Prosthesis

13 pages, 252 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal and Gait Symmetry Changes Following Osseointegration in Transfemoral Prosthesis Users: A Longitudinal Study

by Reihaneh Ravari, Mayank Rehani, Justin Lewicke, Albert H. Vette and Jacqueline S. Hebert

Prosthesis 2026, 8(3), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis8030033 - 20 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Bone-anchored prostheses provide an alternative to socket prostheses, directly connecting the prosthesis to the residual limb via osseointegration. However, limited evidence exists on how spatiotemporal gait parameters and gait symmetry change over time following osseointegration in individuals with unilateral transfemoral amputation. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Bone-anchored prostheses provide an alternative to socket prostheses, directly connecting the prosthesis to the residual limb via osseointegration. However, limited evidence exists on how spatiotemporal gait parameters and gait symmetry change over time following osseointegration in individuals with unilateral transfemoral amputation. This study aimed to examine changes in spatiotemporal and gait symmetry parameters before osseointegration and at 6 and 12 months post-surgery. Methods: Common spatiotemporal parameters were collected from six individuals with unilateral transfemoral amputation at baseline (with socket prosthesis) and at 6 and 12 months post-osseointegration using a motion analysis system. Group-level differences were assessed using repeated measures ANOVA. Gait symmetry was evaluated using selected spatiotemporal parameters. Results: Following osseointegration, individuals with unilateral transfemoral amputation experienced significant spatiotemporal changes over time. At the group level, walking velocity and stride length decreased at 6 months, with stride length increasing at 12 months. Step width and prosthetic-side step length increased at 12 months relative to 6 months, while intact-side step length decreased. Prosthetic-side toe-off timing was shorter at 12 months. Gait symmetry responses varied individually: some with poor baseline symmetry improved, while those with better baseline symmetry became more asymmetric, indicating heterogeneous outcomes. Conclusions: This study highlights longitudinal changes in gait biomechanics following osseointegration in individuals with unilateral transfemoral amputation. Gait adaptations were highly variable across individuals and time points. Future research should involve larger, more homogeneous samples and incorporate kinetic, muscle activity, and functional outcome measures to better understand the impact of bone-anchored prostheses on gait and mobility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics and Rehabilitation)

22 pages, 1068 KB

Open AccessReview

Prosthetic Heart Valves and Particle Image Velocimetry—A Review

by Ruihang Zhang, Mashrur Muntasir Nuhash, A B M Nazmus Salehin Nahid and Chayton D. Borman

Prosthesis 2026, 8(3), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis8030032 - 18 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1050

Abstract

Heart valve prostheses play a key role in regulating the normal cardiac function for patients with valvular diseases, yet even slight alterations in their flow dynamics can result in serious physiological consequences. This paper provides an overview of in vitro studies using Particle [...] Read more.

Heart valve prostheses play a key role in regulating the normal cardiac function for patients with valvular diseases, yet even slight alterations in their flow dynamics can result in serious physiological consequences. This paper provides an overview of in vitro studies using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to investigate the hemodynamics of heart valve prostheses. We first trace the historical evolution of prosthetic valve designs and highlight key milestones in their development. Key experimental considerations for PIV apparatus design are summarized. Subsequently, we review major in vitro PIV studies that have enhanced understanding of prosthetic valve hemodynamics, including flow patterns, turbulence characteristics, and flow–structure interactions. Finally, we outline current challenges and propose future research recommendations, highlighting the potential of integrating advanced PIV methods with high-fidelity imaging for improved assessment of prosthetic valve performances. Overall, the study of heart valve prostheses remains inherently complex due to the multiscale nature of hemodynamic phenomena. Recent advances in experimental fluid mechanics, particularly PIV, have significantly enhanced the ability to visualize and quantify the hemodynamics of prosthetic valves, providing valuable insights for optimizing design and improving the durability of next-generation valve prostheses. Full article

