Heritage

24 pages, 5284 KB

Open AccessArticle

Scientific Art in Glass: Archaeometric Analysis and Conservation of Blaschka Models

by Gemma Giani, Silvia Ferucci, Chiara Matteucci, Salvatore Andrea Apicella, Gaia Tarantola, Maria Pia Morigi, Matteo Bettuzzi, Maria Pia Riccardi and Mariangela Vandini

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090376 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Leopold Blaschka (1822–1895) and his son Rudolf (1857–1939) created scientifically accurate glass models of marine invertebrates that reshaped natural history education in the 19th century. Their work overcame the limitations of traditional preservation techniques, allowing for detailed and lifelike representations of soft-bodied sea [...] Read more.

Leopold Blaschka (1822–1895) and his son Rudolf (1857–1939) created scientifically accurate glass models of marine invertebrates that reshaped natural history education in the 19th century. Their work overcame the limitations of traditional preservation techniques, allowing for detailed and lifelike representations of soft-bodied sea creatures and botanic species. Today, their models are preserved in prestigious collections worldwide. This paper examines not only the historical and artistic significance of the Blaschka models but also presents the findings of recent material analyses, including computed tomography (CT), scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS), visible ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The multi-analytical approach allowed for the characterization of the chemical composition of the glass and adhesives used, shedding light on the Blaschkas’ unique manufacturing processes and material choices. Data from this study demonstrate how the combination of a multi-analytical approach with knowledge of historical glassmaking practices can provide a solid foundation for both conservation efforts and further academic investigation into these composite objects. The study underscores the models’ value not only as artistic masterpieces but also as technological artifacts, offering insights into 19th-century scientific craftsmanship at the intersection of art and biology. Furthermore, the study presents a conservation intervention based on scientific evidence and a skilfully tailored solution, chosen piece-by-piece, part-by-part of the intricate glass models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Conservation of Glass in Heritage Science)

19 pages, 2829 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cochineal Reds in Iberia and France: A Comparative Study of 18th Century Tin-Mordant Recipes to Dye Wool

by Mara Espírito Santo, Rafael Díaz Hidalgo, Luís Gonçalves Ferreira, Dominique Cardon, Joana Sequeira, Vanessa Otero and Paula Nabais

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090375 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

The Royal Textile Factory of Covilhã, founded in 1764, is the perfect example of the Portuguese Industrial and Cultural Heritage. Despite its historical significance, comprehensive studies on the dyeing techniques employed in the 18th century remain scarce. Given the influence of French technology [...] Read more.

The Royal Textile Factory of Covilhã, founded in 1764, is the perfect example of the Portuguese Industrial and Cultural Heritage. Despite its historical significance, comprehensive studies on the dyeing techniques employed in the 18th century remain scarce. Given the influence of French technology on Portuguese wool production, this study presents a comparative analysis of French and Spanish dyeing recipes to understand their influence on the practices adopted by the Portuguese wool industry. Focusing on the production of red dyes from cochineal insects, one of the main colours used in Covilhã until the late 19th century, this work presents the reconstruction of selected 18th-century scarlet recipes. Quantitative and qualitative differences between French and Spanish methodologies were analysed, particularly regarding the use of mordants, the quantities of cochineal, and the role of pH and tin liquor in achieving scarlet shades. The results highlight that although both traditions relied heavily on cochineal, significant variations existed in recipe composition and application. This work contributes to a better understanding of historical dyeing techniques and supports future conservation and reproduction efforts for Portuguese textile heritage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dyes in History and Archaeology 43)

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14 pages, 2217 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Selenium-Based Biocides with Biocidal Potential for Cultural Heritage Applications

by Marco Morelli, Alessandro De Rosa, Chiara Luongo, Paola Cennamo, Antonino Pollio, Reinier Lemos, Mauro De Nisco, Silvana Pedatella and Andrea Carpentieri

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090374 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

The conservation of cultural heritage has long garnered significant attention within the scientific community, particularly due to the biodeterioration processes driven by microbial colonization. These processes can severely compromise the aesthetic, chemical, and physical integrity of artworks. While traditional chemical biocides are widely [...] Read more.

The conservation of cultural heritage has long garnered significant attention within the scientific community, particularly due to the biodeterioration processes driven by microbial colonization. These processes can severely compromise the aesthetic, chemical, and physical integrity of artworks. While traditional chemical biocides are widely used, they present notable drawbacks, including toxicity, chemical instability, and the risk of inducing microbial resistance. Accordingly, efforts to expand the repertoire of molecules with biocidal activity are of utmost significance. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of selenium-based biocides with biocidal activity. Characterization was performed using NMR spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The biocidal efficacy of these compounds was evaluated via algal growth inhibition tests (OECD 201), employing Raphidocelis subcapitata as a model organism. Our results indicate that certain seleno-sugars exhibit a dose-dependent inhibition of algal growth, suggesting superior biocidal activity compared to conventional agents. Notably, one compound demonstrated an optimal balance of efficacy and chemical stability and was selected for subsequent in vivo testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for the Sustainable Conservation of Cultural Heritage)

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16 pages, 4803 KB

Open AccessArticle

Finite Element Simulation of Amphora Dispersion in the 4th Century BC Shipwreck off the Island of Žirje, Croatia: A Case Study in Maritime Archaeology

by Šimun Sviličić, Smiljko Rudan and Irena Radić Rossi

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090373 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study presents a finite element-based numerical simulation of a shipwreck scenario at the 4th-century BC underwater archaeological site near the island of Žirje, integrating engineering analysis with archaeological interpretation. The site is notable for the wide scattering of amphorae across the seafloor. [...] Read more.

