Skip to Content
MDPIMDPI

Advanced

InorganicsInorganics
PDF
  • Editorial
  • Open Access

20 September 2026

Editorial: Transition Metal Catalysts—Design, Synthesis, and Applications

Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
Inorganics2026, 14(9), 245;https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14090245 
(registering DOI)
This article belongs to the Special Issue Transition Metal Catalysts: Design, Synthesis and Applications
Version Notes
Order Reprints
Transition metals occupy a unique and pivotal position at the intersection of chemistry, materials science, and biology, owing to their diverse electronic configurations, variable oxidation states, and rich coordination chemistry. These intrinsic properties empower transition metals with exceptional versatility, serving as key functional components in a wide range of fields, including homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14], structural alloys [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23], electronic devices [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32], and biological systems [33,34]. In the field of catalysis, transition metals can promote various chemical transformations with outstanding efficiency and selectivity, smoothing numerous industrial processes and accelerating the synthesis of high-value-added chemicals [23,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42]. Furthermore, the incorporation of transition metals into structural materials has also driven the development of advanced alloys and composite materials, which exhibit superior mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and thermal stability.
Recent advances in synthetic methodologies and characterization techniques have significantly expanded the functional potential of transition metal-based systems. Through the rational design of coordination complexes, nanostructured materials, and single-atom catalysts, researchers achieved further precision in reaction activity controlling. There is now growing interest in utilizing earth-abundant metals as sustainable alternatives to precious metals, alongside efforts to develop finely tunable ligands to achieve precise control over catalytic cycles. Transition metals also play a central role in next-generation electronic and optoelectronic technologies, encompassing conductive polymers, spintronic materials, and energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors [43,44,45,46,47,48]. Furthermore, transition metal complexes are attracting increasing attention as therapeutic drugs, diagnostic probes, and imaging agents with the prominent ability to selectively interact with biomolecular targets [49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60].
Despite these advances, there are still limitations existing that hinder the widespread implementation of transition metal-based applications. Catalyst deactivation, insufficient understanding of the mechanisms of catalytic processes at the molecular level, limited selectivity under complex reaction conditions, difficulties in scaling up synthetic processes, and concerns regarding toxicity and environmental effect remain major obstacles that urgently need to be well addressed.
The Special Issue “Transition Metal Catalysts: Design, Synthesis and Applications” of Inorganics brings together eight research papers, showcasing the latest advancements in transition metal-based systems across catalyst development, mechanistic exploration, and practical applications, highlighting the diversity and versatility of transition metal catalysts in modern research.
One of the key themes explored in this Special Issue is the rational control of catalyst composition and structure to enhance catalytic performance. In this context, the study from Prof. Puello-Polo and co-workers investigated the effect of potassium oxide doping on the performance of a ternary CoMo–Ni/Al2O3 catalyst in the hydrogenation–deoxygenation (HDO) reaction of guaiacol [61]. K2O doping significantly enhances the selectivity for prepared catalysts in the HDO reaction without compromising catalytic activity, and the selectivity increased progressively with K2O loading where the catalyst containing 5 wt% K2O reached 65% HDO and 81.3% selectivity toward cyclohexane. Kinetic analysis further reveals that potassium promotes demethylation and demethoxylation pathways while suppressing competing rearrangement reactions, thereby providing valuable theoretical guidance for catalyst design strategies in biomass upgrading and conversion.
The work from Prof. Xue’s group further underscores the importance of catalyst preparation methodologies—the “support reducibility regulation” strategy aimed at constructing strong basic sites on the surface of solid catalysts under mild reaction conditions [62]. By introducing Cr3+ into the mesoporous zirconia framework, the authors successfully constructed a support with reducibility, which can induce the decomposition of KNO3 at low temperatures via redox pathways generating highly dispersed, strongly basic K2O species. Compared with traditional calcination-based thermal decomposition methods, this strategy reduces the activation temperature by about 300 °C for the formation of basic sites while effectively preserving the integrity of the mesoporous support structure. The resulting catalyst exhibits outstanding catalytic performance in the transesterification reaction for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate, outperforming classic solid base catalysts such as MgO. This work fully demonstrates how rational control of support properties can lead to efficient, energy-saving catalyst preparation methods.
