Colloids and Interfaces

27 pages, 1363 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Promising Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Melanoma Treatment

by Letícia Sias-Fonseca, Paulo C. Costa, Lucília Saraiva, Ana Alves and Maria Helena Amaral

Colloids Interfaces 2025, 9(4), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids9040053 - 20 Aug 2025

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Melanoma is a type of skin cancer with high lethality and increasing incidence. Current treatments typically involve surgery as the first step, followed by adjuvant treatments, which are necessary in most cases. These adjuvant treatments may include radiotherapy, phototherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and combined [...] Read more.

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer with high lethality and increasing incidence. Current treatments typically involve surgery as the first step, followed by adjuvant treatments, which are necessary in most cases. These adjuvant treatments may include radiotherapy, phototherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and combined therapies. However, patients with melanoma still face great difficulties, such as the inefficiency of therapies and serious side effects, in addition to uncomfortable scars. Most of these problems are related to limitations of antitumor therapies, such as the low bioavailability of drugs, degradation in biological fluids, rapid clearance, difficulty in reaching the tumors, the low capacity for accumulation and infiltration in tumor cells, toxicity to healthy cells, and systemic action. Thus, antitumor therapy for melanoma remains a challenge. In this line, nanotechnology has brought new perspectives and has been the subject of intensive research on the use of nanoparticles (liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, nanogels, and biomimetic nanoparticles, among others) as carriers for the controlled release of drugs and tumor diagnosis. This work outlines the main limitations of current melanoma therapies and explores how nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems can overcome these challenges, highlighting recent research and clinical developments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews in Colloids and Interfaces)

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18 pages, 2249 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

An Innovative Approach for Assessing Foam Stability Based on Electrical Conductivity Measurements of Liquid Films

by Angelos T. Zamanis, Sotiris P. Evgenidis, Thodoris D. Karapantsios and Margaritis Kostoglou

Colloids Interfaces 2025, 9(4), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids9040052 - 18 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Foam stability plays a critical role in a wide range of industrial and scientific applications. In this study, an innovative method is presented for assessing foam stability through electrical conductivity measurements of liquid films formed within a controlled experimental setup. A modified horizontal [...] Read more.

Foam stability plays a critical role in a wide range of industrial and scientific applications. In this study, an innovative method is presented for assessing foam stability through electrical conductivity measurements of liquid films formed within a controlled experimental setup. A modified horizontal glass capillary system with vertically aligned copper electrodes was developed, allowing the continuous monitoring of film drainage and rupture behavior under precise humidity (92% RH) and temperature (30 °C). Experiments were conducted using various concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate and Ethylan 1005, with and without NaCl addition. The results demonstrate that film stability increases with higher surfactant concentrations up to a point, beyond which the addition of salt can have either stabilizing or destabilizing effects depending on whether concentration levels are below or above the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). At sub-CMC levels, NaCl enhanced film stability by promoting surfactant adsorption and reducing electrostatic repulsion. Conversely, in super-CMC conditions, NaCl led to film destabilization, likely due to changes in interfacial structure and micellar behavior. This approach provides a simple, sensitive, and reproducible technique to quantitatively characterize foam film stability, offering key mechanistic insights and practical guidance for the formulation and optimization of foaming systems across diverse applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Papers of the Editorial Board Members of Colloids and Interfaces 2024–2025)

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15 pages, 1643 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Towards Building a Unified Adsorption Model for Goethite Based on Variable Crystal Face Contributions: III Carbonate Adsorption

by Mario Villalobos and América Xitlalli Cruz-Valladares

Colloids Interfaces 2025, 9(4), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids9040051 - 18 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Goethite, a ubiquitous Fe(III) oxyhydroxide mineral, typically occurs in very small particle sizes whose interfacial properties critically influence the fate and transport of ionic species in natural systems. The surface site density of synthetic goethite increases with particle size, resulting in enhanced adsorption [...] Read more.

