Quaternary, Volume 8, Issue 4 (December 2025) – 14 articles

New postcranial material of Panthera gombaszoegensis, a large pantherine felid, is analyzed from the English site of Corton (early Middle Pleistocene, possibly 0.7–0.6 mya) and the Polish site of Rogóżka Cave (0.45–0.35 mya). Both records are attributable to Panthera gombaszoegensis gombaszoegensis. This robust chronosubspecies is characteristic of the late Early and Middle Pleistocene, ca. last 1.5 mya. Both findings contribute valuable data on the knowledge of the species. The most likely factors that contributed to the extinction of P. gombaszoegensis were intraspecific competition with African newcomers, such as P. s. fossilis and C. crocuta, combined with climatic fluctuations and shifts in prey availability. Full article

Reconstruction of seven paleoglaciers in the southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains of Colorado formed the basis of temperature-index modeling to estimate the magnitude of temperature change during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The model is used to determine temperatures and precipitation that would maintain steady-state mass balance of the glaciers at their maximum LGM extents. If precipitation was similar to that today, modeling suggests that LGM mean annual temperatures were between ~8.9 and 10 °C cooler, with associated uncertainties of ±1 °C. Modest increases in precipitation (i.e., 100 mm yr⁻¹) that are indicated by some climate modeling do not appreciably lower the magnitudes of temperature depression required for steady-state mass balances. While these new estimates of temperature depression in the Colorado Rocky Mountains align with some that were similarly derived, they are significantly greater (cooler) than others. However, they are consistent with regional-scale climate models as well as high-resolution downscaling of global LGM climate for the Sangre de Cristo. Full article

Teotihuacan, one of the most significant urban and ceremonial centers of ancient Mesoamerica, was abruptly abandoned in the mid-1st millennium AD. The cause and timing of its collapse—commonly placed between 600 and 650 AD—remain major questions in Mesoamerican archaeology. In this study, we present a new archaeomagnetic investigation of six burned structures distributed along the Street of the Dead, including sites at the Square of the Moon, the Room of Columns, the Northwest Complex of the San Juan River, the Superimposed Buildings, and the West Plaza. Magnetic analyses revealed pseudo-single-domain magnetite as the main remanence carrier and produced well-grouped paleodirections (site-mean declinations ranging from 341.1° to 1.7°, α₉₅ ≤ 3.6°) and reliable absolute paleointensities (ranging from 39.4 ± 3.4 μT to 52.5 ± 5.4 μT), obtained using the Thellier-type double-heating method. Archaeomagnetic dating using both global geomagnetic models (SHAWQ.2k) and regional secular variation curves suggests that the last heating events at these sites occurred between ~400 and 500 AD—well before the traditionally cited Metepec phase (550–650 AD) and the so-called “Great Fire.” These findings challenge the prevailing chronological framework and provide compelling evidence that major episodes of destruction and depopulation may have begun earlier than previously recognized. Full article

Over the past decade, the rapid development of geospatial tools has significantly expanded the scope of archaeobotanical research, enabling unprecedented insights into ancient plant domestication, agricultural practices, and human-environment interactions. Within the Chinese context, where rich archaeobotanical records intersect with complex socio-ecological histories, GIS-driven approaches have revealed nuanced patterns of crop dispersal, settlement dynamics, and landscape modification. However, despite these advances, current applications remain largely exploratory, constrained by fragmented datasets and underutilized spatial-statistical methods. This paper argues that a more robust integration of large-scale archaeobotanical datasets with advanced ArcGIS functionalities—such as kernel density estimation, least-cost path analysis, and predictive modelling—is essential to address persistent gaps in the field. By synthesizing case studies from key Chinese Neolithic and Bronze Age sites, we demonstrate how spatial analytics can elucidate (1) spatiotemporal trends in plant use, (2) anthropogenic impacts on vegetation, and (3) the feedback loops between subsistence strategies and landscape evolution. Furthermore, we highlight the challenges of data standardization, scale dependency, and interdisciplinary collaboration in archaeobotanical ArcGIS. Ultimately, this study underscores the imperative for methodological harmonization and computational innovation to unravel the intricate relationships between ancient societies, agroecological systems, and long-term environmental change. Full article

