanced electrochemical attributes in various electrochemical configurations. The specified ASC, PANI@AC/NF//AC/NF, demonstrated a potential of 1.8 V. Impressively, it reached an areal capacitance measuring 423 mF/cm2, coupled with an energy density of 190 µWh/cm2 at a power density of 900 µW/cm2, and maintained ~82% capacitance after 5000 GCD cycles. Notably, our developed ASC presents outstanding research potential for scholars and scientists. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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6 pages, 1132 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Comparative Study of Conical and Cylindrical Basins for Gravitational Water Vortex Turbines
by Usman Zafar, Waqas Javid, Furqan Jamil, Shahid Iqbal, Sikander Ahmed, Abdul Aziz and Tayyab Mehmood
Mater. Proc. 2024, 17(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2024017030 - 6 May 2024
Viewed by 842
Abstract
The demand for energy is gradually increasing; governments are looking for affordable and long-lasting solutions. Hydropower is crucial for addressing this issue. Low-head hydropower stations are necessary in certain regions due to their geographical position. Gravitational water vortex turbines are an alternative for [...] Read more.
The demand for energy is gradually increasing; governments are looking for affordable and long-lasting solutions. Hydropower is crucial for addressing this issue. Low-head hydropower stations are necessary in certain regions due to their geographical position. Gravitational water vortex turbines are an alternative for these low-head turbines. They use the water’s tangential flow to create a vortex, converting mechanical energy to kinetic energy. The design of turbine blades and basins using SolidWorks and CFD analysis was carried out during this research. CFD investigation showed that the conical basin had a higher exit velocity than the cylindrical basin, indicating a successful design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of CEMP 2023)
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