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Volume 8
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10.3390/separations8020019
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Article

Bio-Guided Fractionation of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Fruit and Interactions of Compounds with First-Line Antituberculosis Drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra

by
Zhen Yee Chong
1,
Sylvia Sandanamsamy
2,
Nur Najihah Ismail
1,
Suriyati Mohamad
1 and
Khayriyyah Mohd Hanafiah
1,*
1
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
2
Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Separations 2021, 8(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8020019
Submission received: 25 January 2021 / Revised: 6 February 2021 / Accepted: 7 February 2021 / Published: 12 February 2021
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Abstract

Natural products with antimycobacterial adjuvant potential may be utilized to address the rise of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). The antioxidant-rich oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruit (OPF) was investigated for antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) H37Ra using bio-guided fractionation techniques, followed by determination of fractional inhibition index (FIC) with first-line anti-TB drugs. In vitro screening using microplate Alamar blue assay showed n-hexane and chloroform partitions of OPF mesocarp had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 400–800 µg/mL. The n-hexane fraction contained nonanoic acid (C9H18O2), decanoic acid (C10H20O2), and dodecanoic acid (C12H24O2), identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, which all had an MIC of 50 µg/mL. Nonanoic and decanoic acids had additive effects when combined with streptomycin (FIC index: 0.625) and rifampicin (FIC index: 0.75), respectively. Isoniazid had a 16-fold increase in activity when combined with nonanoic acid and decanoic acid. The combination of nonanoic acid with streptomycin was bactericidal to 99.9% of MTB H37Ra by Day 7 of the time-kill assay, with structural damage of the cell wall observed using electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity assessment using Vero cells confirmed nonanoic acid had low toxicity with LC50 of > 200 µg/mL. The bio-guided fractionation of OPF shows the presence of fatty acids with anti-TB adjuvant potential.
Keywords: bio-guided fractionation; tuberculosis; natural products; oil palm; drug interaction; nonanoic acid; minimum inhibitory concentration bio-guided fractionation; tuberculosis; natural products; oil palm; drug interaction; nonanoic acid; minimum inhibitory concentration
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MDPI and ACS Style

Chong, Z.Y.; Sandanamsamy, S.; Ismail, N.N.; Mohamad, S.; Mohd Hanafiah, K. Bio-Guided Fractionation of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Fruit and Interactions of Compounds with First-Line Antituberculosis Drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. Separations 2021, 8, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8020019

AMA Style

Chong ZY, Sandanamsamy S, Ismail NN, Mohamad S, Mohd Hanafiah K. Bio-Guided Fractionation of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Fruit and Interactions of Compounds with First-Line Antituberculosis Drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. Separations. 2021; 8(2):19. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8020019

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chong, Zhen Yee, Sylvia Sandanamsamy, Nur Najihah Ismail, Suriyati Mohamad, and Khayriyyah Mohd Hanafiah. 2021. "Bio-Guided Fractionation of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Fruit and Interactions of Compounds with First-Line Antituberculosis Drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra" Separations 8, no. 2: 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8020019

APA Style

Chong, Z. Y., Sandanamsamy, S., Ismail, N. N., Mohamad, S., & Mohd Hanafiah, K. (2021). Bio-Guided Fractionation of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Fruit and Interactions of Compounds with First-Line Antituberculosis Drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. Separations, 8(2), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8020019

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