This study presents a finite element-based numerical simulation of a shipwreck scenario at the 4th-century BC underwater archaeological site near the island of Žirje, integrating engineering analysis with archaeological interpretation. The site is notable for the wide scattering of amphorae across the seafloor. A scaled model, based on the well-documented Kyrenia shipwreck, found off the coast of Cyprus, was developed to approximate the estimated parameters of the Žirje vessel, incorporating reduced dimensions, an adjusted freeboard, and a total deadweight of approximately six tons. The finite element model of the ship, its cargo, and the seabed was developed using LS-DYNA R11.1. software. Instead of fluid modelling, the study employed explicit dynamic analysis with a rigid seabed, gravitational loading, and automatic contact to reduce computational cost. A series of parametric simulations explored the effects of roll, yaw, and varying gravitational forces on the sinking behaviour and cargo dispersion. Results indicate that only certain non-uniform sinking conditions, combined with seabed currents, accurately replicate the archaeological distribution of the amphorae. This approach underscores the value of integrating finite element analysis (FEA) with archaeological data to generate digitally supported hypotheses, demonstrating how numerical reconstruction can enhance the interpretation of complex underwater archaeological sites. Full article

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25 pages, 7192 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Redevelopment of Post-Earthquake 1980 Neighbourhoods in Naples: Climate-Oriented Building Retrofit and Preservation of Design Cultural Values and Authorship Conditions

by Mario Losasso, Federica Dell'Acqua and Sara Verde

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090372 - 10 Sep 2025

Viewed by 31

Abstract

The reuse of buildings of documentary value, as an expression of authorship and of a research trajectory within the debate on contemporary architectural design, represents a sustainable retrofitting approach, as it enables the extension of the life cycle of buildings as a resource. [...] Read more.

The reuse of buildings of documentary value, as an expression of authorship and of a research trajectory within the debate on contemporary architectural design, represents a sustainable retrofitting approach, as it enables the extension of the life cycle of buildings as a resource. The adaptive reuse of buildings entails several cultural and technical challenges for a balance between conservation and transformation. This topic lies in the Italian debate on the technological, energy and housing needs inadequacy of the housing stock. Within this scenario, the PINQuA—Programma Innovativo Nazionale per la Qualità dell’Abitare (Innovative National Programme for Housing Quality) constitutes an innovative factor in the process of upgrading socially, physically, and functionally degraded housing contexts. The paper investigates the sustainable redevelopment of architects Franco Purini and Laura Thermes’ residential building block in the Marianella neighbourhood in Northern Naples. The methodology is based on the identification of the conditions of authorship, the relationship with the values of the pre-existing elements of the urban environment, and the expression of 1980s architecture. The results of the design proposal are measured by indicators of environmental and energy performance. The design proposal develops a retrofitting approach for contemporary housing by maintaining the residential function and reusing public and collective spaces adapted to the new climate regime and social needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptive Reuse of Heritage Buildings—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 5695 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Microbiological Activity and Moisture on the Surface pH of Rock Art Sites: Cueva del Ratón, Baja California Sur, Mexico and Other Sites

by Ian Donald MacLeod and Valerie Magar

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090371 - 9 Sep 2025

Viewed by 152

Abstract

This paper reviews the apparent impact of how changes in nitrate, sulphate activities, and moisture affect the surface pH of rock art paintings at Cueva del Ratón, in the Sierra de San Francisco in Baja California Sur, Mexico. The data was collected after [...] Read more.

This paper reviews the apparent impact of how changes in nitrate, sulphate activities, and moisture affect the surface pH of rock art paintings at Cueva del Ratón, in the Sierra de San Francisco in Baja California Sur, Mexico. The data was collected after atypical weather events caused rain and mist in this normally arid area. The rock art paintings had been previously examined over several years and observed the unexpected formation of silica skins over some surfaces; such coatings are not often experienced in arid environments. The local geology of the cave and the availability of moisture can dramatically alter the microbiological activity on faecal material and development of surface acidity from such reactions which interacts with both the host rock and the pigments. Through a series of surface pH measurements and localised measurements on chloride, sulphate and nitrate it appears that both nitrate and sulphate concentrations have a significant impact on the surface pH, which is controlled by a diffusion-based movement of moisture from the closed to the open end of the shelter. The exfoliation of the rock surface and formation of the silica skins involves chemical reactions as contrasted with diffusion-controlled reactions which distribute the metabolites of the yeasts, moulds and bacteria, which are dominated by the availability of water through drip lines. The results are particularly relevant due to changing weather patterns in the last decade, caused by climate change, with an increase in hurricanes directly affecting the Baja California peninsula. The use of disposable test strips for semi-quantitative assessment of how these major anions impact on the decay mechanisms was a novel response to budget constraints and the remoteness of the location. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Preserving Cultural Heritage by Integrating Modern Materials and Technologies: From the Nano to Building Scale)

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19 pages, 3602 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heritage Governance and Adaptive Reuse in Southern Chile: Case Studies from Lota and Punta Arenas

by M. Isabel López, Daniel Matus and Macarena Ibarra

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090370 - 9 Sep 2025

Viewed by 463

Abstract

In recent decades, the redefinition of heritage has led to research focused on the governance and management of heritage reuse, particularly emphasizing the role of communities in these processes. This article examines the influence of new uses and the participation of social stakeholders [...] Read more.

In recent decades, the redefinition of heritage has led to research focused on the governance and management of heritage reuse, particularly emphasizing the role of communities in these processes. This article examines the influence of new uses and the participation of social stakeholders in fostering sustainable reuse and inclusive governance. Drawing on a qualitative methodology—combining documentary sources and interviews with key stakeholders—this study analyzes two heritage sites in the southern Chilean cities of Lota and Punta Arenas, using a critical heritage framework. The findings suggest that a hybrid model of collaboration between public institutions and civil society organizations positively contributes to the sustainability of heritage reuse. A key challenge identified is ensuring the sustained engagement of these diverse stakeholders in the long-term administration of heritage sites. Full article

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17 pages, 1877 KB

Open AccessArticle

Digitization of Museum Objects and the Semantic Gap

by Maija Spurina

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090369 - 6 Sep 2025

Viewed by 224

Abstract

This article examines the “semantic gap” in the digitisation of museum collections—the divide between human-comprehensible representations of artefacts and machine-readable data structures. Drawing on a comparative analysis of national museum databases from Latvia, Estonia, and Finland, the study explores how material objects are [...] Read more.

