Paleobiodiversity and Paleoecology Insights from a New MIS 5e Highstand Deposit on Santa Maria Island (Azores Archipelago, Portugal)
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Stratigraphical, Sedimentological and Paleontological Characterization
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Stratigraphical and Sedimentological Characterization
3.2. Paleobiodiversity
3.3. Community Composition and Key Indicator Species
4. Discussion
4.1. Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of Pedra-que-pica and Comparison with Other MIS 5e Outcrops
4.2. Paleobiodiversity and Paleoecology
4.3. Sampling Methods: Quantitative vs. Qualitative Samples
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pedra-que-pica | Prainha | Lagoinhas | Vinha Velha | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class | Species | % | Species | % | Species | % | Species | % |
Bivalvia | Ervilia castanea | 97.24 | Ervilia castanea | 92.03 | Ervilia castanea | 100.00 | Ervilia castanea | 97.56 |
Bivalvia | Cardita calyculata | 2.17 | Lucinella divaricata | 4.10 | Cardita calyculata | 2.18 | ||
Bosemprella incarnata | 1.63 | Lucinella divaricata | 0.26 | |||||
Total | 99.42 | Total | 97.76 | Total | 100.00 | Total | 100.00 | |
Class | Species | % | Species | % | Species | % | Species | % |
Gastropoda | Bittium nanum | 42.96 | Bittium nanum | 50.44 | Bittium nanum | 41.50 | Melarhaphe neritoides | 31.42 |
Gastropoda | Rissoa guernei | 26.14 | Alvania mediolittoralis | 11.70 | Alvania mediolittoralis | 21.76 | Bittium nanum | 17.73 |
Gastropoda | Jujubinus pseudogravinae | 4.57 | Rissoa guernei | 10.01 | Rissoa guernei | 12.51 | Cingula trifasciata | 15.68 |
Gastropoda | Manzonia unifasciata | 4.48 | Melarhaphe neritoides | 5.62 | Alvania sleursi | 6.91 | Vermetidae | 14.44 |
Gastropoda | Alvania sleursi | 2.89 | Anachis avaroides | 3.42 | Melarhaphe neritoides | 3.72 | Alvania mediolittoralis | 8.20 |
Gastropoda | Alvania angioyi | 2.65 | Jujubinus pseudogravinae | 2.89 | Cingula trifasciata | 2.92 | Anachis avaroides | 2.18 |
Gastropoda | Melarhaphe neritoides | 2.56 | Triphoridae | 2.55 | Triphoridae | 1.93 | Alvania sleursi | 1.59 |
Gastropoda | Crisilla postrema | 2.19 | Manzonia unifasciata | 2.02 | Manzonia unifasciata | 1.75 | Jujubinus pseudogravinae | 1.58 |
Gastropoda | Alvania mediolittoralis | 2.07 | Patella aspera | 1.75 | ||||
Gastropoda | Setia subvaricosa | 2.07 | ||||||
Gastropoda | Cingula trifasciata | 1.37 | ||||||
Total | 93.97 | Total | 90.39 | Total | 93.00 | Total | 92.83 |
Sample | SpRic | N |
---|---|---|
PQP-01 | 36 | 5895 |
PQP-02 | 34 | 909 |
PQP-03 | 36 | 1628 |
LAG-01 | 23 | 888 |
LAG-02 | 27 | 2780 |
LAG-03 | 22 | 1101 |
LAG-04 | 34 | 4757 |
LAG-05 | 25 | 2150 |
LAG-06 | 22 | 1380 |
LAG-07 | 22 | 2503 |
LAG-08 | 23 | 1471 |
LAG-09 | 27 | 2736 |
LAG-10 | 23 | 1555 |
PRA-01 | 30 | 608 |
PRA-02 | 41 | 3428 |
PRA-03 | 44 | 943 |
PRA-04 | 25 | 799 |
PRA-05 | 30 | 2097 |
PRA-06 | 20 | 279 |
PRA-07 | 19 | 215 |
PRA-08 | 35 | 2519 |
VVE-01 | 29 | 1941 |
VVE-02 | 27 | 1559 |
VVE-03 | 31 | 2708 |
VVE-04 | 31 | 2100 |
VVE-05 | 24 | 2186 |
VVE-06 | 31 | 2885 |
Source | Hill q = 0 | Hill q = 1 | Hill q = 2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | z | v | Estimate | Z | p | Estimate | z | p | |
Intercept | 3.56 | 36.70 | <0.001 | 1.82 | 7.84 | <0.001 | 1.36 | 4.66 | <0.001 |
LAG | −0.40 | −3.38 | <0.001 | 0.03 | 0.13 | >0.05 | 0.06 | 0.18 | >0.05 |
PRA | −0.11 | −1.03 | >0.05 | 0.05 | 0.19 | >0.05 | −0.01 | −0.04 | >0.05 |
VVE | −0.23 | −1.92 | >0.05 | 0.25 | 0.89 | >0.05 | 0.33 | 0.97 | >0.05 |
Null deviance | 40.12 | 12.02 | 9.29 | ||||||
Residual deviance | 25.08 | 10.51 | 7.09 |
PQP | I | p | VVE | I | p | PRA + VVE | I | p |
Alvania angioyi | 0.952 | 0.005 ** | Myosotella myosotis | 1.000 | 0.005 ** | Lucinella divaricata | 1.000 | 0.005 ** |
Skeneopsis planorbis | 0.907 | 0.005 ** | Coralliophila meyendorffii | 0.935 | 0.005 ** | |||
Odostomia lukisii | 0.839 | 0.005 ** | Patella candei | 0.933 | 0.005 ** | LAG + PQP + PRA | I | p |
Vitreolina philippi | 0.816 | 0.025 * | Manzonia unifasciata | 0.974 | 0.005 ** | |||
Crisilla postrema | 0.799 | 0.015 * | PQP + PRA | I | p | Rissoa guernei | 0.972 | 0.010 ** |
Retusa truncatula | 0.763 | 0.030 * | Papillicardium papillosum | 0.739 | 0.005 ** | Claremontiella nodulosa | 0.787 | 0.020 * |
Tectura virginea | 0.749 | 0.035 * | Parvicardium vroomi | 0.719 | 0.040* | |||
Volvarina sp. | 0.722 | 0.025 * | PQP + PRA + VVE | I | p | |||