Another important aspect of catalyst design lies in the intrinsic relationship between synthetic conditions and catalyst morphology. In the study reported by Prof. Friedrich, the authors prepared VOx/MgO catalysts with a solution-combustion synthesis method using varying molar ratios of glycine to oxidant during the synthesis process, studying the effects on morphology, phase composition, surface area, crystallite size, elemental distribution, and coordination environment around V [63]. The combustion temperature, determined by the fuel content, significantly influences the catalyst’s morphology, specific surface area, and grain size. Notably, the catalyst prepared under stoichiometric combustion conditions exhibited excellent catalytic performance in the oxidation dehydrogenation (ODH) reaction of n-octane. Structural analysis revealed that the sample uniquely contains a magnesium vanadate phase which plays a key role in catalytic activity. This work highlights how carefully adjusting synthesis parameters by controlling phase formation and nanostructure can lead to enhanced catalytic performance.
In addition to experimental catalyst development, theoretical studies are crucial for understanding catalytic mechanisms at the molecular level. The work from Prof. Hong and Prof. Zhang utilized density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the mechanism of Ru(II)-catalyzed amination of aminopyridines via η6-coordination activation [64]. The computational analysis indicates that both ortho and para substitution patterns follow a similar stepwise mechanism involving a Meisenheimer intermediate. Due to the weaker orbital interactions between the CpRu(II) fragment and the para-substituted Meisenheimer intermediate, the para pathway suffers from a significantly higher energy barrier.
Transition metal catalysts also play a significant role in addressing challenges in the environmental and biomedical fields. In Prof. Torres-Palma’s work, the authors investigated transition metal-doped graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) photocatalysts for antimicrobial applications [65]. By adjusting the synthesis temperature and introducing transition metals such as Mn, Co, and Cu, the researchers achieved enhanced photocatalytic disinfection performance through improved charge separation efficiency and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capacity. The optimized Mn-doped g-C3N4 material achieved complete inactivation of E. coli within 6 h; the prepared graphitic carbon nitride was also integrated into a sodium alginate hydrogel surface, affording a reusable, self-cleaning antimicrobial surface.
Prof. Barajas-Solano and co-workers further explore environmental remediation issues, utilizing magnetite-catalyzed ozonation, anaerobic digestion, and microalgal cultivation to treat leachate from sanitary landfills [66]. The study demonstrates that catalytic ozonation significantly enhances the biodegradability of the leachate, enabling coupling with upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor to reach optimal methanogenic activity. The subsequent microalgal treatment stage further enhanced the removal of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus. Although further optimization is needed to fully meet discharge standards, this work demonstrates the application potential of integrating catalytic and biological processes for treating complex wastewater systems.
The design of catalytic support is another key factor influencing catalyst performance. In the work of Prof. Rinaudo, the researchers employed a cerium oxide support doped with Zr, Pr, and Tb to prepare Pt catalyst for the selective oxidation of glycerol with excellent activity [67]. Detailed characterization results revealed that the nature of doping elements alters the properties of the support by increasing the concentration of oxygen vacancies as well as electron mobility, thereby modifying the oxidation state and dispersion of the platinum nanoparticles. In the systems studied, the Pt/CeTb catalyst exhibited the highest turnover frequency (TOF) and enhanced selectivity toward glycerol acid. This superior performance was attributed to the synergistic effects of oxygen vacancies, strong metal–support interactions, and optimal metal particle size.
Finally, Prof. Sosa-Torres and co-workers delve into the mechanistic complexity of transition-metal-mediated oxidation reactions combined with DFT calculations to provide an in-depth investigation of the oxidative dehydrogenation of pyridinium iron complexes [68]. This work reveals that nitrogen-centered radical intermediates play a key role in the reaction pathway, and molecular oxygen acts as a hydrogen acceptor via a hydrogen atom transfer mechanism, rather than forming high-valent iron–oxygen species. The high agreement between experimental measurements and computational results provides strong evidence for the proposed reaction mechanism and offers new insights into iron-mediated oxidative transformations, particularly those involving biomimetic catalysis.