Goethite, a ubiquitous Fe(III) oxyhydroxide mineral, typically occurs in very small particle sizes whose interfacial properties critically influence the fate and transport of ionic species in natural systems. The surface site density of synthetic goethite increases with particle size, resulting in enhanced adsorption capacity per unit area. In the first two parts of this study, we modeled the adsorption of protons, nitrate, As(V), Pb(II), Zn(II), and phosphate on goethite as a function of particle size, adsorbate concentration, pH, and ionic strength, using unified parameters within the CD-MUSIC framework. Here, we extend this work to characterize the interfacial behavior of carbonate in goethite suspensions, using a comprehensive dataset generated previously under both closed and open CO₂ system conditions. Carbonate oxyanions, prevalent in geochemical environments, exhibit competitive and complexation interactions with other ions and mineral surfaces. Although a bidentate bridging surface carbonate complex has been successful in previous modeling efforts on goethite, we found that the size of the carbonate moiety is too small and would require extreme octahedron bending of the goethite’s singly coordinated sites to accommodate this type of binding. Here, we propose a novel complex configuration that considers structural, physicochemical, and spectroscopic evidence. Optimal unified affinity constants and charge distribution parameters for this complex simulated all experimental data successfully, providing further validation of the CD-MUSIC model for describing relevant goethite/aqueous interfacial reactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ten Years Without Nikola Kallay)

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18 pages, 19925 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate in the Presence of Macromolecules Isolated from Corals

by Jasminka Kontrec, Nives Matijaković Mlinarić, Damir Kralj, Giuseppe Falini, Atiđa Selmani, Stefano Goffredo and Branka Njegić Džakula

Colloids Interfaces 2025, 9(4), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids9040050 - 15 Aug 2025

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Abstract

This study investigated the CaCO₃ spontaneous precipitation in the presence of soluble organic macromolecules (SOMs) extracted from the skeleton of Mediterranean colonial coral species, symbiotic Cladocora caespitosa (SOM-CCA) and asymbiotic Astroides calycularis (SOM-ACL). This approach was used as a model to explore [...] Read more.

This study investigated the CaCO₃ spontaneous precipitation in the presence of soluble organic macromolecules (SOMs) extracted from the skeleton of Mediterranean colonial coral species, symbiotic Cladocora caespitosa (SOM-CCA) and asymbiotic Astroides calycularis (SOM-ACL). This approach was used as a model to explore biomineralization processes in marine organisms. The research was conducted in systems without or with the addition of Mg²⁺ (Mg/Ca molar ratio was 5:1) and/or SOMs (concentration range was 0.5–4 ppm). In the model system (system without Mg²⁺ or SOMs), only vaterite spherulites precipitated, while in the system with added Mg²⁺, only aragonite irregular aggregates were observed. Although the addition of SOMs did not influence the polymorphic composition of the CaCO₃ precipitates, it led to noticeable changes in induction time and morphology of CaCO₃ crystals, and these effects were stronger in the presence of SOM-ACL. By comparing systems containing both Mg²⁺ and SOM with the model system as well as with systems where Mg²⁺ or SOMs were added individually, the dominant role of Mg²⁺ in the aragonite formation was observed. However, the combined effect of Mg²⁺ and both SOMs enhanced the inhibition of CaCO₃ precipitation. This inhibitory effect was particularly enhanced in the system combining Mg²⁺ and SOM-ACL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ten Years Without Nikola Kallay)

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10 pages, 2398 KB

Open AccessArticle

APTES-Modified Interface Optimization in PbS Quantum Dot SWIR Photodetectors and Its Influence on Optoelectronic Properties

by Qian Lei, Lei Rao, Wencan Deng, Xiuqin Ao, Fan Fang, Wei Chen, Jiaji Cheng, Haodong Tang and Junjie Hao

Colloids Interfaces 2025, 9(4), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids9040049 - 22 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Lead sulfide colloidal quantum dots (PbS QDs) have demonstrated great potential in short-wave infrared (SWIR) photodetectors due to their tunable bandgap, low cost, and broad spectral response. While significant progress has been made in surface ligand modification and defect state passivation, studies focusing [...] Read more.

Lead sulfide colloidal quantum dots (PbS QDs) have demonstrated great potential in short-wave infrared (SWIR) photodetectors due to their tunable bandgap, low cost, and broad spectral response. While significant progress has been made in surface ligand modification and defect state passivation, studies focusing on the interface between QDs and electrodes remain limited, which hinders further improvement in device performance. In this work, we propose an interface engineering strategy based on 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to enhance the interfacial contact between PbS QD films and ITO interdigitated electrodes, thereby significantly boosting the overall performance of SWIR photodetectors. Experimental results demonstrate that the optimal 0.5 h APTES treatment duration significantly enhances responsivity by achieving balanced interface passivation and charge carrier transport. Moreover, The APTES-modified device exhibits a controllable dark current and faster photo-response under 1310 nm illumination. This interface engineering approach provides an effective pathway for the development of high-performance PbS QD-based SWIR photodetectors, with promising applications in infrared imaging, spectroscopy, and optical communication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art of Colloid and Interface Science in Asia)