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11 pages, 406 KB

Open AccessArticle

Blood Loss Management in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Bipolar Sealer System vs. Fibrin Sealant: A New Fast-Track Protocol

by Lorenzo Moretti, Antonio Spinarelli, Giuseppe Danilo Cassano, Alessandro Scarpino, Elvira Ruggiero, Alessandro Geronimo, Biagio Moretti and Giuseppe Solarino

Prosthesis 2026, 8(3), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis8030031 - 17 Mar 2026

Viewed by 630

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is often associated with extensive bleeding and the need for intraoperative and postoperative blood transfusions. Due to concern about the risks associated with them, a push has been made in surgery toward the development of new intraoperative blood [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is often associated with extensive bleeding and the need for intraoperative and postoperative blood transfusions. Due to concern about the risks associated with them, a push has been made in surgery toward the development of new intraoperative blood management devices and innovative postoperative care strategies. Tranexamic acid (TXA), fibrin sealant and standard electrocautery are widely used in orthopedic surgery, since several studies provided evidence about their efficacy and safety. A new device, the bipolar sealer system (BSS), provides hemostasis at lower temperature (<100°) than conventional electrocautery. It does not produce smoke, necrosis or burn tissue. Methods: In this study, we retrospectively analyzed data from 480 patients who underwent TKA between January 2017 and December 2024. The cohort was divided into two groups based on the hemostatic protocol adopted. The control group enrolled 240 patients who received the standard protocol with TXA and fibrin sealant, while the study group enrolled 240 patients who followed protocol with Aquamantys BSS and TXA. Hematological parameters, including hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT) and red blood cells (RBCs) were analyzed preoperatively (T0) and postoperatively: immediately after surgery (T1), at day one (T2) and day three (T3). Results: Changes in hemoglobin from baseline to postoperative follow-up were significantly lower among patients who received TXA plus BSS and those receiving TXA plus fibrin sealant, with p-values of 0.0003 at T1 (immediately after surgery), 0.027 at T2 (one day post-op), and 0.0001 at T3 (three days post-op). Comparable results were observed for HCT and RBC values. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that Aquamantys is more effective than fibrin glue in controlling blood loss after knee replacement surgery, not only immediately after the procedure but also in the following days. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics and Rehabilitation)

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15 pages, 875 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of a Carbonated Nutritional Beverage on Surface Integrity and Color Stability of 3D-Printed Resin Composite and Hybrid Ceramic Dental Prosthetic Materials

by Mohamed M. Kandil, Tamer M. Hamdy, Ali Abdelnabi, Sahar Ahmed Abdalbary, Anas Abed Alkhormani and Maha S. Othman

Prosthesis 2026, 8(3), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis8030030 - 17 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Background: 3D-printed resin composite and hybrid ceramic materials are widely used in prosthetic dentistry for their esthetic, mechanical advantages, and digital compatibility, though their surface properties may be affected by drinking habits. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of a carbonated [...] Read more.

Background: 3D-printed resin composite and hybrid ceramic materials are widely used in prosthetic dentistry for their esthetic, mechanical advantages, and digital compatibility, though their surface properties may be affected by drinking habits. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of a carbonated nutritional beverage multivitamin drink (Oronamin C) on the surface microhardness, roughness, solubility, and color changes in a recently introduced 3D-printed resin composite (Permanent Crown Resin), hybrid ceramic material (Vita Enamic) and a nanohybrid resin composite (Luna). Methods: A total of 120 disk-shaped specimens were distributed according to the type of material into three groups (n = 40). These were divided into four subgroups of specimens for each test (n = 10). The specimens were examined before and after immersion in Oronamin C solution for 12 days. Results: The results showed that there was no significant change in surface microhardness and surface roughness in both 3D-printed resin composite and hybrid ceramic after immersion, while microhardness decreased significantly in the nanohybrid resin composite with an increase in surface roughness. Solubility increased significantly in the nanohybrid and 3D-printed resin composites, but not in the hybrid ceramic. All materials presented clinically acceptable color changes, with mean values lower for both nanohybrid and hybrid ceramic. Conclusions: This study concluded that the hybrid ceramic and 3D-printed resin composite exhibited good stability after Oronamin C beverage exposure, whereas the nanohybrid resin composite exhibited the most impairment among all materials. All materials demonstrated clinically acceptable color changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Prosthetic Dentistry: From Biomaterials and Technology to Clinical Practice)