Exploring the impact of dry–wet change on the Manchu rise has important implications for revealing the impact of climate change on ethnic dynamics. In this study, we used tree rings of Carya cathayensis and historical data to study this dynamic in Northeast Asia using function fitting and step-by-step elimination analysis. The results show a mean reconstructed scPDSI_4–10 of 0.822 from 1583 to 1644, which is 0.287 higher than the mean from 1548 to 2022 (0.535), and during 25 slightly wet years. This indicates that dry–wet change provided a favorable natural environment for the Manchu rise, under which the group’s area continued to expand and change shape in complex ways, and the population increased rapidly in the control region. However, in some years, the closer the scPDSI_4–10 was to the multi-year mean (0.774) of the deviation from the mean (0.535) of the scPDSI_4–10, the faster the control region expanded and the more the population increased. These results provide a reference for understanding the relationship between ethnic groups’ dynamics and climate change. Full article

This work proposes to contribute through an interdisciplinary perspective to the evaluation of paleoeconomic and paleoenvironmental changes during Middle Holocene in Southwestern Transylvania. The study integrates archaeozoological data with phytolith analysis to reconstruct subsistence and vegetation dynamics from the Early Neolithic to the Late Bronze Age at Șoimuș-Teleghi (Hunedoara County, Romania). Animal remains are described in terms of their frequency (i.e., number of identified specimens and minimum number of individuals), taphonomic changes, and livestock management (i.e., animal selection by age and sex). Archaeozoological samples are dominated by skeletal remains from domestic mammals (e.g., cattle, sheep/goat, and pig), whose importance varies depending on the cultural level; the skeletal remains of wild mammals are less frequent, mainly belonging to species with large size (e.g., red deer, wild boar, roe deer, aurochs). This study tests whether animal exploitation strategies shifted from ruminant-dominated economies in the Neolithic to greater pig reliance in the Bronze Age, using the Shannon–Weaver diversity index and correspondence analysis. Phytolith analysis of eleven sediment samples from various cultural layers reveals the dominance of Pooideae-type grasses, with both vegetative plant parts and cereal inflorescences as resources. Bioarchaeological data presented in this study reveal a diachronic shift in subsistence practices, reflecting cultural and environmental transformations. Full article

In the present work, we investigate the post-glacial aggradation of three tributary valleys draining the left hydrographic basin of the Tiber River in central Rome: the Murcia, Caffarella, and Grottaperfetta valleys. We describe the Upper Pleistocene–Holocene stratigraphic record of the alluvial successions occurring in the Caffarella Valley through the core data collected in a dedicatedly performed 35 m deep borehole. We provide seven ¹⁴C age constraints to the sediment aggradation which allow us to make a comparison with the Grottaperfetta and Murcia valleys, for which we present previously unpublished borehole data, and with the Tiber River Valley investigated in the previous literature. In particular, we highlight the effects of a mid-Holocene (5200–3800 yr BP) erosional phase, partially overlapping with the global 4.2 ka cooling/drying event, and we discuss the possible occurrence of a sea level fluctuation linked with this paleoclimatic event which has not been detected so far by other sedimentary records. Finally, we provide evidence for the widespread occurrence of a 6th century BCE (2550–2450 yr BP) overflooding phase that was previously observed only in the eastern portion of the Tiber River Valley in central Rome, which we suggest may be originated by concurrent intensive deforestation activity in central Italy. Full article

The relationship between climate and independent glacier masses is now understood, but what is not understood is how ice sheets respond during times of rapid climate change. At its maximum extent the southern Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) was sourced from two domes that terminated in multiple lobes across central North America. The extent and timing of the eastern lobes, which were sourced from the Labrador Dome are relatively well constrained. Although the extent of the lobes sourced from the western Keewatin Dome is better understood, there is little chronologic data on them. Twenty-six radiocarbon ages recovered from within the drift of the James Lobe from South Dakota are used to reconstruct the timing of late-glacial fluctuations of the James Lobe. Lithologic logs from 21 South Dakota counties were analyzed and provide stratigraphic context for the radiocarbon ages. Analysis of the stratigraphy reveals two distinct glacial till units with a distinct, widespread layer of silt between them. The silt is interpreted here as evidence for interstadial conditions between two separate advances of the James Lobe. Radiocarbon ages of organics from this silt layer and from within the uppermost oxidized till indicate that interstadial conditions persisted from ~15.8 to 13.7 ka, followed by an advance of the James Lobe of at least 230 km to its maximum position at the Missouri River. Comparison to other locations in Wisconsin, northern lower Michigan, and western New York reveals a similar period of interstadial conditions followed by ice margin advance. We correlate this advance across ~1000 km and suggest that the simplest explanation is reduced summer ablation caused by widespread climatic cooling. Full article