Botryphallus ovummuscae | 0.709 | 0.035 * | PQP + VVE | I | p | Cardita calyculata | 1.000 | 0.005 ** |
Lasaea adansoni | 0.706 | 0.030 * | Vermetidae | 0.938 | 0.005 ** | |||
Paludinella globularis | 0.794 | 0.015 * | ||||||
PRA | I | p | ||||||
Bosemprella incarnata | 0.935 | 0.005 ** | LAG + PRA | I | p | |||
Laevicardium crassum | 0.707 | 0.040 * | Tectonatica prietoi | 0.707 | 0.045 * | |||
Tetrarca tetragona | 0.707 | 0.015 * | ||||||
LAG + PQP | I | p | ||||||
LAG | I | p | Cerithiopsis sp. | 0.884 | 0.005 ** | |||
Alvania abstersa | 0.684 | 0.040 * |
Extirpated MIS 5e Bivalve Species | Qualitative + Quantitative Samples | Only Quantitative Samples | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PQP | PRA | LAG | VVE | PQP | PRA | LAG | VVE | |
Ensis minor | 1 | |||||||
Glycymeris glycymeris | 1 | |||||||
Laevicardium crassum | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Leiosolenus aristatus | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Lucinella divaricata | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
0 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Extirpated MIS 5e Gastropod Species | Qualitative + Quantitative Samples | Only Quantitative Samples | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PQP | PRA | LAG | VVE | PQP | PRA | LAG | VVE | |
Alvania cf. tesselata | 1 | |||||||
Claremontiella nodulosa | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Conus sp. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Conus ambiguus | 1 | |||||||
Conus cf. ermineus | 1 | |||||||
Conus cf. miruchae | 1 | |||||||
Conus cf. roeckeli | 1 | |||||||
Conus ventricosus | 1 | |||||||
Conus venulatus | 1 | |||||||
Euspira guillemini | 1 | |||||||
Gemophos viverratus | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Gibberula sp. | 1 | |||||||
Mitrella broderipi | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Polinices lacteus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Pseudopusula grohorum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Seila trilineata | 1 | |||||||
Steromphala cf. umbilicaris | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Zebina paivensis | 1 | |||||||
Zonaria picta | 1 | |||||||
Zonaria pyrum | 1 | |||||||
1 | 19 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 1 |
Total Number of Molluscs | Only Quantitative Samples | Qualitative + Quantitative Samples | % (Quantitative/(Quantitative + Qualitative) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PQP | PRA | LAG | VVE | PQP | PRA | LAG | VVE | PQP | PRA | LAG | VVE | |
Bivalvia | 6 | 13 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 20 | 3 | 8 | 100.0 | 65.0 | 33.3 | 87.5 |
Gastropoda | 48 | 56 | 48 | 42 | 49 | 100 | 48 | 62 | 98.0 | 56.0 | 100.0 | 67.7 |
TOTAL | 54 | 69 | 49 | 49 | 55 | 120 | 51 | 70 | 98.2 | 57.5 | 96.1 | 70.0 |
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Moreno, S.; Doukani, M.A.; Hipólito, A.; Madeira, P.; Pérez, S.P.; Dalmau, L.S.; Ávila, G.C.; Silva, L.; Martins, G.M.; Martín-González, E.; et al. Paleobiodiversity and Paleoecology Insights from a New MIS 5e Highstand Deposit on Santa Maria Island (Azores Archipelago, Portugal). Quaternary 2025, 8, 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/quat8040053
Moreno S, Doukani MA, Hipólito A, Madeira P, Pérez SP, Dalmau LS, Ávila GC, Silva L, Martins GM, Martín-González E, et al. Paleobiodiversity and Paleoecology Insights from a New MIS 5e Highstand Deposit on Santa Maria Island (Azores Archipelago, Portugal). Quaternary. 2025; 8(4):53. https://doi.org/10.3390/quat8040053
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoreno, Sergio, Mohamed Amine Doukani, Ana Hipólito, Patrícia Madeira, Sergio Pérez Pérez, Laura S. Dalmau, Gonçalo Castela Ávila, Luís Silva, Gustavo M. Martins, Esther Martín-González, and et al. 2025. "Paleobiodiversity and Paleoecology Insights from a New MIS 5e Highstand Deposit on Santa Maria Island (Azores Archipelago, Portugal)" Quaternary 8, no. 4: 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/quat8040053
APA StyleMoreno, S., Doukani, M. A., Hipólito, A., Madeira, P., Pérez, S. P., Dalmau, L. S., Ávila, G. C., Silva, L., Martins, G. M., Martín-González, E., Johnson, M. E., & Ávila, S. P. (2025). Paleobiodiversity and Paleoecology Insights from a New MIS 5e Highstand Deposit on Santa Maria Island (Azores Archipelago, Portugal). Quaternary, 8(4), 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/quat8040053