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17 pages, 6759 KB

Open AccessReview

Novel Structural Janus Hydrogels for Battery Applications: Structure Design, Properties, and Prospects

by Ping Li and Qiushi Wang

Colloids Interfaces 2025, 9(4), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids9040048 - 19 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Janus hydrogels, defined by their asymmetric architectures and bifunctional interfaces, have emerged as a transformative class of solid-state electrolytes in electrochemical energy storage. By integrating spatially distinct chemomechanical and ionic functionalities within a single matrix, they overcome the intrinsic limitations of conventional isotropic [...] Read more.

Janus hydrogels, defined by their asymmetric architectures and bifunctional interfaces, have emerged as a transformative class of solid-state electrolytes in electrochemical energy storage. By integrating spatially distinct chemomechanical and ionic functionalities within a single matrix, they overcome the intrinsic limitations of conventional isotropic hydrogels, offering enhanced interfacial stability, directional ion transport, and dendrite suppression in lithium- and zinc-based batteries. This mini-review systematically highlights recent breakthroughs in Janus hydrogel design, including interfacial polymerization and layer-by-layer assembly, which collectively enable precise modulation of crosslinking gradients and ion transport pathways. This review uniquely frames Janus hydrogels from a battery-centric and interface-engineering perspective. It elucidates key structure–function correlations, identifies current limitations in scalable fabrication and electrochemical longevity, and outlines future directions toward intelligent, multifunctional platforms for next-generation flexible and biointegrated energy systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art of Colloid and Interface Science in Asia)

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36 pages, 6346 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thermoresponsive Effects in Droplet Size Distribution, Chemical Composition, and Antibacterial Effectivity in a Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini) O/W Nanoemulsion

by Erick Sánchez-Gaitán, Ramón Rivero-Aranda, Vianney González-López and Francisco Delgado

Colloids Interfaces 2025, 9(4), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids9040047 - 19 Jul 2025

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Abstract

The design of emulsions at the nanoscale is a significant application of nanotechnology. For spherical droplets and a given volume of dispersed phase, the nanometre size of droplets inversely increases the total area,

A = \frac{3 V}{r}

, allowing greater contact with [...] Read more.

The design of emulsions at the nanoscale is a significant application of nanotechnology. For spherical droplets and a given volume of dispersed phase, the nanometre size of droplets inversely increases the total area,

A = \frac{3 V}{r}

, allowing greater contact with organic and inorganic materials during application. In topical applications, not only is cell contact increased, but also permeability in the cell membrane. Nanoemulsions typically achieve kinetic stability rather than thermodynamic stability, so their commercial application requires reasonable resistance to flocculation and coalescence, which can be affected by temperature changes. Therefore, their thermoresponsive characterisation becomes relevant. In this work, we analyse this response in an O/W nanoemulsion of Palmarosa for antibacterial purposes that has already shown stability for one year at controlled room temperature. We now study hysteresis processes and the behaviour of the statistical distribution in droplet size by Dynamic Light Scattering, obtaining remarkable stability under temperature changes up to 50 °C. This includes a maintained chemical composition observed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and the preservation of antibacterial properties analysed through optical density tests on cultures and the Spread-Plate technique for bacteria colony counting. We obtain practically closed hysteresis curves for some tracers of droplet size distributions through controlled thermal cycles between 10 °C and 50 °C, exhibiting a non-linear behaviour in their distribution. In general, the results show notable physical, chemical, and antibacterial stability, suitable for commercial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances on Emulsions and Applications: 3rd Edition)

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17 pages, 2732 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Influence of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Surfactants on Catastrophic Phase Inversion and Stability of Emulsions

by Daniel Kim and Rajinder Pal

Colloids Interfaces 2025, 9(4), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids9040046 - 11 Jul 2025

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Abstract

This study presents the first quantitative comparison of catastrophic phase inversion behavior of water-in-oil emulsions stabilized by nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and molecular surfactants with different headgroup charge types: anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate referred to as SDS), cationic (octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride referred to as OTAC), [...] Read more.