Antarctica, largely free from geopolitical borders, serves as a critical site for scientific research, environmental monitoring and climate studies. The continent’s ice cap holds over 60% of the Earth’s freshwater and provides a stable climatological record spanning 800,000 years. In this study, the relationship between changes in atmospheric CO₂ levels over the past century and the microstructural characteristics of Antarctic ice was investigated. While it is well-documented that CO₂ fluctuations have driven the periodic expansion and retreat of ice sheets, no research to this day has explored how variations in CO₂ concentrations influence the physical integrity of ice at the microscopic scale. To address this, grain size, anisotropy, irregularity, and solidity of surface and near-surface ice samples collected over the past 70 years were analyzed. These microstructural features were compared against historical atmospheric greenhouse gas data from multiple Antarctic research stations, including records from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition, and the NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory. Results reveal a correlation between rising CO₂ levels and changes in ice microstructure, particularly an increase in the grain size as well as the reduction in the grain aspect ratio and in the morphological solidity. The study remains limited by significant sources of variability, including differences in sampling depths, geographical locations, seasonal effects, and inconsistencies in analytical tools and methodologies reported across the literature. Despite these limitations, this proof-of-concept study elicits the need for continued meta-analyses of existing climate datasets. Such efforts could provide deeper insights into the role of greenhouse gas concentrations in defining the microstructural stability of Antarctic ice, which is critical for predicting ice sheet integrity and its contribution to sea level rise. Full article

Micro-computed tomography ($\mu$CT) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) were used to investigate a Polymetallic Nodule (PN) from the North-Western Pacific abyssal plain to gather more information concerning the environmental changes that could be reflected by the PN’s internal structure. Despite its small size, for example, an ovoid measured 48 × 38 mm, the $\mu$CT revealed the presence of four concentric layers with varying thicknesses and opacities to X-rays, all developed around a fragment of a tooth, most likely belonging to a Lamniformes shark. The same micro-tomograph, functioning as an XRF spectrometer, allowed for the determination of the mass fractions of Mn and Fe in the first two external layers. To estimate the PN age, a model that considers PN growth rate proportional to the ratio of Mn to the square of Fe mass fractions was used, and, by extrapolating it to the entire PN, its age was estimated at 1.56 ± 0.22 Ma, i.e., Early Pleistocene. Therefore, the correlated use of $\mu$CT and FRX, two noninvasive methods, allowed to highlight a shark tooth fragment as being the PN nucleus as well as determine its absolute age. Full article

The Carpathian Basin holds exceptional significance for Quaternary research, particularly in loess studies. In this study, we attempted to create age-depth models based on age data from scientific journals to investigate accumulation rates. We examined eleven open profile sections for loess and paleosol, including seven in Hungary, two in Croatia, and two in Serbia. We demonstrated that radiocarbon age data are much more useful and reliable than OSL/IRSL data for this type of investigation. The results indicate that the Pécel, Dunaszekcső, Madaras and Katymár sections exhibit accumulation rates an order of magnitude higher than the other sections, exceeding one millimeter per year. These findings suggest that, owing to the basin’s geographic position, these areas were consistently exposed to dust deposition, irrespective of changes in climate or wind direction. A secondary accumulation maximum was also detected along the Katymár–Surduk axis, indicating an additional phase of intensified sediment deposition within this transect. The absence of a young sediment maximum in the Máza section is interpreted as resulting from a shift in prevailing wind direction, which caused the incoming dust to be intercepted by the Mecsek Mountains. Full article