This article examines the “semantic gap” in the digitisation of museum collections—the divide between human-comprehensible representations of artefacts and machine-readable data structures. Drawing on a comparative analysis of national museum databases from Latvia, Estonia, and Finland, the study explores how material objects are transformed into digital surrogates and the challenges of creating interoperable, searchable, and meaningful datasets. Key obstacles include inconsistent metadata standards, linguistic variability, and differences in classification systems, which hinder aggregation and transnational analysis. Case studies of temporal, material, and image-based metadata reveal how human-oriented descriptions—rich in nuance, context, and uncertainty—often resist direct computational translation. The research shows that while digital formats offer powerful opportunities for aggregation, search, and reinterpretation of heritage at scale, this flexibility comes at the cost of reducing object-specific richness. The paper argues that the value, or “aura,” of digitised objects lies in their potential for connectivity and cross-institutional integration, achievable only through metadata standardisation and thoughtful design. Understanding digitisation as a culturally embedded process can help bridge disciplinary perspectives and improve future museum data infrastructures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Museology and Emerging Technologies in Cultural Heritage)

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15 pages, 3289 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lateral Confinement Reinforcement of Timber Under Perpendicular-to-Grain Compression

by Jose Ramón Aira-Zunzunegui and Laura Gonzalo-Calderón

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090368 - 5 Sep 2025

Viewed by 208

Abstract

One of the most common issues encountered in the rehabilitation of timber-structured buildings is the crushing of elements subjected to compression perpendicular to the grain. This crushing results in differential settlements that decrease comfort and, in some cases, compromise the habitability of the [...] Read more.

One of the most common issues encountered in the rehabilitation of timber-structured buildings is the crushing of elements subjected to compression perpendicular to the grain. This crushing results in differential settlements that decrease comfort and, in some cases, compromise the habitability of the building. This study analyzed a reinforcement method involving the lateral confinement of timber members using two metallic side plates. Experimental tests were conducted with various configurations of the bolts used to fix the plates. In addition, several finite element models were developed and validated to extend the scope of the analysis virtually. An initial reinforcement proposal was examined, in which the metal plates were allowed to move vertically with the wood’s deformation. This setup achieved only a 26% reduction in deformation. Subsequently, an enhanced reinforcement system was tested, wherein the plates were anchored to the lower vertical stud, preventing their vertical movement. This configuration significantly enhanced performance, achieving maximum deformation reductions of up to 53%. Finally, in the improved reinforcement system, the load distribution among the bolts was analyzed to support their structural design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Heritage)

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23 pages, 7265 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Response of Marzocco by Donatello to Seismic Excitation

by Marco Tanganelli, Stefania Viti, Francesco Trovatelli and Riccardo M. Azzara

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090367 - 5 Sep 2025

Viewed by 147

Abstract

The protection of masterpieces from natural hazards is one of the most important goals regarding heritage conservation. This work studies the seismic response of “Marzocco” by Donatello, which is the heraldic symbol of Florence, currently exposed at the National Museum of Bargello [...] Read more.

The protection of masterpieces from natural hazards is one of the most important goals regarding heritage conservation. This work studies the seismic response of “Marzocco” by Donatello, which is the heraldic symbol of Florence, currently exposed at the National Museum of Bargello (Florence, Italy). The sculpture stands over a marble base and a magnificent marble pedestal by Benedetto da Maiano, which is part of the piece of art. The artwork is placed on the first floor of the museum, and it is subjected to seismic accelerations, eventually amplified by the seismic response of the building itself. The dynamic response of Marzocco is checked with reference to the overturning and sliding collapse mechanisms. Three overturning models have been considered, involving respectively the statue only, the statue and the base, and the statue with base and pedestal. The seismic input has been assumed through an ensemble of seven ground motions, which is spectrum-compatible with the Code’s one. Both the acceleration histories at the ground and at the floor have been considered. The seismic response has been found by performing a time-history analysis on a finite element model. The analysis showed a satisfactory seismic performance of the case study, pointing out the role of the single modeling assumptions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Monitoring of Monumental Buildings and Artistic Goods)

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35 pages, 10675 KB

Open AccessArticle

Iconography in the Mural Paintings of the Santa Catalina Convent as a Symbolic Element in Cusco’s Viceroyal Architecture

by Carlos Guillermo Vargas Febres, Juan Serra Lluch, Ana Torres Barchino, Angela Verónica Villagarcía Zereceda, Carmen Daniela Gonzales Martínez and Olga Aylin Villena Ccasani

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090366 - 5 Sep 2025

Viewed by 203

Abstract

This study examines the mural paintings of the Chapter House of the Monastery of Santa Catalina in Cusco within the context of Andean colonial architecture, aiming to analyze their iconography as a symbolic and theological resource. A qualitative methodology was employed, based on [...] Read more.

This study examines the mural paintings of the Chapter House of the Monastery of Santa Catalina in Cusco within the context of Andean colonial architecture, aiming to analyze their iconography as a symbolic and theological resource. A qualitative methodology was employed, based on iconographic analysis according to Erwin Panofsky’s theory, complemented by documentary review, photographic recording, and thematic categorization of the pictorial elements. The results reveal that the paintings not only decorate but also structure a visual theological discourse representing the spiritual transition of the soul from the mundane to the divine through scenes such as penance, ascetic life, redemption, and glorification. This mural narrative, primarily directed at the female religious community of the convent, integrates European and indigenous motifs, hagiographical figures, Trinitarian allegories, and ornamental symbolism that reinforces the spirituality of the monastic space. It is concluded that these representations do not solely serve catechetical purposes but configure a symbolic architecture of contemplation and spiritual formation that visually articulates the doctrinal principles of the Christian tradition through a pictorial language coherent with Andean Baroque. Full article

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17 pages, 2767 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Spatial Representation to Participatory Engagement: Designing a UCD–BDD Virtual Pilgrimage Environment

by Chia Hui Nico Lo

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090365 - 5 Sep 2025

Viewed by 260

Abstract

This study addresses the impact of pandemics, economic limitations, and physical constraints on physical pilgrimage by proposing and evaluating a culturally sensitive, ritual-oriented virtual Boudhanath Stupa environment. Using user-centered design (UCD) and Behavior-Driven Development (BDD), the project created interactive ritual nodes on a [...] Read more.

