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6 pages, 1260 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of Fire Resistance and Heat Propagation Delay in Flame-Retardant Battery Pack Cases for Electric Vehicles

by Hyun Soo Kim, Eulyong Ha, Younghyun Kim, Changyeon Lee, Sungwook Kang and Jaewoong Kim

Eng. Proc. 2026, 136(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026136001 - 20 Apr 2026

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The fire resistance and thermal propagation delay of a flame-retardant battery pack case (BPC) were investigated in this study for electric vehicles. Following the Lithium-ion traction battery pack and system for electric vehicles, Part 3: Safety requirements and test methods 31467.3-2015 standards, the [...] Read more.

The fire resistance and thermal propagation delay of a flame-retardant battery pack case (BPC) were investigated in this study for electric vehicles. Following the Lithium-ion traction battery pack and system for electric vehicles, Part 3: Safety requirements and test methods 31467.3-2015 standards, the BPC specimen was exposed to 500–600 °C for 15 min. Six thermocouples monitored the non-exposed surface, which reached a maximum of 149.7 °C, below the 150 °C limit. No flame occurred during or after heating, and the structure maintained integrity without cracks. The results confirm the flame-retardant BPC’s excellent thermal shielding and demonstrate its potential to enhance EV battery safety by delaying heat transfer and preventing secondary ignition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Conference on Architecture, Construction, Environment and Hydraulics 2025 (ICACEH 2025))

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5 pages, 1028 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Full-Scale Test and Three-Dimensional Numerical Verification of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Reinforced On-Site Track Slab Under High-Speed Train Loads

by Sang-Youl Lee

Eng. Proc. 2026, 136(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026136002 - 20 Apr 2026

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Abstract

In this study, an on-site installation type track slab using glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforcing bars was developed and analyzed for its structural response to high-speed train loading. Concrete track slabs have the most severe deterioration in track circuit characteristic values due to [...] Read more.

In this study, an on-site installation type track slab using glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforcing bars was developed and analyzed for its structural response to high-speed train loading. Concrete track slabs have the most severe deterioration in track circuit characteristic values due to the conduction influence of existing steel bars. Therefore, a track slab applying an insulator and lightweight GFRP reinforcement by replacing the existing steel bar was proposed from a design perspective. In order to present the validity of the proposed method, a full-size specimen was manufactured and a structural performance test was conducted, and the results were compared and verified through three-dimensional numerical analysis. The results showed that the new orbital slab applying the GFRP reinforcement has satisfactory insulation and provides sufficient structural performance that can replace the existing steel bar. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Conference on Architecture, Construction, Environment and Hydraulics 2025 (ICACEH 2025))

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7 pages, 1295 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Parameter Analysis of a Stochastic Approach for Generating Spectrum-Compatible Ground Motions

by Wei-Chih Su

Eng. Proc. 2026, 136(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026136003 - 20 Apr 2026

Viewed by 738

Abstract

In order to validate the structure and ascertain its conformity with the stipulated design conditions, the responses and members’ internal forces of the finite element model of structures under artificial earthquakes must be simulated. There are a variety of methodologies to generate the [...] Read more.

In order to validate the structure and ascertain its conformity with the stipulated design conditions, the responses and members’ internal forces of the finite element model of structures under artificial earthquakes must be simulated. There are a variety of methodologies to generate the artificial earthquake waveform that corresponds to the design response spectrum. The frequency domain method is intuitive and convenient for generating the artificial earthquake waveform that corresponds to the design response spectrum. However, fluctuations in energy within specific frequency bands influence the acceleration responses across all frequency ranges. This, in turn, impedes the convergence process during the generation of artificial earthquake waveforms. The present study proposes a refined procedure for the generation of artificial earthquake waveforms in the frequency domain. The procedure can be used to generate the artificial earthquake that occurred in the vicinity of the Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant in Taiwan. A comparison of the parameters effect, including the cover range of the weighted function and the peak ground acceleration of the initial guess, were conducted to ascertain the convergence properties of the proposed approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Conference on Architecture, Construction, Environment and Hydraulics 2025 (ICACEH 2025))

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5 pages, 890 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental and Numerical Verification of Impact Durability of Electric Vehicle Battery Pack Cases

by Mingoo Cho, Eulyong Ha, Younghyun Kim, Sungwook Kang and Jaewoong Kim

Eng. Proc. 2026, 136(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026136004 - 20 Apr 2026

Viewed by 667

Abstract

The structural safety of lithium-ion battery systems in electric vehicles (EVs) has become increasingly important with growing concerns over battery-related accidents. In particular, external impacts on the battery pack case (BPC) can cause cell deformation or short-circuiting, potentially leading to thermal runaway. In [...] Read more.