This study presents the first quantitative comparison of catastrophic phase inversion behavior of water-in-oil emulsions stabilized by nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and molecular surfactants with different headgroup charge types: anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate referred to as SDS), cationic (octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride referred to as OTAC), nonionic (C12–14 alcohol ethoxylate referred to as Alfonic), and zwitterionic (cetyl betaine referred to as Amphosol). By using conductivity measurements under controlled mixing and pendant drop tensiometry, this study shows that NCC markedly delays catastrophic phase inversion through interfacial jamming, whereas surfactant-stabilized systems exhibit concentration-dependent inversion driven by interfacial saturation. Specifically, NCC-stabilized emulsions exhibited a nonlinear increase in the critical aqueous phase volume fraction required for inversion, ranging from 0.253 (0 wt% NCC) to 0.545 (1.5 wt% NCC), consistent with enhanced resistance to inversion typically associated with the formation of rigid interfacial layers in Pickering emulsions. In contrast, surfactant-stabilized systems exhibited a concentration-dependent inversion trend with opposing effects. At low concentrations, limited interfacial coverage delayed inversion, while at higher concentrations, increased surfactant availability and interfacial saturation promoted earlier inversion and favored the formation of oil-in-water structures. Pendant drop tensiometry confirmed negligible surface activity for NCC, while all surfactants significantly lowered interfacial tension. Despite its weak surface activity, NCC imparted strong coalescence resistance above 0.2 wt%, attributed to steric stabilization. These findings establish distinct mechanisms for governing phase inversion in particle- versus surfactant-stabilized systems. To our knowledge, this is the first study to quantitively characterize the catastrophic phase inversion behavior of water-in-oil emulsions using NCC. This work supports the use of NCC as an effective stabilizer for emulsions with high internal phase volume. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rheology of Complex Fluids and Interfaces: 2nd Edition)

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24 pages, 3309 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optical Investigation of the Combined Effect of pH and Temperature on the Interactions of BSA Protein with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

by Elena A. Molkova, Ruslan M. Sarimov, Tatyana A. Matveeva, Alexander V. Simakin, Arthur G. Akopdzhanov, Dmitriy A. Serov, Maksim B. Rebezov, Maxim E. Astashev, Konstantin V. Sergienko, Mikhail A. Sevostyanov, Dmitriy O. Khort, Igor G. Smirnov, Alexey S. Dorokhov, Andrey Yu. Izmailov and Sergey V. Gudkov

Colloids Interfaces 2025, 9(4), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids9040045 - 7 Jul 2025

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Abstract

The effect of pH and temperature on the interaction of sodium citrate-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) with the BSA protein was studied using optical methods. The optical properties of aqueous colloids of BSA, IONPs, and BSA with IONPs were studied with pH [...] Read more.

The effect of pH and temperature on the interaction of sodium citrate-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) with the BSA protein was studied using optical methods. The optical properties of aqueous colloids of BSA, IONPs, and BSA with IONPs were studied with pH changes in the range of 2–12 and temperature in the range of 25–85 °C. It was found that at pH 2.0, no significant changes in the optical properties were observed with increasing temperature in aqueous colloids containing a mixture of BSA with IONPs. Temperature affects the optical properties of BSA colloids with IONPs in the pH range from 5.0 to 8.0. Moreover, by increasing the temperature at these pH levels, it is possible to control the particle size in the colloids. In general, both temperature and pH have a significant effect on the properties of the aqueous colloid of BSA with IONPs and allow for the control of interactions between BSA and IONPs, namely, the processes of aggregation, particle reclustering, and protein denaturation. Full article

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30 pages, 4213 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

The Effect of Adsorption Phenomena on the Transport in Complex Electrolytes

by Ioulia Chikina, Michel Beaughon, Pierre Burckel, Emmanuelle Dubois, Ivan T. Lucas, Sawako Nakamae, Ozlem Sel, Hubert Perrot, Régine Perzynski, Thomas J. Salez, Blanca E. Torres-Bautista and Andrey Varlamov

Colloids Interfaces 2025, 9(4), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids9040044 - 7 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Over the last decade, numerous impedance studies of the conductivity of suspensions containing colloidal (dielectric, semiconducting or metallic) particles have often led to the conclusion that the well-known Maxwell theory is insufficient to quantitatively explain the properties of these systems. We review some [...] Read more.