This study addresses the impact of pandemics, economic limitations, and physical constraints on physical pilgrimage by proposing and evaluating a culturally sensitive, ritual-oriented virtual Boudhanath Stupa environment. Using user-centered design (UCD) and Behavior-Driven Development (BDD), the project created interactive ritual nodes on a Minecraft–VR platform, combining spatial configuration, symbolic elements, and exploratory freedom to move beyond static representation toward participatory engagement. A mixed-methods evaluation with 50 participants from diverse backgrounds and 2 Tibetan Buddhist experts showed positive feedback for aesthetic experience (M = 4.36) and user control (M = 4.62). Despite its non-photorealistic style, the environment was able to evoke a strong sense of presence and was recognized by experts as a “digital Dharma gate” suitable for younger audiences and those unable to travel to sacred sites. Limitations include a small sample size, a short evaluation period, and a lack of social interaction features. Future development will enhance guidance and feedback, expand narratives, support community co-creation, and introduce multi-user functions, providing a scalable framework for virtual religious cultural heritage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultural Landscape and Sustainable Heritage Tourism)

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23 pages, 18013 KB

Open AccessArticle

Derelict Rural Heritage: The Case of the Castles in the Lower Mureș Valley, Romania

by Oana-Andreea Oancea, Alexandru Dragan and Remus Crețan

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090364 - 4 Sep 2025

Viewed by 309

Abstract

Castles situated in rural areas occupy a distinctive position within the European heritage landscape, serving economic, residential and symbolic functions. While the great urban royal residences have benefited from constant attention, conservation and valorisation in Central and Eastern Europe, castles in rural areas [...] Read more.

Castles situated in rural areas occupy a distinctive position within the European heritage landscape, serving economic, residential and symbolic functions. While the great urban royal residences have benefited from constant attention, conservation and valorisation in Central and Eastern Europe, castles in rural areas have often been subjected to systematic neglect. The objective of this study is to analyse three castles (Bulci, Căpâlnaș and Petriș) in the Lower Mureș Valley in Romania, with a view to observing how these symbols of a fragmented past have been marked by historical ruptures, regime changes and marginalisation policies, and the current potential of these castles to be transformed from derelict spaces into spaces of local importance. Should our research contribute to the study of the transformation of derelict spaces of historical castles into invigorating spaces, from a methodological point of view the following three steps were taken: (1) an assessment of the state of conservation and the factors that led to the degradation of these noble domains was carried out; (2) research was conducted on the perception of stakeholders regarding how castles can become a generator of local development; and (3) an analysis of the development proposals around these castles from stakeholders was performed. The study is based on 35 semi-structured interviews conducted with stakeholders and residents of the castle communities analysed, and on a thematic content analysis of these interviews. The findings of the research suggest a state of conservation that is insecure, and the perceptions of stakeholders indicate a necessity for institutional intervention and public–private partnerships. There is also a conviction that attracting large-scale investors is essential for the revitalisation of these monuments. The responses indicate a genuine concern for the future of the castles. The proposals for the development of the castles are oriented towards their utilisation in cultural tourist circuits. Full article

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38 pages, 41296 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Volcanic Geoheritage in the Pristine Natural Environment of Harrat Lunayyir, Saudi Arabia: Opportunities for Geotourism and Geohazard Issues

by Károly Németh, Abdulrahman Sowaigh, Vladyslav Zakharovskyi, Mostafa Toni, Mahmoud Ashor, Vladimir Sokolov, Fawaz Moqeem, Khalid Abdulhafaz, Turki Hablil, Turki Sehli and Khalid Yousef

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090363 - 4 Sep 2025

Viewed by 609

Abstract

The Lunayyir Volcanic Field (Harrat Lunayyir), located on the western boundary of the Arabian Microplate, comprises a Quaternary volcanic region featuring approximately 150 volcanoes formed from around 700 vents. In 2009, a significant volcano-seismic event occurred, resulting in the formation of a nearly [...] Read more.

The Lunayyir Volcanic Field (Harrat Lunayyir), located on the western boundary of the Arabian Microplate, comprises a Quaternary volcanic region featuring approximately 150 volcanoes formed from around 700 vents. In 2009, a significant volcano-seismic event occurred, resulting in the formation of a nearly 20 km long fissure. Geophysical modeling has demonstrated that this area lies above an eruptible magma system, unequivocally confirming ongoing volcanic activity. Recent geological mapping and age determinations have further established the field as a young Quaternary volcanic landscape. Notably, the 2009 event provided critical evidence of the region’s volcanic activity and underscored the potential to connect its volcanic geoheritage with hazard mitigation strategies. The volcanic field displays diverse features, including effusive eruptions—primarily pāhoehoe and ‘a‘ā lava flows—and explosive structures such as spatter ramparts and multi-crater scoria cones. While effusive eruptions are most common and exert long-term impacts, explosive eruptions tend to be less intense; however, some events have reached a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 4, distributing ash up to 250 km. Recognizing the geoheritage and geodiversity of the area may enhance resilience to volcanic hazards through geoconservation, educational initiatives, managed visitation, and establishment of a geoheritage reserve to preserve site conditions. Hazards associated with this dispersed monogenetic volcanic field manifest with recurrence intervals ranging from centuries to millennia, presenting challenges for effective communication. Although eruptions are infrequent, they have the potential to impact regional infrastructure. Documentation of volcanic geoheritage supports hazard communication efforts. Within the northern development sector, 26 geosites have been identified, 22 of which pertain to the Quaternary basaltic volcanic field, each representing a specific hazard and contributing vital information for resilience planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geological Hazards and Heritage Safeguard)

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18 pages, 5260 KB

Open AccessArticle

Algorithmic Design in Architectural Heritage: Innovation in Virtual Reconstruction of the Roman Forum Transitorium in Musti, Tunisia

by Jakub Franczuk and Krzysztof Koszewski

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090362 - 4 Sep 2025

Viewed by 322

Abstract

Digital technologies significantly influence architectural heritage perception, preservation, and presentation, particularly in reconstructing fragmented archaeological sites. This study explores innovative applications of algorithmic design, Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM), and interactive visualisation through the virtual reconstruction of the Roman Forum Transitorium in Musti, [...] Read more.