Overall, the research included in this Special Issue fully demonstrates the breadth of the modern field of transition metal catalysis, covering multiple aspects such as catalyst design, mechanistic investigations, and practical applications. These research findings further demonstrate the vital role of rational control of catalyst composition, including the selection of dopants, co-catalysts, and support materials, in catalyst performance, and transition metal catalysts continue to offer highly promising solutions to various pressing societal challenges, including the production of sustainable chemicals, the remediation of environmental pollution, and the development of antimicrobial technologies. The findings and achievements here vividly depict the dynamic and rapidly evolving landscape of transition metal catalysis, and we sincerely hope that the research results presented in this Special Issue will inspire further research enthusiasm and collaboration, thereby driving the continuous development and refinement of efficient, sustainable catalytic systems based on transition metals.

Acknowledgments

During the preparation of this manuscript, the author used GPT-5.6 Luna during the preparation of editorial for language refining and error check. The authors have reviewed and edited the output and take full responsibility for the content of this publication.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Bolm, C.; Beller, M. Transition Metals for Organic Synthesis; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2004; Volume 1. [Google Scholar]
  2. D’Souza, D.M.; Mueller, T.J. Multi-component syntheses of heterocycles by transition-metal catalysis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2007, 36, 1095–1108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  3. Diez-Gonzalez, S.; Marion, N.; Nolan, S.P. N-heterocyclic carbenes in late transition metal catalysis. Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 3612–3676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  4. Das, S.; Brudvig, G.W.; Crabtree, R.H. Molecular recognition in homogeneous transition metal catalysis: A biomimetic strategy for high selectivity. Chem. Commun. 2008, 44, 413–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  5. Sammis, G.M.; Danjo, H.; Jacobsen, E.N. Cooperative dual catalysis: Application to the highly enantioselective conjugate cyanation of unsaturated imides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 9928–9929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  6. Shi, Y.; Peterson, S.M.; Haberaecker, W.W.; Blum, S.A. Alkynes as Stille reaction pseudohalides: Gold-and palladium-cocatalyzed synthesis of tri-and tetra-substituted olefins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 2168–2169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  7. Hashmi, A.S.K.; Lothschütz, C.; Doepp, R.; Rudolph, M.; Ramamurthi, T.D.; Rominger, F. Gold and Palladium Combined for Cross-Coupling. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 8243–8246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  8. Chinchilla, R.; Nájera, C. The Sonogashira reaction: A booming methodology in synthetic organic chemistry. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 874–922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  9. Huerta, F.F.; Minidis, A.B.; Bäckvall, J.E. Racemisation in asymmetric synthesis. Dynamic kinetic resolution and related processes in enzyme and metal catalysis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2001, 30, 321–331. [Google Scholar]
  10. Pàmies, O.; Bäckvall, J.E. Combination of enzymes and metal catalysts. A powerful approach in asymmetric catalysis. Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 3247–3262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  11. Iranzo, O.; Kovalevsky, A.Y.; Morrow, J.R.; Richard, J.P. Physical and kinetic analysis of the cooperative role of metal ions in catalysis of phosphodiester cleavage by a dinuclear Zn(II) complex. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 1988–1993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  12. Kruithof, C.A.; Casado, M.A.; Guillena, G.; Egmond, M.R.; van der Kerk-van Hoof, A.; Heck, A.J.; Klein Gebbink, R.J.; Van Koten, G. Lipase Active-Site-Directed Anchoring of Organometallics: Metallopincer/Protein Hybrids. Chem.–A Eur. J. 2005, 11, 6869–6877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  13. Gottschaldt, M.; Schubert, U.S. Prospects of metal complexes peripherally substituted with sugars in biomedicinal applications. Chem.–A Eur. J. 2009, 15, 1548–1557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  14. Shao, Z.; Zhang, H. Combining transition metal catalysis and organocatalysis: A broad new concept for catalysis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 2745–2755. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  15. Greeley, J.; Stephens, I.E.L.; Bondarenko, A.S.; Johansson, T.P.; Hansen, H.A.; Jaramillo, T.F.; Rossmeisl, J.; Chorkendorff, I.; Nørskov, J.K. Alloys of platinum and early transition metals as oxygen reduction electrocatalysts. Nat. Chem. 2009, 1, 552–556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  16. Kluender, E.J.; Hedrick, J.L.; Brown, K.A.; Rao, R.; Meckes, B.; Du, J.S.; Moreau, L.M.; Maruyama, B.; Mirkin, C.A. Catalyst discovery through megalibraries of nanomaterials. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2019, 116, 40–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  17. Batchelor, T.A.; Pedersen, J.K.; Winther, S.H.; Castelli, I.E.; Jacobsen, K.W.; Rossmeisl, J. High-entropy alloys as a discovery platform for electrocatalysis. Joule 2019, 3, 834–845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  18. Löffler, T.; Meyer, H.; Savan, A.; Wilde, P.; Garzón Manjón, A.; Chen, Y.T.; Ventosa, E.; Scheu, C.; Ludwig, A.; Schuhmann, W. Discovery of a multinary noble metal–free oxygen reduction catalyst. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1802269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  19. Yao, Y.; Huang, Z.; Xie, P.; Lacey, S.D.; Jacob, R.J.; Xie, H.; Chen, F.; Nie, A.; Pu, T.; Rehwoldt, M.; et al. Carbothermal shock synthesis of high-entropy-alloy nanoparticles. Science 2018, 359, 1489–1494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  20. Oses, C.; Toher, C.; Curtarolo, S. High-entropy ceramics. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2020, 5, 295–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  21. Chen, P.C.; Liu, M.; Du, J.S.; Meckes, B.; Wang, S.; Lin, H.; Dravid, V.P.; Wolverton, C.; Mirkin, C.A. Interface and heterostructure design in polyelemental nanoparticles. Science 2019, 363, 959–964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  22. Chen, P.C.; Liu, X.; Hedrick, J.L.; Xie, Z.; Wang, S.; Lin, Q.Y.; Hersam, M.C.; Dravid, V.P.; Mirkin, C.A. Polyelemental nanoparticle libraries. Science 2016, 352, 1565–1569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  23. Beaumier, E.P.; Pearce, A.J.; See, X.Y.; Tonks, I.A. Modern applications of low-valent early transition metals in synthesis and catalysis. Nat. Rev. Chem. 2019, 3, 15–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  24. Hsu, S.W.; On, K.; Tao, A.R. Localized surface plasmon resonances of anisotropic semiconductor nanocrystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 19072–19075. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  25. Jaramillo, T.F.; Jørgensen, K.P.; Bonde, J.; Nielsen, J.H.; Horch, S.; Chorkendorff, I. Identification of active edge sites for electrochemical H2 evolution from MoS2 nanocatalysts. Science 2007, 317, 100–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  26. Tokito, S.; Noda, K.; Taga, Y. Metal oxides as a hole-injecting layer for an organic electroluminescent device. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 1996, 29, 2750–2753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  27. Reynolds, K.J.; Barker, J.A.; Greenham, N.C.; Friend, R.H.; Frey, G.L. Inorganic solution-processed hole-injecting and electron-blocking layers in polymer light-emitting diodes. J. Appl. Phys. 2002, 92, 7556–7563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  28. Chu, C.W.; Chen, C.W.; Li, S.H.; Wu, E.H.E.; Yang, Y. Integration of organic light-emitting diode and organic transistor via a tandem structure. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 253503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  29. You, H.; Dai, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Ma, D. Improved performances of organic light-emitting diodes with metal oxide as anode buffer. J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 101, 026105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  30. Meyer, J.; Hamwi, S.; Bülow, T.; Johannes, H.H.; Riedl, T.; Kowalsky, W. Highly efficient simplified organic light emitting diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 113506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  31. Janssen, A.G.F.; Riedl, T.; Hamwi, S.; Johannes, H.H.; Kowalsky, W. Highly efficient organic tandem solar cells using an improved connecting architecture. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 073519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  32. Kanno, H.; Holmes, R.J.; Sun, Y.; Kena-Cohen, S.; Forrest, S.R. White stacked electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting devices employing MoO3 as a charge-generation layer. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 339–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  33. Juris, A.; Balzani, V.; Barigelletti, F.; Campagna, S.; Belser, P.L.; von Zelewsky, A.V. Ru(II) polypyridine complexes: Photophysics, photochemistry, eletrochemistry, and chemiluminescence. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1988, 84, 85–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  34. Crosby, G.A.; Demas, J.N. Quantum efficiencies on transition metal complexes. II. Charge-transfer luminescence. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 2841–2847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  35. Ryken, S.A.; Schafer, L.L. N,O-chelating four-membered metallacyclic titanium(IV) complexes for atom-economic catalytic reactions. Acc. Chem. Res. 2015, 48, 2576–2586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  36. Wailes, P.C.; Weigold, H. Hydrido complexes of zirconium I. Preparation. J. Organomet. Chem. 1970, 24, 405–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  37. Hart, D.W.; Schwartz, J. Hydrozirconation. Organic synthesis via organozirconium intermediates. Synthesis and rearrangement of alkylzirconium(IV) complexes and their reaction with electrophiles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 8115–8116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  38. Kobylarski, M.; Donnelly, L.J.; Berthet, J.C.; Cantat, T. Zirconium-catalysed hydrosilylation of esters and depolymerisation of polyester plastic waste. Green Chem. 2022, 24, 6810–6815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  39. Donnelly, L.J.; Berthet, J.C.; Cantat, T. Selective reduction of secondary amides to imines catalysed by Schwartz’s reagent. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202206170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  40. Kehner, R.A.; Zhang, G.; Bayeh-Romero, L. Mild divergent semireductive transformations of secondary and tertiary amides via zirconocene hydride catalysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 4921–4927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  41. Kehner, R.A.; Hewitt, M.C.; Bayeh-Romero, L. Expanding Zirconocene Hydride Catalysis: In Situ Generation and Turnover of ZrH Catalysts Enabling Catalytic Carbonyl Reductions. ACS Catal. 2022, 12, 1758–1763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  42. Matt, C.; Kern, C.; Streuff, J. Zirconium-catalyzed remote defunctionalization of alkenes. ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 6409–6413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  43. Zhou, L.; Zhao, D.; Lou, X.W. Double-shelled CoMn2O4 hollow microcubes as high-capacity anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 745–748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  44. Wei, T.Y.; Chen, C.H.; Chien, H.C.; Lu, S.Y.; Hu, C.C. A cost-effective supercapacitor material of ultrahigh specific capacitances: Spinel nickel cobaltite aerogels from an epoxide-driven sol-gel process. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 347–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  45. Zhang, G.; Yu, L.; Wu, H.B.; Hoster, H.E.; Lou, X.W. Formation of ZnMn2O4 ball-in-ball hollow microspheres as a high-performance anode for lithium-Ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 4609–4613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  46. Teh, P.F.; Sharma, Y.; Pramana, S.S.; Srinivasan, M. Nanoweb anodes composed of one-dimensional, high aspect ratio, size tunable electrospun ZnFe2O4 nanofibers for lithium ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 14999–15008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  47. Wang, Z.; Zhou, L.; Lou, X.W. Metal oxide hollow nanostructures for lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 1903–1911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  48. Browne, M.P.; Sofer, Z.; Pumera, M. Layered and two dimensional metal oxides for electrochemical energy conversion. Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 41–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  49. Thompson, K.H.; Orvig, C. Boon and bane of metal ions in medicine. Science 2003, 300, 936–939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  50. Lippard, S.J. The inorganic side of chemical biology. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2006, 2, 504–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  51. Antman, K.H. Introduction: The history of arsenic trioxide in cancer therapy. Oncol. 2001, 6, 1–2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  52. Wheate, N.J.; Walker, S.; Craig, G.E.; Oun, R. The status of platinum anticancer drugs in the clinic and in clinical trials. Dalton Trans. 