Over the last decade, numerous impedance studies of the conductivity of suspensions containing colloidal (dielectric, semiconducting or metallic) particles have often led to the conclusion that the well-known Maxwell theory is insufficient to quantitatively explain the properties of these systems. We review some of the most characteristic results and show how the applicability of the Maxwell’s theory can be restored taking into account the adsorption phenomena occurring during AC impedance measurements in nanoparticle suspensions. The latter can drastically change the capacitance of the metal-electrolyte cell boundaries from the standard value, making it strongly dependent on the nanoparticle concentration. This factor significantly affects conductivity measurements through RC circuit characteristics. We present an analysis of available impedance measurement data of the dependence of conductivity on the nanoparticle concentration in this new paradigm. In order to emphasize the novelty and the acute sensitivity of ac-diagnosis to the presence of adsorption phenomena at the metal-electrolyte interface, direct adsorption determinations at such interfaces by using two modern experimental techniques are also presented. The main result of this work is the restoration of Maxwell’s theory, attributing the observed discrepancies to variations in cell conductance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews in Colloids and Interfaces)

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16 pages, 1991 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Dielectric Constant on Interaction Between Charged Macroions in Asymmetric Electrolyte

by Khawla Qamhieh

Colloids Interfaces 2025, 9(4), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids9040043 - 1 Jul 2025

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Abstract

The mean force between two highly like-charged macroions in the presence of monovalent counterions and added multivalent salt within solvents of varying dielectric constants was studied using Monte Carlo simulations. Without additional salt, the mean force is strongly repulsive at all macroion separations [...] Read more.

The mean force between two highly like-charged macroions in the presence of monovalent counterions and added multivalent salt within solvents of varying dielectric constants was studied using Monte Carlo simulations. Without additional salt, the mean force is strongly repulsive at all macroion separations in solvents with a dielectric constant

ϵ_{r}

≥ 30. However, in solvents with

ϵ_{r}

≤ 30, macroions experience effective attraction, indicating that attractive interactions between highly charged macroions can occur even without multivalent salt in nonpolar solvents with low dielectric constants. The total multivalent counterion charge-to-total macroion charge ratio is defined as β which determines the amount of salt that is added to the system. At β = 0.075, the mean force becomes attractive at short separations in solvents with

ϵ_{r}

= 54 containing 1:3 salt, as well as in all solvents with 1:5 salt, while still exhibiting significant repulsion at longer separations. In contrast, for solvents with 1:3 salt and dielectric constants

ϵ_{r}

= 68 and

ϵ_{r}

= 78.4, the mean force turns attractive at a higher salt concentration, around β = 0.225. The shift in the mean force to an attractive state at short separations signifies charge inversion on the macroion surface when a sufficient amount of salt is present. At a stoichiometric ratio of multivalent counterions, long-range repulsion vanishes, and attraction becomes significant. However, with excess salt, the strength of the attractive mean force diminishes. Additionally, the attractive force at a given salt concentration increases as the dielectric constant decreases and is stronger in systems with 1:5 salt than in those with 1:3 salt. Full article

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9 pages, 1292 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Exploring the Feasibility of a Microchip Laser Ablation Method for the Preparation of Biopolymer-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles: Case Studies with Gelatin and Collagen

by Nazgul Assan, Tomoyuki Suezawa, Yuta Uetake, Yumi Yakiyama, Michiya Matsusaki and Hidehiro Sakurai

Colloids Interfaces 2025, 9(4), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids9040042 - 20 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 742

Abstract

Introducing small-sized metal nanoparticles directly into biopolymers susceptible to thermal and chemical stimulations remains a significant challenge. Recently, we showed a novel approach to fabricating gold nanoparticles through pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) using a microchip laser (MCL). Despite its lower pulse [...] Read more.

Introducing small-sized metal nanoparticles directly into biopolymers susceptible to thermal and chemical stimulations remains a significant challenge. Recently, we showed a novel approach to fabricating gold nanoparticles through pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) using a microchip laser (MCL). Despite its lower pulse energy compared to conventional lasers, this technique demonstrates high ablation efficiency, offering the potential to produce composites without compromising the distinctive structure of biopolymers. As a proof of concept, we successfully generated gelatin-stabilized gold nanoparticles with a smaller size (average diameter of approximately 4 nm), while preserving the unchanged circular dichroism (CD) spectra, indicating the retention of gelatin’s unique structure. Extending this technique to the preparation of type I collagen-stabilized gold nanoparticles yielded non-aggregated nanoparticles, although challenges in yield still persist. These results highlight the potential of the microchip laser ablation technique for producing metal nanoparticles within a vulnerable matrix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art of Colloid and Interface Science in Asia)

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Colloids Interfaces, Volume 9, Issue 4 (August 2025) – 12 articles

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