Digital technologies significantly influence architectural heritage perception, preservation, and presentation, particularly in reconstructing fragmented archaeological sites. This study explores innovative applications of algorithmic design, Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM), and interactive visualisation through the virtual reconstruction of the Roman Forum Transitorium in Musti, Tunisia—a complex historical site influenced by Numidian, Roman, and Byzantine cultures. The research integrates algorithmic modelling, digital surveying, and cloud-based collaboration, employing software tools such as Archicad, Rhino, Grasshopper, and Virtual Tour platforms. Central to this approach is a parametric, hypothesis-driven methodology, enabling the iterative exploration of multiple reconstruction scenarios informed by historical sources, architectural analyses, and scanned archaeological fragments. Immersive technologies enhance user engagement, allowing for the transparent exploration and interpretation of the site’s historical uncertainties. The results highlight the effectiveness of algorithmic methods in managing interpretative variability, offering flexible, academically rigorous, and publicly accessible virtual reconstructions. By emphasising the hypothetical nature of digital reconstructions and interactive visualisations, this research contributes meaningfully to digital archaeology, demonstrating how innovative algorithmic approaches can bridge academic scholarship and broader heritage preservation practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultural Heritage and New Technologies: NextGen Innovations in Preservation and Education)

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27 pages, 19273 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deciphering Photographic Papers: Material Insights into 20th-Century Ilford and Kodak Sample Books

by Laura-Cassandra Vălean, Sílvia O. Sequeira, Susana França de Sá and Élia Roldão

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090361 - 4 Sep 2025

Viewed by 241

Abstract

Fiber-based black-and-white developing-out papers (DOPs) were among the most widely used photographic supports of the 20th century. Their broad use, structural complexity, and range of surface finishes, alongside evolving manufacturing practices, underscore the importance of understanding their material composition for authentication, dating, and [...] Read more.

Fiber-based black-and-white developing-out papers (DOPs) were among the most widely used photographic supports of the 20th century. Their broad use, structural complexity, and range of surface finishes, alongside evolving manufacturing practices, underscore the importance of understanding their material composition for authentication, dating, and conservation purposes. This study presents a multi-analytical characterization of three DOP sample sets: two from Ilford (ca. 1950) and one from Kodak (1972), complementing previous research with a deeper insight into general features, stratigraphy, and composition. Initial non-sampling techniques, including thickness measurements, colorimetry, optical microscopy, and UV–visible induced fluorescence, were used to classify papers into visually and physically distinct groups. This informed a targeted sampling strategy for further stratigraphic and compositional analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Raman spectroscopy, and fiber/pulp identification tests. Significant differences were observed in base tint, surface gloss, optical brightening agents, fillers, and fiber content. Notable findings include the presence of iron (III) oxide–hydroxide pigment in Ilford cream papers, anatase titanium dioxide (TiO₂) in a baryta-less Ilford sample, and the shift to more uniform tones and mixed pulps in Kodak papers by the 1970s. These results offer valuable insights into historical manufacturing and support improved dating and characterization of photographic papers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heritage Materials Matter: Recent Perspectives in Diagnostics and Conservation)

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24 pages, 3997 KB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative Plant-Dyed Silk Textiles: Does Intangible Cultural Heritage Matter? A Trajectory Equifinality Model

by Pimporn Phukrongpet and Hanvedes Daovisan

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090360 - 4 Sep 2025

Viewed by 468

Abstract

Natural silk textiles are regarded as integral components of cultural heritage, historically embedded within centuries of sericulture, natural dyeing, and communal weaving. The preservation of intangible cultural heritage in northeast Thailand is investigated through natural sericulture, plant-dyed silk—frequently produced with Indigofera tinctoria—and recent [...] Read more.

Natural silk textiles are regarded as integral components of cultural heritage, historically embedded within centuries of sericulture, natural dyeing, and communal weaving. The preservation of intangible cultural heritage in northeast Thailand is investigated through natural sericulture, plant-dyed silk—frequently produced with Indigofera tinctoria—and recent dyeing innovations. A qualitative methodology was employed, guided by the trajectory equifinality model (TEM). Interviews were undertaken with fifteen women weavers from Maha Sarakham Province. Through TEM analysis, four thematic domains were identified: natural sericulture, plant-dyed silk, dyeing innovations, and intangible cultural heritage (ICH). Plant-dyed silk textile production, sustained by ecological sericulture and dyeing practices, was found to support the safeguarding and promotion of intangible cultural heritage. Heritage preservation in the region was demonstrated to be reinforced by sustainable sericulture and innovative plant-dyeing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Modern Textile Production: Natural Colourants, Historical Textiles, Analytical Characterization and Technological Source Research)

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22 pages, 1285 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sonic Heritage of Medieval Bells from the Valdres Region of Norway

by Zorana Đorđević, Lidia Alvarez-Morales and Dragan Novković

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090359 - 3 Sep 2025

Viewed by 255

Abstract

Bells have long been a defining feature of Christian culture, shaping the soundscapes of medieval Europe. This article examines the sonic heritage of active medieval bells in the Valdres region of Norway. We analyze the tonal structure of bells from Slidredomen, Lomen, Hegge, [...] Read more.

Bells have long been a defining feature of Christian culture, shaping the soundscapes of medieval Europe. This article examines the sonic heritage of active medieval bells in the Valdres region of Norway. We analyze the tonal structure of bells from Slidredomen, Lomen, Hegge, Reinli, and Hedalen churches based on acoustic measurements taken during fieldwork in the summer of 2024. We collected acoustic data using a Sound Level Meter Cesva 202 and a Zoom H4n recorder, which we then used for tonal analysis of the bells with Wavanal software. The results revealed the distinctive voices of individual bells while highlighting tonal similarities among certain bells and patterns in bell selection within specific churches. Based on the study’s valuable insights into the sound character of medieval bells in Valdres, we discussed medieval bell tuning and the implications for the preservation of medieval church bells as sonic heritage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Past Has Ears: Archaeoacoustics and Acoustic Heritage)

12 pages, 6004 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Dating in Archaeology: A Comparative Archaeomagnetic, Thermoluminescence and Radiocarbon Dating of an Ancient Kiln, Ceva, Northern Italy

by Evdokia Tema, Georgios S. Polymeris, Marco Casola and Simone Giovanni Lerma

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090358 - 2 Sep 2025

Viewed by 594

Abstract

In this study, we present the dating results of an ancient kiln excavated near Ceva (Northern Italy) obtained through combined archaeomagnetic and thermoluminescence approaches. For archaeomagnetic dating, the full geomagnetic field vector (both direction and intensity) was determined. The archaeomagnetic direction was defined [...] Read more.