The structural safety of lithium-ion battery systems in electric vehicles (EVs) has become increasingly important with growing concerns over battery-related accidents. In particular, external impacts on the battery pack case (BPC) can cause cell deformation or short-circuiting, potentially leading to thermal runaway. In this study, the mechanical integrity of a commercial BPC was evaluated using both drop-weight impact tests and finite element method (FEM) simulations. A 10 kg hemispherical or cylindrical weight was dropped from a height of 7 m to generate high-energy vertical impacts. The deformation and potential failure of the BPC were examined experimentally, and equivalent FEM simulations were conducted to analyze stress and deformation responses. In both cases, the BPC maintained structural integrity without cracking or intrusion into the battery cell region. The hemispherical impact resulted in relatively shallow, distributed deformation, whereas the cylindrical impact produced more localized indentations due to stress concentrations. The close agreement between experiment and simulation confirms the suitability of FEM for pre-assessment of BPC impact on safety. These findings provide a useful basis for establishing mechanical design criteria and improving battery protection strategies for EV applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Conference on Architecture, Construction, Environment and Hydraulics 2025 (ICACEH 2025))

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12 pages, 399 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

AuTour: A Decision-Support Framework for Feature Prioritization in a Mobile Tourism Disaster Resilience Application

by Sherwin B. Glorioso and Thelma D. Palaoag

Eng. Proc. 2026, 136(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026136005 - 22 Apr 2026

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Abstract

Translating diverse stakeholders’ needs for tourism into precise technical requirements for mobile resilience applications is a significant challenge, especially for at-risk coastal communities. Therefore, we developed a structured decision-support framework that uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) combined with Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) [...] Read more.

Translating diverse stakeholders’ needs for tourism into precise technical requirements for mobile resilience applications is a significant challenge, especially for at-risk coastal communities. Therefore, we developed a structured decision-support framework that uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) combined with Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to systematically identify and prioritize functional features for a disaster-resilient tourism application called AuTour. The framework was validated through a case study in Aurora Province, Philippines, involving 152 diverse stakeholders, including government officials, tourism operators, and technology students. The AHP analysis results revealed that safety infrastructure (a mean weight of 0.5256) was the dominant design criterion, far outweighing environmental sustainability (0.2480) and community preparedness (0.1241). The MCDA ranked key functional modules using these criteria to determine an optimal system architecture. The highest-priority features identified were a real-time Disaster Preparedness Alert module, a geospatial Smart Tourism Guide, and a participatory Health Surveillance module. The analysis results confirmed high utility for features incorporating AI-powered chatbots (a mean score of 4.1921) and multi-dialect communication capabilities (4.1513). The developed scalable, data-driven framework can be used for user-centered design in the critical domain of disaster-resilient technology. By translating stakeholder priorities into a ranked set of technical specifications, the framework contributes to the development of resilient mobile systems, supporting the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals for innovation (SDG 9) and resilient infrastructure (SDG 11). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Conference on Architecture, Construction, Environment and Hydraulics 2025 (ICACEH 2025))

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7 pages, 180 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Seismic Disaster Prevention Design Strategies for Non-Structural Components and Spatial Planning in Interior Renovation

by Ying-Chi Lai, Nan-Yu Chu and Liang Tseng

Eng. Proc. 2026, 136(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026136006 - 7 May 2026

Viewed by 522

Abstract

Current seismic design practices primarily emphasize the structural safety of buildings, while research on the safety of non-structural components in interior design remains relatively insufficient. In this study, from the perspective of interior design, we explored the performance of non-structural components during earthquakes [...] Read more.

Current seismic design practices primarily emphasize the structural safety of buildings, while research on the safety of non-structural components in interior design remains relatively insufficient. In this study, from the perspective of interior design, we explored the performance of non-structural components during earthquakes and how design strategies can reduce damage and enhance the adaptability of interior spaces, to establish a design framework that integrates safety considerations with behavioral guidance. We conducted a literature review, questionnaire survey, and comprehensive analysis in this study. The questionnaire was structured to investigate (1) the development of interior finishing and seismic design, (2) the seismic performance of non-structural components, and (3) the application trends of seismic disaster prevention and evacuation strategies. The respondents included property owners, design and construction professionals, government agencies, and academic experts. Their responses were analyzed for the differences in perception and needs regarding safety and spatial adaptability among different stakeholder groups. Through analysis, influencing factors were identified, and an integrated design framework of non-structural components—spatial planning and behavioral guidance—was established for the development of an interior design strategy toward earthquake disaster prevention. Among the three dimensions, application trends of seismic disaster prevention and evacuation strategies received the highest evaluation score, with an average score of 4.7 (a standard deviation of 0.4) and a reliability coefficient of α = 0.93. 90% of respondents supported the integration of virtual reality, building information modeling, and simulation-based training to improve evacuation efficiency, demonstrating the high feasibility and promotion potential of disaster-prevention technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Conference on Architecture, Construction, Environment and Hydraulics 2025 (ICACEH 2025))