2010, 39, 8113–8127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  53. Dubar, F.; Khalife, J.; Brocard, J.; Dive, D.; Biot, C. Ferroquine, an ingenious antimalarial drug–thoughts on the mechanism of action. Molecules 2008, 13, 2900–2907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  54. Lauffer, R.B. Paramagnetic metal complexes as water proton relaxation agents for NMR imaging: Theory and design. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 901–927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  55. Bottrill, M.; Kwok, L.; Long, N.J. Lanthanides in magnetic resonance imaging. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2006, 35, 557–571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  56. Dilworth, J.R.; Parrott, S.J. The biomedical chemistry of technetium and rhenium. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1998, 27, 43–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  57. Tanaka, K.; Fukase, K. PET (positron emission tomography) imaging of biomolecules using metal–DOTA complexes: A new collaborative challenge by chemists, biologists, and physicians for future diagnostics and exploration of in vivo dynamics. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2008, 6, 815–828. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  58. Faulkner, S.; Pope, S.J.; Burton-Pye, B.P. Lanthanide complexes for luminescence imaging applications. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 2005, 40, 1–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  59. Montgomery, C.P.; Murray, B.S.; New, E.J.; Pal, R.; Parker, D. Cell-penetrating metal complex optical probes: Targeted and responsive systems based on lanthanide luminescence. Acc. Chem. Res. 2009, 42, 925–937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  60. Song, B.; Vandevyver, C.D.; Chauvin, A.S.; Bünzli, J.C.G. Time-resolved luminescence microscopy of bimetallic lanthanide helicates in living cells. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2008, 6, 4125–4133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
  61. Blanco, K.L.A.; Baca, W.S.C.; Puello Polo, E. Dual-Promoted Trimetallic CoMo-Ni/Al2O3-K2O Catalysts: Impact of K2O Doping on Guaiacol Hydrodeoxygenation Selectivity. Inorganics 2026, 14, 45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  62. Li, T.; Li, X.; Wu, H.; Chen, Q.; Zhou, H.; Lin, X.; Xue, D. Designing a Cr3+-Based Transition Metal Catalyst: Redox-Mediated Low-Temperature Activation for Strong Solid Base Generation. Inorganics 2026, 14, 34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  63. Ntola, P.; Singh, S.; Mahomed, A.S.; Olivier, E.J.; Shozi, M.; Russell, A.; Celorrio, V.; Friedrich, H.B. The Effect of the Glycine-to-Oxidant Ratio on the Characteristics and Catalytic Performance of VOx/MgO Catalysts for ODH of n-Octane. Inorganics 2025, 13, 389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  64. Wang, C.; Zhang, S.Q.; Hong, X. Theoretical Study on the Ortho–Para Reactivity Difference in Ru-Catalyzed Amination of Aminopyridines via η6-Coordination: Role of Meisenheimer Intermediate Coordination Ability. Inorganics 2025, 13, 316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  65. Mercado, D.F.; Ortega Bedoya, I.C.; Valencia, G.C.; Torres-Palma, R.A. Unraveling the Effect of Synthesis Temperature and Metal Doping on the Structural, Optical, and Photocatalytic Properties of g-C3N4 for Enhanced E. coli Photodisinfection and Self-Cleaning Surface Applications. Inorganics 2025, 13, 262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  66. Becerra-Moreno, D.; Zuorro, A.; Machuca-Martínez, F.; Ramírez-Rios, L.F.; García-Martínez, J.B.; Barajas-Solano, A.F. Coupling advanced oxidation and anaerobic treatment for landfill leachate: Magnetite-catalyzed ozone and USAB reactor efficiency. Inorganics 2025, 13, 218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  67. Rinaudo, M.G.; Yeste, M.D.P.; Vidal, H.; Gatica, J.M.; Cadús, L.E.; Morales, M.R. Insights into contribution of active ceria supports to Pt-based catalysts: Doping effect (Zr; Pr; Tb) on catalytic properties for glycerol selective oxidation. Inorganics 2025, 13, 32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
  68. Páez-López, R.D.; Gómez-Soto, M.Á.; Cortés-Hernández, H.F.; Solano-Peralta, A.; Castro, M.; Kroneck, P.M.; Sosa-Torres, M.E. Understanding Dioxygen Activation in the Fe(III)-Promoted Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Amines: A Computational Study. Inorganics 2025, 13, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Article Metrics

Citations

Article Access Statistics

Journal Statistics
Article metric data becomes available approximately 24 hours after publication online.
Photovoltaic-Relevant Optical and Dielectric Behavior of the Azo-Oxime Ligand and Its VO2+-, Cu2+-, and Fe3+-Based Complexes Films
Previous