In this study, we present the dating results of an ancient kiln excavated near Ceva (Northern Italy) obtained through combined archaeomagnetic and thermoluminescence approaches. For archaeomagnetic dating, the full geomagnetic field vector (both direction and intensity) was determined. The archaeomagnetic direction was defined through stepwise alternating field demagnetization of in situ-oriented samples of baked clay, and the archaeointensity value was obtained through the Thellier–Coe protocol, including corrections for magnetic anisotropy and cooling rate effects. Thermoluminescence analyses were obtained individually on three samples, using the conventional multiple-aliquot, additive dose procedure. Archaeomagnetic dating was carried out twice, once using the directional results only and once using the full geomagnetic field vector. The independent dating provided by the thermoluminescence analysis was used for comparison, examining the added value of incorporating archaeointensity measurements alongside directional data. The new archaeomagnetic and thermoluminescence results were integrated with previously available radiocarbon dating, using Bayesian modeling for chronological reconstructions. Our results show that the use of archaeointensity in archaeomagnetic dating can be advantageous, better refining the dating. This multidisciplinary strategy underscores the significance of cross-dating in establishing robust chronological frameworks and highlights the crucial role of transdisciplinary methodologies in advancing and refining dating techniques in archaeology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue It's All a Matter of Time: Exploring the Past, Present and Future of Artworks through Dating, Authentication, Material Characterization, Monitoring and Restoration)

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27 pages, 8592 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metallic and Translucent Decorative Layers: Analytical and Historical Insights from the Medieval Sculptural Complex of the Refectory of San Salvador de Oña (Burgos, Spain)

by Ana María Cuesta Sánchez

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090357 - 2 Sep 2025

Viewed by 547

Abstract

The Monastery of San Salvador de Oña (Burgos) is a Benedictine site that has undergone substantial modifications since its foundation in the 11th century and preserves a significant corpus of Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque artistic remains. Among these, the refectory stands out as [...] Read more.

The Monastery of San Salvador de Oña (Burgos) is a Benedictine site that has undergone substantial modifications since its foundation in the 11th century and preserves a significant corpus of Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque artistic remains. Among these, the refectory stands out as a particularly distinctive ensemble, exhibiting sculptural influences from the Burgundy region and serving as a notable example in terms of structure, craftsmanship, and decoration. Material characterization analyses of this ensemble have not only identified the range of pigments present but also documented metallic materials and applied decorative elements, providing the basis for a proposed chronological framework for the various pictorial strata and stages. A detailed examination of the metallic materials and their overlaying layers has facilitated a comprehensive analysis focused on materiality, manufacturing techniques, and methods of application, while also situating the decoration within its historical, artistic, and cultural context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials and Heritage)

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24 pages, 4249 KB

Open AccessArticle

Religious Cartography as a Segment of Thematic Cartography: A Case Study of the Archdiocese of Đakovo–Osijek

by Stanislav Frangeš, Brankica Malić and Robert Župan

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090356 - 2 Sep 2025

Viewed by 298

Abstract

This research presents the development of a thematic map of the Archdiocese of Đakovo–Osijek, one of five Roman Catholic archdioceses in the Republic of Croatia. The map delineates contemporary ecclesiastical boundaries and key religious sites, while drawing on both historical and modern geospatial [...] Read more.

This research presents the development of a thematic map of the Archdiocese of Đakovo–Osijek, one of five Roman Catholic archdioceses in the Republic of Croatia. The map delineates contemporary ecclesiastical boundaries and key religious sites, while drawing on both historical and modern geospatial datasets. In addition to the final cartographic product, this paper emphasizes the methodological process of map creation, including data acquisition, historical georeferencing, symbol design, and GIS integration. The workflow is structured within a Historical GIS framework to ensure positional and semantic accuracy. The aim is not only to present a high-quality spatial representation but also to propose a reproducible methodology adaptable to other religious cartographic projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cultural Heritage)

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30 pages, 6860 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Mashrabiya in Islamic Public Architecture: A Comparative Analysis of Forms and Meanings Across Different Contexts

by Silvia Mazzetto and Sabrina Noca

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090355 - 2 Sep 2025

Viewed by 770

Abstract

The mashrabiya is a key element that characterizes Islamic architecture, and in recent years it has been reintroduced into public building designs, partially due to its strong symbolic significance. Focusing on the application of mashrabiyas in historical public buildings, this work aims to [...] Read more.

The mashrabiya is a key element that characterizes Islamic architecture, and in recent years it has been reintroduced into public building designs, partially due to its strong symbolic significance. Focusing on the application of mashrabiyas in historical public buildings, this work aims to contribute by examining the use of this architectural element in traditional Islamic public architecture. This area has received comparatively less attention in the existing literature, which predominantly focuses on residential applications. While the functions and applications of mashrabiyas in the residential context are well documented, their role within public structures remains less explored. This study investigates their functions in eight case studies from Egypt, Syria, Morocco, and India, spanning four public building types: mosques, Quranic schools, bimaristans, and caravanserais. The methodology considers the mashrabiya within four categories of public buildings in Islamic architecture across diverse geographical contexts, trying to understand possible unique characteristics in its form, material, and function. The choice of this method is based on the need to identify possible analogies or specific differences among the various examples of mashrabiya analyzed within their respective typologies. The results show that the mashrabiya in Islamic public buildings has transcended its functional aspects to hold a symbolic meaning in Islamic culture. Over the centuries, it has been a significant and constant presence in Islamic public buildings. The choice of materials—wood and stone—reflects geographical and technological influences; however, despite design variations, all refer to abstract geometric motifs central to Islamic decorative tradition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Heritage)

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34 pages, 7301 KB

Open AccessArticle

Empty Shelves: Tracking the Flow of Goods During Ancient Climate Crises in Central Anatolia

by Sharon R. Steadman, Jennifer C. Ross, Marica Cassis, Anthony J. Lauricella, Emrah Dinç and Laurel D. Hackley

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090354 - 2 Sep 2025

Viewed by 573

Abstract

Archaeological investigations of ancient climate change have become an important focus for many researchers. A number of studies have focused on scientific techniques to identify the intricate details of the event, and the subsequent impact of these climatic changes on the ecological landscape. [...] Read more.