14 pages, 821 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessment of Risk Perception and Disaster Preparedness Attitudes of Residents in Flood-Prone Self-Reliant Communities

by Yao-Wen Liu, Su-Hsing Huang, Hiroshi Cho and Szu-Hsien Peng

Eng. Proc. 2026, 136(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026136007 - 7 May 2026

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Abstract

Against the backdrop of extreme weather, flooding has become one of Taiwan’s main disaster risks, highlighting the importance of promoting self-reliant disaster prevention communities and strengthening residents’ autonomous response capabilities. This study aims to examine community residents’ perceptions of flood risk and their [...] Read more.

Against the backdrop of extreme weather, flooding has become one of Taiwan’s main disaster risks, highlighting the importance of promoting self-reliant disaster prevention communities and strengthening residents’ autonomous response capabilities. This study aims to examine community residents’ perceptions of flood risk and their disaster preparedness attitudes, while analyzing the influence of participation in disaster prevention education and demographic background variables. In the results of an online questionnaire survey and inferential statistical analysis, residents who participated in disaster prevention education demonstrated significantly higher risk perceptions and disaster preparedness attitudes than non-participants. The participants showed a significantly increased willingness to use the mobile water situation app (a government-provided real-time flood information application), strongly proving the effectiveness of localized educational interventions in promoting the application of digital disaster prevention tools. The analysis results of demographic variables revealed that age and years of community residence significantly influenced disaster preparedness attitudes and participation willingness. Overall, this study confirms that localized disaster prevention education effectively enhances community resilience, providing an empirical foundation for advancing self-reliant disaster prevention communities and refining disaster prevention and mitigation policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Conference on Architecture, Construction, Environment and Hydraulics 2025 (ICACEH 2025))

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14 pages, 682 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Climate-Responsive Vernacular Architecture for Flood-Prone Regions in East Malaysia

by Yuan Zhi Leong and Wai Yie Leong

Eng. Proc. 2026, 136(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026136008 - 7 May 2026

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Abstract

Low-lying and riverine areas of Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia are increasingly exposed to compound flood hazards driven by intensified monsoon rainfall, sea-level rise, and land-use change. Recent projections indicate stronger extreme rainfall, fewer dry days, but more high-intensity events, and significant [...] Read more.

Low-lying and riverine areas of Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia are increasingly exposed to compound flood hazards driven by intensified monsoon rainfall, sea-level rise, and land-use change. Recent projections indicate stronger extreme rainfall, fewer dry days, but more high-intensity events, and significant increases in annual rainfall and sea level, all of which elevate fluvial, pluvial, and coastal flood risk. In this study, climate-responsive vernacular architecture is investigated as a passive, low-carbon strategy for enhancing residential flood resilience in East Malaysia. Traditional stilted Malay kampung houses, Bornean longhouses, and coastal stilt settlements were explored since they have historically evolved to cope with seasonal inundation, high humidity, and tropical thermal loads. In this study, the following was conducted: (1) historical flood and climate analysis for key basins (Rajang, Sarawak, Kinabatangan); (2) morphological and typological analysis of vernacular dwellings; (3) parametric physical and hydrodynamic simulation of elevated and amphibious configurations; and (4) multi-criteria performance assessment based on structural robustness, flood safety, thermal comfort, cultural acceptability, and embodied carbon. Results from scenario-based simulations show that well-configured stilted typologies, with optimized floor elevation, breakaway panels, and porous undercroft zones, can reduce flood damage depth by 60–80% and expected annual loss by 30–55%. By translating these findings into a design guideline and decision matrix for climate-responsive housing in East Malaysia, contemporary reinterpretations of vernacular strategies were embedded into Malaysian building codes, state-level planning policies, and community-led upgrading programmes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Conference on Architecture, Construction, Environment and Hydraulics 2025 (ICACEH 2025))

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9 pages, 5177 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Riverfront Regeneration and Adaptive Architectural Planning in Flood-Prone Areas

by Yuan Zhi Leong and Wai Yie Leong

Eng. Proc. 2026, 136(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026136009 - 8 May 2026

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Abstract

Flood-prone riverfront zones face increasing challenges due to climate change, urbanisation, and legacy industrial development. Riverfront regeneration presents a unique opportunity not only to restore ecological function and public amenity but also to integrate adaptive architectural strategies that enhance flood resilience. This study [...] Read more.