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17 pages, 1647 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Modular Bionic Hand with Intuitive Control and Thumb Opposition

by Larisa Dunai, Isabel Seguí Verdú, Alba Rey De Viñas Redondo and Lilia Sava

Prosthesis 2026, 8(3), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis8030029 - 13 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1097

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Hand loss or severe impairment significantly reduces quality of life by restricting essential daily activities and professional tasks. Despite advances in prosthetics, challenges remain in affordability, accessibility, and usability. This study aimed to design and develop a low-cost, ergonomic bionic hand prototype [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Hand loss or severe impairment significantly reduces quality of life by restricting essential daily activities and professional tasks. Despite advances in prosthetics, challenges remain in affordability, accessibility, and usability. This study aimed to design and develop a low-cost, ergonomic bionic hand prototype that integrates sustainable fabrication, intuitive control, and modular electronics. Methods: A user-centred design process guided by iterative prototyping, anatomical modelling, and functional validation. The prototype was manufactured using 3D printing techniques and assembled with modular electronic components. The design included segmented fingers, independent thumb articulation, and a tendon-like actuation system driven by micro-motors. Control was implemented through an ESP32-based board and a Bluetooth-enabled mobile application. Durability was preliminarily assessed through 500 grasp–release cycles. Results: Experimental validation confirmed the feasibility of both precision and power grips. The pinch grip successfully lifted objects to 120 g, and the power grip up to 85 g, corresponding to effective output forces of approximately 1.2 N and 0.83 N, respectively. The final prototype weighed ~350 g and maintained reliable performance during 500 grasp–release cycles. Conclusions: The developed bionic hand demonstrates that an affordable, ergonomic, and functional prosthetic can be achieved through sustainable 3D printing and accessible electronics. Future work will focus on enhancing actuation strength, long-term durability, and integration of sensory feedback, with the long-term objective of clinical testing and scalable production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics and Rehabilitation)

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16 pages, 1746 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Graded Porous Scaffolds for Bone Defects: Insights from In Vivo Mechanical Environments

by Juan Mora-Macías, Jorge E. Santos, André P. G. Castro and Paulo R. Fernandes

Prosthesis 2026, 8(3), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis8030028 - 9 Mar 2026

Viewed by 834

Abstract

Background: Bone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising technique for treating bone defects in large bones. Recent methods have enabled scaffold designs based on predefined microstructures or mechanical behavior patterns, including porosity-graded scaffolds adaptable to heterogeneous load states. However, there is [...] Read more.

Background: Bone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising technique for treating bone defects in large bones. Recent methods have enabled scaffold designs based on predefined microstructures or mechanical behavior patterns, including porosity-graded scaffolds adaptable to heterogeneous load states. However, there is no consensus on the optimal scaffold design strategy, which is sometimes chosen based on the intact bone or results from computational or in vivo experiments. Objective: This work proposes the design of graded-porosity triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) scaffolds that mimic the mechanical environment within a bone transport callus at the peak of bone tissue production, according to in vivo load measurements. Methods: Finite element models based on computational tomography scans were used to define the strain field of the callus at the peak of bone tissue production. The developed scaffold models were evaluated through finite element simulation. Results: The callus simulations reported that the period in which maximum woven bone tissue production was achieved corresponds to the period of maximum axial strain. The graded-porosity scaffolds simulated demonstrated their ability to replicate this strain field along the callus. The microstructural parameters and strain environment of the proposed graded-porosity scaffolds were consistent with finding from studies assessing the influence of different microstructural parameters or strain conditions on bone ingrown within scaffolds. Conclusions: The proposed approach—designing graded-porosity scaffolds based on the callus strain field at the peak of bone tissue production—proved to be appropriate and may help improve future clinical applications. Full article