Archaeological investigations of ancient climate change have become an important focus for many researchers. A number of studies have focused on scientific techniques to identify the intricate details of the event, and the subsequent impact of these climatic changes on the ecological landscape. These more scientifically oriented studies have allowed the present authors to investigate a more subtle impact on the landscape: trade disruption during ancient climate crises viewed from the rural settlement of Çadır Höyük on the north central Anatolian plateau. The ebb and flow of trade networks in the past can be tied to many external sociopolitical and socioeconomic factors that may have had little to do with the air outside. We investigate here whether climate change was a significant factor that interfered with trade networks during three periods: The 4th millennium BCE Late Chalcolithic (the 5.2 ka climatic event); the late 2nd millennium BCE (3.2 ka climatic event); and the Medieval Warm Period from the 10th to the 13th century CE. This study presents the evidence for regular, and sometimes robust, trade or provision of goods and resources prior to these three climate events, and the disruption or dissolution of these during the height of each climate crisis, particularly in the earlier two periods; in the last period, climate variability was only one of many factors affecting trade networks on the plateau. We profile how the residents of ancient Çadır Höyük managed these intermittent “empty shelves” and filled in gaps using local resources and ingenuity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Archaeology of Climate Change)

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2 pages, 135 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Lam et al. Reverse-Engineering of the Japanese Defense Tactics During 1941–1945 Occupation Period in Hong Kong Through 21st-Century Geospatial Technologies. Heritage 2025, 8, 294

by Chun-Hei Lam, Chun-Ho Pun, Wallace-Wai-Lok Lai, Chi-Man Kwong and Craig Mitchell

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090353 - 1 Sep 2025

Viewed by 216

Abstract

Text Correction [...] Full article

29 pages, 11362 KB

Open AccessArticle

Climates of Change in Northern Kenya and Southern Ethiopia: From Scientific Data to Applied Knowledge

by Paul J. Lane, Freda Nkirote M’Mbogori, Hasan Wako Godana, Margaret Wairimu Kuria, John Kanyingi, Katelo Abduba and Ali Adan Mohamed

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090352 - 29 Aug 2025

Viewed by 357

Abstract

This paper outlines the implementation and core results of a combined archaeological, historical, and ethnographic study of the histories of well construction and water management among Boran, Gabra, and Rendille pastoralists in arid and semi-arid areas of Northern Kenya and Southern Ethiopia. Co-developed [...] Read more.

This paper outlines the implementation and core results of a combined archaeological, historical, and ethnographic study of the histories of well construction and water management among Boran, Gabra, and Rendille pastoralists in arid and semi-arid areas of Northern Kenya and Southern Ethiopia. Co-developed with representatives from different local communities from the outset, this project sought to document the spatial distribution of different types of hand-dug wells found across the study areas, their associated oral histories and, if possible, establish through archaeological means their likely date of initial construction. Concurrent with addressing these academic objectives, this project aimed to train a cohort of local heritage stewards in archaeological, historical, and ethnographic data collection and interpretation, equipping them with the necessary skills to monitor sites of heritage value and further record additional elements of the tangible and intangible heritage of the study areas. This paper discusses the archaeological work that the community trainees participated in, the strategies developed with them to create wider awareness of this heritage, and its implications for identifying ways to ”weather” climate change in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Archaeology of Climate Change)

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26 pages, 1673 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Memetics and Gamified Virtual Reality for the Digital Preservation of Cultural Heritage: The Case of Mo Jia Quan

by Gang Yang, Chenghong Cen, Xueke Ma, Yanshun Wang, Zixuan Guo and Tan Jiang

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090351 - 29 Aug 2025

Viewed by 398

Abstract

This pilot study combines memetic analysis with a gamified virtual reality (VR) platform to explore the digital transmission of Mo Jia Quan, a traditional Chinese martial art. By identifying core cultural elements (memes) with strong transmissibility, the research developed a VR-based learning environment [...] Read more.

This pilot study combines memetic analysis with a gamified virtual reality (VR) platform to explore the digital transmission of Mo Jia Quan, a traditional Chinese martial art. By identifying core cultural elements (memes) with strong transmissibility, the research developed a VR-based learning environment incorporating levels, challenges, and motion-captured martial routines to promote user engagement. Ten participants underwent a pre- and post-test evaluation, with preliminary statistical results suggesting improved cultural understanding after the VR experience. While these initial findings are promising, the study is positioned as an exploratory effort due to its limited sample size and scope. The contribution lies in proposing a theoretically grounded workflow—from memetic identification to immersive digital implementation—that can inform future research on intangible heritage preservation. The study also acknowledges the need for further validation and scalability assessment and aligns with open science principles to ensure the transparency and accessibility of its digital cultural outputs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virtual Reconstruction and Digital Restoration in Cultural Heritage: Methods, Documentation, and Scientific Validation)

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31 pages, 6299 KB

Open AccessArticle

New Evidence of the Relationship Between Oxidative Hydrolysis of CuCl “Bronze Disease” and Relative Humidity (RH) for Management of Archaeological Copper Alloys

by Johanna Thunberg, Nicola Emmerson and David Watkinson

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090350 - 28 Aug 2025

Viewed by 434

Abstract

A key goal when managing copper alloy heritage is preventing “bronze disease,” which damages surface detail and may disintegrate objects by oxidation and hydrolysis of nantokite (CuCl), forming voluminous copper trihydroxychlorides (Cu₂(OH)₃Cl). The success of mitigation strategies is difficult [...] Read more.