Flood-prone riverfront zones face increasing challenges due to climate change, urbanisation, and legacy industrial development. Riverfront regeneration presents a unique opportunity not only to restore ecological function and public amenity but also to integrate adaptive architectural strategies that enhance flood resilience. This study aims to investigate the interplay between riverfront regeneration and adaptive architectural planning in flood-prone areas. This study provides a framework for understanding how built form, landscape infrastructure, and socio-spatial systems were developed to mitigate flood risk while reactivating riverfronts. Through a literature review and a methodology that integrates comparative case study analysis with generative scenario modelling, key design typologies were identified, including amphibious buildings, multifunctional embankments, and dynamic land-use zoning, and their performance was evaluated in terms of flood risk reduction, amenity provision, and community resilience. Based on the results, recommendations are proposed for practitioners and policymakers on advancing integrated riverfront regeneration in flood-prone regions, emphasising the necessity of multi-stakeholder governance, adaptable architectural strategies, and nature-based infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Conference on Architecture, Construction, Environment and Hydraulics 2025 (ICACEH 2025))

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7 pages, 985 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Advanced Electricity Use Efficiency Benchmarks for Governmental Office Buildings in Taiwan

by Kuo-Tsang Huang, Pei-Lun Fang and Hung-Peng Chang

Eng. Proc. 2026, 136(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026136010 - 12 May 2026

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Abstract

A framework was developed in this study for setting and adjusting energy-saving targets for existing public-sector office buildings. Using self-reported energy data, we removed outliers and grouped buildings by average daily operating hours. We analyzed electricity use intensity distributions and assigned reduction rates [...] Read more.

A framework was developed in this study for setting and adjusting energy-saving targets for existing public-sector office buildings. Using self-reported energy data, we removed outliers and grouped buildings by average daily operating hours. We analyzed electricity use intensity distributions and assigned reduction rates based on each building’s percentile within its group, allowing for larger improvements from high-consumption buildings while limiting pressure on already efficient ones. The framework achieved an average annual energy-saving effect of about 1% and can inform future revisions of energy management policies and target values for public office buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Conference on Architecture, Construction, Environment and Hydraulics 2025 (ICACEH 2025))

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6 pages, 5186 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Observation and Analysis of Heat Dissipation Benefits of Radiant Cooling Aggregates in Asphalt Concrete

by Shih-Han Chen, Chih-Hong Huang and Chih-Hsuan Yen

Eng. Proc. 2026, 136(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026136011 - 12 May 2026

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Abstract

The phenomenon related to urban heat islands is becoming severe. Besides the concrete building walls in cities, the urban surface also includes a large amount of asphalt pavement, whose thermal properties play a significant role in influencing the urban heat island. Therefore, it [...] Read more.

The phenomenon related to urban heat islands is becoming severe. Besides the concrete building walls in cities, the urban surface also includes a large amount of asphalt pavement, whose thermal properties play a significant role in influencing the urban heat island. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the thermal characteristics of different asphalt aggregates and to enhance their effect on mitigating the urban heat island effect by applying radiative cooling to the aggregate components. Through indoor scaled experiments, we produced 30 × 30 × 5 cm asphalt concrete specimens, including conventional asphalt concrete (dense mix) and basic oxygen furnace slag (BOF) asphalt concrete with 100% aggregate replacement. The asphalt concrete specimens were heated in an oven until they reached the same temperature as the actual asphalt pavement and then subjected to 24 h radiation heat release cooling observation, to record temperature, humidity, and heat flux. The measured data were then verified against the theoretical values. The results showed that asphalt concrete with BOF aggregate had a higher heat capacity and a more pronounced radiative cooling effect than conventional asphalt. Such properties enable the localized cooling of the surrounding air. The results of this study provide a basis for the development of aggregate asphalt to boost the radiative cooling performance of surface materials and reduce the urban heat island effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Conference on Architecture, Construction, Environment and Hydraulics 2025 (ICACEH 2025))

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8 pages, 5898 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparison of Early Streamer Air Terminal Protection Performance Against Conventional Air Terminals

by Yen-Hong A. Chen, Yu-Chu M. Li and Kai-Jan Lin

Eng. Proc. 2026, 136(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026136012 - 31 Aug 2026

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Abstract

We examined the performance of a novel early streamer emission air terminal (ESEAT), which is used as a lightning protection device. ESEAT was tested under a laboratory-simulated lightning strike scenario and compared with a classical air terminal (CAT). The results demonstrate that ESEAT [...] Read more.

We examined the performance of a novel early streamer emission air terminal (ESEAT), which is used as a lightning protection device. ESEAT was tested under a laboratory-simulated lightning strike scenario and compared with a classical air terminal (CAT). The results demonstrate that ESEAT is more effective at capturing artificial lightning in the laboratory setting than CAT. Data on failed lightning captures indicate that the failure rate of the ESEAT is approximately one-tenth that of CAT. These findings validate the effectiveness of the new ESEAT in a controlled laboratory environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Conference on Architecture, Construction, Environment and Hydraulics 2025 (ICACEH 2025))

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