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16 pages, 2325 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Spine Interbody Fusion Cages: Concepts, Design Trends, and Emerging Personalized Solutions

by Ricardo Duarte and António Ramos

Prosthesis 2026, 8(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis8030027 - 9 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1547

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Interbody fusion cages provide both structural support and a biologically favorable environment for osseointegration. Through recent decades, cage design and biomaterial selection have evolved to more adapted implants in different concept philosophies. Based on this development, the objective of this work was [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Interbody fusion cages provide both structural support and a biologically favorable environment for osseointegration. Through recent decades, cage design and biomaterial selection have evolved to more adapted implants in different concept philosophies. Based on this development, the objective of this work was to develop a systematic review of the state of the art regarding spine interbody cage concepts on the market and anticipate future directions in cage design. Methods: A systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines was conducted in three databases of reference, Scopus, PubMed and Mendeley, in September 2025, considering results from between 2015 and the present using the following keywords: spine, interbody, cage and concept. A revision of the first results was performed, and duplicate entries were excluded, as well as papers without a firm relevance for cage design concepts. Results: This search resulted in 76 selected papers and different design concepts and clinical outputs, and after a duplicate analysis, just 40 papers were selected. The material properties may play an important role in the characteristics of the implant and critically influence load-sharing and bone ingrowth. Surface modifications, including texturing, porosity engineering, and osteoconductive coatings, have been introduced to enhance cellular adhesion and fusion rates. It was observed through the research performed that the main problems are related to micromobility, implant displacement and stress shielding effects in adjacent vertebras. Conclusions: Among the different evolutions observed in cages through the years, design changes played an important role in adapting each case. Knowing that the design could be strongly influenced by the surgical approach used (anterior, posterior, transforaminal or lateral) and bone quality, it is also possible to find, nowadays, different options for different needs that are only accessible due to the technological advances in additive manufacturing, which allowed the development of patient-specific implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics and Rehabilitation)

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23 pages, 4102 KB

Open AccessArticle

Er:YAG Laser Removal of Implant-Supported Digitally Manufactured Single Crowns Made of Lithium Disilicate: Influence of Crown Spacer and Abutment Taper

by Sarah M. Blender, Simon Tilsner, Luisa Zeh, Julia Kowalewski, Heike Rudolph, Sigmar Schnutenhaus and Ralph G. Luthardt

Prosthesis 2026, 8(3), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis8030026 - 4 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the laser removal of implant-supported ceramic single crowns, focusing on their efficiency and the potential reusability of the removed restorations. Methods: Sixty single crowns made of lithium disilicate were adhesively bonded to prefabricated titanium [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the laser removal of implant-supported ceramic single crowns, focusing on their efficiency and the potential reusability of the removed restorations. Methods: Sixty single crowns made of lithium disilicate were adhesively bonded to prefabricated titanium abutments in a total of six test series (n = 10). The test series were divided according to the different spacer settings of the crowns (90 µm, 120 µm, 150 µm) and the taper of the abutments (4°, 6°). After seven days of storage in distilled water, the single crowns were removed using an erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) laser. The number of laser pulses needed and the time required to remove the crowns were recorded. This was followed by a micro- and macroscopic score evaluation of the crowns using a fluorescent penetration method. Results: Laser removal of all sixty crowns was successfully performed. Using a taper of 6° and a spacer of 150 µm, the crowns were removed with significantly fewer pulses (61.40 (±36.78)). The taper and spacer had a significant effect on both the microscopic (p = 0.040) and macroscopic (p = 0.035) fracture patterns. Based on the final score of the fracture analysis, 44 of the 60 crowns could be classified as potentially reusable. The remaining 16 crowns failed due to purely macroscopic (7), purely microscopic (6), and combined microscopic and macroscopic (3) fracture behavior. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, increasing the size of the taper and spacer has proven beneficial for laser removal in terms of time efficiency and non-destructive removal of crowns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prosthodontics)