A key goal when managing copper alloy heritage is preventing “bronze disease,” which damages surface detail and may disintegrate objects by oxidation and hydrolysis of nantokite (CuCl), forming voluminous copper trihydroxychlorides (Cu₂(OH)₃Cl). The success of mitigation strategies is difficult to evaluate due to the complexity of copper alloy corrosion profiles, limitations in non-destructive analytical methods and incomplete understanding of the corrosion mechanisms and reactions involved in bronze disease. Without better understanding, it is impossible to design truly effective solutions for the safe storage and display of archaeological copper alloys. Advancing current understanding, this paper examines oxidation and hydrolysis of CuCl using oxygen consumption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, recognised as the basis of bronze disease. Variables potentially affecting bronze disease processes are evaluated, including relative humidity (RH) (15–80%RH at 20 °C) and the presence of metallic copper with CuCl and their respective ratios. Results confirm that these variables influence the reaction mechanisms and kinetics of bronze disease. The rate of oxidation and hydrolysis of CuCl accelerates with RH, and its effect is quantified. The presence of copper is shown to be important for producing bronze disease; it facilitates a cyclic reaction forming Cu₂(OH)₃Cl, increases its formation rate at lower RH than by hydrolysis of CuCl alone and prevents formation of soluble chloride compounds. The formation of Cu₂(OH)₃Cl without counteracting copper ions is shown to promote formation of CuCl₂ and CuCl₂·2H₂O, accelerating bronze disease. This new understanding is used to better quantify risk of bronze disease as a function of RH, providing a more quantitative tool for managing preservation of archaeological copper alloy collections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation and Restoration of Metal Artifacts)

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20 pages, 12581 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Materials and Kirazuri Decorative Technique in Japanese Ukiyo-e Prints Using Non-Invasive Spectroscopic Tools

by Laura Rampazzi, Valentina Brunello, Francesco Paolo Campione, Cristina Corti, Ludovico Geminiani, Sandro Recchia and Moira Luraschi

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090349 - 27 Aug 2025

Viewed by 427

Abstract

Ten ukiyo-e woodblock prints from the collection of the Museo delle Culture in Lugano (Switzerland) were analyzed to identify the materials used in their production. These Japanese artworks were traditionally created with colors derived from minerals and plants, mixed with diluted animal glue [...] Read more.

Ten ukiyo-e woodblock prints from the collection of the Museo delle Culture in Lugano (Switzerland) were analyzed to identify the materials used in their production. These Japanese artworks were traditionally created with colors derived from minerals and plants, mixed with diluted animal glue and applied to paper using wooden matrices. Due to their fragility, non-invasive external reflection infrared spectroscopy and imaging analysis were employed. Spectral data were compared with reference samples of Japanese pigments and existing literature, reflecting the growing interest in the characterization of ukiyo-e prints. Within the limits of the non-invasive approach, several colorants were identified, including akane (madder), suo (sappanwood), yamahaji (Japanese sumac), kariyasu (Eulalia), and kio (orpiment), along with a proteinaceous binding medium. The extensive use of bero-ai (Prussian blue), applied both as a pure pigment and in mixtures, was confirmed. Notably, mica was detected in the background of one print, providing the first analytical evidence of the kirazuri decorative technique, which produces a sparkling, silver-like effect. Ultraviolet-induced fluorescence imaging further contributed to the assessment of conservation status, revealing faded decorative motifs and signs of previous water damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Artistic Heritage)

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21 pages, 3319 KB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Heritage from a Socio-Technical Systems Perspective: Integrated Case Analysis and Framework Development

by Junwen Lu, Guillermo García-Badell and Joan B. Rodriguez

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090348 - 27 Aug 2025

Viewed by 526

Abstract

Digital heritage (DH) research serves as a bridge between technological applications and broader cultural, social, and policy issues. A comprehensive understanding of DH requires the integration of multiple fields. To address this, this work applies a socio-technical systems (STS) perspective to DH as [...] Read more.

Digital heritage (DH) research serves as a bridge between technological applications and broader cultural, social, and policy issues. A comprehensive understanding of DH requires the integration of multiple fields. To address this, this work applies a socio-technical systems (STS) perspective to DH as a strategy to bridge the technological and social aspects. It first examines how DH functions as STSs, analyses the dynamic interactions between technological and social subsystems, and explains the need to achieve joint optimisation to tackle the complexity of DH research. Second, a comparative analysis of six STS models is conducted, using the Venice Time Machine project as a representative case, to explore both the potential and limitations of STSs as a theoretical framework for DH. Third, STS theory is applied to emphasise that the approach needs to incorporate cultural expression, technological feasibility, diverse stakeholder interests, and long-term adaptability in order to address the complexity of current DH challenges. Finally, an STS-DH framework is proposed to guide the design, implementation and evaluation of DH projects using the elements identified through the present analysis. This work extends STS theory applications to cultural heritage digitisation; provides stakeholders with new practical tools; recognises the lack of empirical research in this field and highlights the need for further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Digital Heritage)

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18 pages, 3672 KB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Invasive Preservation Assessment of Archaeological Animal Bones by Complementary Imaging Techniques

by Chloe Pearce, Fabien Léonard, Oxana V. Magdysyuk, David Thickett, Genoveva Burca and Marianne Odlyha

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090347 - 27 Aug 2025

Viewed by 466

Abstract

The preservation of archaeological bone is of great importance for both archaeological and conservation science studies. Traditional methods of preservation assessment, such as attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), are minimally invasive and destructive. Neutron and X-ray tomography offer a totally [...] Read more.

The preservation of archaeological bone is of great importance for both archaeological and conservation science studies. Traditional methods of preservation assessment, such as attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), are minimally invasive and destructive. Neutron and X-ray tomography offer a totally non-invasive novel analysis method for the state of preservation of archaeological bones. Seven archaeological animal bones were selected for analysis based on animal maturity, species, visual factors, and ATR-FTIR analysis results. Archaeological bone is a hierarchical composite material constructed from both organic and mineral components; therefore, neutron tomography and synchrotron X-ray tomography have been combined in this novel approach to assess the state of preservation of animal archaeological bone. The neutron data demonstrated that the organic distribution along the diaphysis of archaeological bones varied significantly both within bones and between different animal bones. There is minimal consistency between the samples, emphasizing the inhomogeneity in archaeological bone collections. X-ray tomography revealed unseen physical details, including cracks and substantial damage. The collection of this information via non-invasive methods is highly valuable for cultural heritage, providing a deeper understanding of the observed inhomogeneity in ATR-FTIR analysis data and revealing obscured physical details. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Archaeological Heritage)

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