Detailed paleomagnetic and rock magnetic investigations of the Paks loess (Hungary) were conducted to determine the stratigraphic position of the Matuyama–Brunhes Transition (MBT) and to attempt to reveal the sign of any possible influences of geomagnetic field change on the climate during the geomagnetic polarity reversal. Progressive thermal and alternating field demagnetizations of samples showed that the reverse polarity field begins to fluctuate in a stratigraphic position of the well-developed, so-called Paks Double 2 (PD2) paleosol (formed in Marine Isotope Stage 19, MIS19), and continues up to the middle-to-upper part of the overlying paleosol-to-loess transition layer (MIS19 to 18). Considering the relative paleointensity variation from Paks, this is consistent with various global records. Along with the weakening of the geomagnetic field, changes in environmental proxies were also recognized. Magnetic proxies indicate cooling during the MIS19 interglacial period. Theoretically, it may be connected to the weakening of the geomagnetic field. Still, there are alternatives to be considered, which may form the same features thought to be the result of the Umbrella effect. Full article

During the last two decades, the Macaronesian archipelagos have been the focus of multiple studies targeting the abundant and diversified fossil record from late Neogene and Quaternary deposits. This record of past biota, ecosystems and climates is crucial for understanding the impact of glacial–interglacial cycles on Atlantic littoral marine organisms. Coupled with ongoing studies on the factors responsible for global climate change and associated sea-level variations, they contributed decisively towards the development of the modern marine island biogeography theory. Our current knowledge of the evolutionary and biogeographic history of the past and extant, shallow-water marine organisms from the Macaronesian geographic region relies on detailed analysis of many individual fossiliferous outcrops by means of quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Here, we focus on the fossil record of a newly studied MIS 5e outcrop at Pedra-que-pica (PQP), on Santa Maria Island (Azores Archipelago, Portugal). This multidisciplinary work integrates geology, paleontology and biology, providing the first detailed description of the sedimentary facies and stratigraphic framework of the PQP MIS 5e sequence that, coupled with the documentation of the biodiversity and ecological composition of PQP molluscan assemblages, allows us to produce a paleoecological reconstruction and to compare PQP with other last interglacial outcrops from Santa Maria Island. Our results increase the number of the Azorean MIS 5e marine molluscs to 140 taxa (116 Gastropoda and 24 Bivalvia). Ervilia castanea (Montagu, 1803) is the most abundant bivalve, while Bittium nanum (Mayer, 1864) and Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758) are the most abundant gastropod species. In addition, this work emphasizes the crucial importance of complementing quantitative collecting with qualitative surveys of the fossiliferous outcrops, because nearly 42% of the bivalve species and 28% of the gastropod taxa would be missed if only quantitative samples were used. Derivation of Hill numbers and rarefaction curves both indicate that the sampling effort should be increased at PQP. Thus, although Santa Maria Island is recognized by the scientific community as one of the best-studied islands regarding the last interglacial fossil record, this study emphasizes the need to continue with similar efforts in less known outcrops on the island. Full article

A gypsum karst sinkhole at Westeregeln (north-central Germany) was filled during the Late Pleistocene, first by fluvial flooding, then by solifluctation, and finally with wind-transported loess. Pleistocene mollusks and bones of snakes, birds, micro- and macromammals, and hyena coprolites were accumulated, often mixed in gravel or sand layers with Middle Paleolithic artifacts, whereas ice wedges reach deep into the sinkhole. The high amount of small flint debris prove on-site tool production by using 99% local Saalian transported brownish-to-dark Upper Cretaceous flint, which could have been collected from the Bode River gravels near-site. Only a single quartzite and one jasper flake prove other local gravel sources or importation. A large bifacial flaked knife of layer 4 dates to the early/middle Weichselian/Wuermian (MIS 5-4), similar to two triangular handaxes in the MTA tradition and an absolutely dated woolly rhinoceros bone (50,310 + 1580/−1320 BP). A cold period of Late Pleistocene glacial mammoth steppe megafauna is represented, but the material is mostly strongly fragmented and smashed by humans. Neanderthal camp use on the gypsum hill is indicated also by small charcoal pieces, burned bone fragments, and fire-dehydrated flint fragments. Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss) hyenas are well known from Westeregeln, with an open-air commuting den site, which was marked with feces. Full article