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16 pages, 850 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Denture-Associated Epulis Fissuratum: A Systematic Review

by Anuradha Iyer Anand, Mathangi Kumar and Medhini Madi

Prosthesis 2026, 8(3), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis8030025 - 3 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Background: The purpose of this systematic review is to understand the epidemiology, risk factors, reporting symptoms, and clinical presentation of denture-induced epulis fissuratum and the various management strategies reported in the literature. Methods: This review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA 2022 [...] Read more.

Background: The purpose of this systematic review is to understand the epidemiology, risk factors, reporting symptoms, and clinical presentation of denture-induced epulis fissuratum and the various management strategies reported in the literature. Methods: This review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA 2022 guidelines and was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42024517759). A systematic electronic search from scientific databases was performed from inception to July 2024. All studies (cross-sectional, observational, and clinical trials), case reports, and case series in the English language addressing the epidemiological and clinical characteristics, as well as the management strategies for prosthetic denture-induced oral epulis fissuratum, were included. The relevant search terms and Boolean operators were employed. Results: A total of 408 articles were obtained from various databases. A total of 41 articles were included for data extraction, of which 20 were case reports and 21 were clinical studies. There were a total of 1472 patients from the included reports. Eighty-two patients had symptomatic epulis fissuratum. A total of 96 patients (6.5%) in the 18 included reports had complete resolution of the lesion following treatment. Conclusions: Diagnosis is primarily based on the pathognomonic clinical presentation of these lesions. Although multiple therapeutic approaches for epulis fissuratum have been described in the literature, a universally accepted or standardized treatment protocol has not yet been established. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prosthodontics)

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14 pages, 2034 KB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Image Correlation Analysis of Implant Angulation, Splinting, and Length on Peri-Implant Strain: An In Vitro Study

by Muralidharan Priyanka, Baltha Shreya, V. Manju, M. P. Hariprasad and Prathap Ananth

Prosthesis 2026, 8(3), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis8030024 - 1 Mar 2026

Viewed by 721

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Dental implants are an established modality for oral rehabilitation, but their biomechanical success depends on controlling peri-implant strain, which is influenced by implant angulation, splinting, and length. This in vitro study evaluated the effects of these variables on strain and displacement [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Dental implants are an established modality for oral rehabilitation, but their biomechanical success depends on controlling peri-implant strain, which is influenced by implant angulation, splinting, and length. This in vitro study evaluated the effects of these variables on strain and displacement under axial and oblique loading using digital image correlation (DIC). Methods: Three CBCT-derived mandibular models were 3D-printed and restored with screw-retained full-metal crowns. Group 1 compared parallel vs. angulated implants; Group 2 assessed splinted vs. non-splinted restorations; and Group 3 compared short (4.2 × 6.25 mm) vs. long (4.2 × 13 mm) implants. All specimens were loaded to 500 N at 0°, 15°, and 30° using a universal testing machine. Strain and displacement were analyzed with Istra 4D software and statistically evaluated using ANOVA and independent t-tests (α = 0.05). Results: Parallel implants exhibited progressively higher strain with load angle, peaking at 30° (p < 0.01), while angulated implants recorded their highest strain at 0° (p = 0.008), indicating better adaptation to oblique forces. Splinted restorations significantly reduced strain at 0° and 30° (p = 0.023) and lowered displacement across all inclinations (p = 0.0001). Short implants consistently produced greater strain and displacement than long implants (p < 0.02). Conclusions: Angulated implants mitigated strain under off-axis loading compared to parallel configurations. Splinting decreased strain and displacement, while longer implants consistently improved biomechanical performance. Optimal selection of implant orientation, splinting, and length may minimize peri-implant strain under functional loads. Findings are limited to in vitro conditions with static loading and a single implant system. Full article

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12 pages, 945 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multivariable Comparison of Energy-Storing Prosthetic Feet in Persons with Unilateral Transtibial Amputation

by Daniela Garcia, Mukul Talaty, Maria Flach and Alberto Esquenazi

Prosthesis 2026, 8(3), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis8030023 - 28 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Choosing the best prosthetic foot for a patient is complicated by the many available options and limited evidence to distinguish them. This work aimed to clarify performance differences in the level-ground walking of K3-functional-level persons with amputations across a variety of prosthetic [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Choosing the best prosthetic foot for a patient is complicated by the many available options and limited evidence to distinguish them. This work aimed to clarify performance differences in the level-ground walking of K3-functional-level persons with amputations across a variety of prosthetic feet within the energy storage and return class. Methods: This clinical trial assessed 10 subjects fitted with the Ossur ProFlex foot (LP and XC) compared to their original foot after a 30-day adaptation period and careful prosthetic alignment matching. Multivariate data (walking performance, noise/play, balance and satisfaction) were collected in the gait laboratory. Results: Results were mixed across the cohort. MCID and statistical analysis were used to assess the magnitude and importance of the changes observed. Overall, the changes were small and not statistically significant. Conclusions: Our findings support that performance across a variety of measures for K3-level amputees walking over level ground is relatively insensitive to prosthetic foot componentry within the energy storage and return class. While functional performance is not the only metric that contributes to foot choice, it is an important one. This study helps to circumscribe its role in the larger decision-making framework for this class of componentry in persons with transtibial amputation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics and Rehabilitation)

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12 pages, 978 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Management of Periprosthetic Joint Infections: The Transformative Impact of Calcium Sulfate Carriers in Orthopedic Surgery and Their Role in Enhancing Patient Outcomes

by Elisa Troiano, Simone Alongi, Cristina Rosa Coco, Cristina Latino, Tiziano Giacché, Stefano Giannotti and Nicola Mondanelli

Prosthesis 2026, 8(3), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis8030022 - 27 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1108

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The prevalence of joint replacement surgeries has significantly increased over the last century, leading to a corresponding rise in complications, particularly periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). The management of a PJI involves various strategies, including debridement, antibiotic therapy, and staged revision procedures. A [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The prevalence of joint replacement surgeries has significantly increased over the last century, leading to a corresponding rise in complications, particularly periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). The management of a PJI involves various strategies, including debridement, antibiotic therapy, and staged revision procedures. A notable advancement in treatment is the use of calcium sulfate reabsorbable carriers, recognized for their biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and localized antibiotic delivery. Recent reports indicate that when combined with conventional treatment regimens, calcium sulfate carriers can achieve infection eradication rates exceeding 90%. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of calcium sulfate carriers in managing periprosthetic infections, specifically assessing their impact on healing rates in patients undergoing treatment. Study Design & Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted at our institution, focusing on patients diagnosed with PJIs treated with 2-stage revision surgery with local application of calcium sulfate carriers with antibiotics at both stages, and systemic antibiotic therapy, and comparing results with different surgical procedures. Results: The study included 40 patients (24 males and 16 females), with a mean age of 68.7 (range 48–87) years. The affected joints included the hip (27.5%), shoulder (27.5%), and knee (45%). The findings revealed that 97% of patients achieved infection eradication at the end of the follow-up period. Conclusions: These results highlight the complexities of managing PJIs and the significant role of calcium sulfate carriers in improving outcomes, supporting their use as a standard practice in confirmed PJI cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of Art in Hip, Knee and Shoulder Replacement (Volume 2))

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Prosthesis, Volume 8, Issue 3 (March 2026) – 12 articles

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