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Pharmacy
Volume 4
Issue 2
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Pharmacy, Volume 4, Issue 2 (June 2016) – 6 articles

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18 pages, 2086 KiB  
Article
Hospital and Community Pharmacists’ Perceptions of Which Competences Are Important for Their Practice
by Jeffrey Atkinson 1,*, Antonio Sánchez Pozo 2, Dimitrios Rekkas 3, Daisy Volmer 4, Jouni Hirvonen 5, Borut Bozic 6, Agnieska Skowron 7, Constantin Mircioiu 8, Roxana Sandulovici 8, Annie Marcincal 9,10, Andries Koster 9,11, Keith A. Wilson 12, Chris Van Schravendijk 13, Roberto Frontini 14,15, Richard Price 15, Ian Bates 16 and Kristien De Paepe 17
1 Pharmacolor Consultants Nancy, 12 rue de Versigny, Villers 54600, France
2 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada (UGR), Campus Universitario de la Cartuja s/n, Granada 18701, Spain
3 School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University Athens, Panepistimiou 30, Athens 10679, Greece
4 Pharmacy Faculty, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
5 Pharmacy Faculty, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, P.O. Box 33-4, Helsinki 00014, Finland
6 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva cesta 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
7 Pharmacy Faculty, Jagiellonian University, UL, Golebia 24, Krakow 31-007, Poland
8 Pharmacy Faculty, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila” Bucharest, Dionisie Lupu 37, Bucharest 020021, Romania
9 European Association of Faculties of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
10 Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Lille 2, Lille 59000, France
11 Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, Utrecht 3508 TB, The Netherlands
12 Applied Health Research Unit, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
13 Medical Faculty, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels 1090, Belgium
14 University Hospital of Leipzig, Centre for Patient Safety, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig 04103, Germany
15 European Association of Hospital Pharmacists, Rue Abbe Cuypers 3, Brussels 1040, Belgium
16 School of Pharmacy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
17 Pharmacy Faculty, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels 1090, Belgium
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Pharmacy 2016, 4(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy4020021 - 15 Jun 2016
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 8198
Abstract
The objective of the PHAR-QA (Quality assurance in European pharmacy education and training) project was to investigate how competence-based learning could be applied to a healthcare, sectoral profession such as pharmacy. This is the first study on evaluation of competences from the pharmacists’ [...] Read more.
The objective of the PHAR-QA (Quality assurance in European pharmacy education and training) project was to investigate how competence-based learning could be applied to a healthcare, sectoral profession such as pharmacy. This is the first study on evaluation of competences from the pharmacists’ perspective using an improved Delphi method with a large number of respondents from all over Europe. This paper looks at the way in which hospital pharmacists rank the fundamental competences for pharmacy practice. European hospital pharmacists (n = 152) ranked 68 competences for pharmacy practice of two types (personal and patient care), arranged into 13 clusters. Results were compared to those obtained from community pharmacists (n = 258). Generally, hospital and community pharmacists rank competences in a similar way. Nevertheless, differences can be detected. The higher focus of hospital pharmacists on knowledge of the different areas of science as well as on laboratory tests reflects the idea of a hospital pharmacy specialisation. The difference is also visible in the field of drug production. This is a necessary competence in hospitals with requests for drugs for rare diseases, as well as paediatric and oncologic drugs. Hospital pharmacists give entrepreneurship a lower score, but cost-effectiveness a higher one than community pharmacists. This reflects the reality of pharmacy practice where community pharmacists have to act as entrepreneurs, and hospital pharmacists are managers staying within drug budgets. The results are discussed in the light of a “hospital pharmacy” specialisation. Full article
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8 pages, 625 KiB  
Article
An Assessment of Demand for a Combined PharmD–MBA Program at the University of Saskatchewan
by Kerry Mansell 1,*, Antoine Bruneau-Bouchard 2 and Vincent Bruni-Bossio 2
1 College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
2 Edwards School of Business, University of Saskatchewan, 25 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A7, Canada
Pharmacy 2016, 4(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy4020020 - 13 May 2016
Viewed by 4029
Abstract
(1) Background: Combined MBA programs are becoming increasingly popular, and it is anticipated that there will be 60 combined pharmacy–MBA programs across North America in 2015. We aimed to see if there would be support for a combined PharmD–MBA program at the University [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Combined MBA programs are becoming increasingly popular, and it is anticipated that there will be 60 combined pharmacy–MBA programs across North America in 2015. We aimed to see if there would be support for a combined PharmD–MBA program at the University of Saskatchewan. (2) Methods: A questionnaire was distributed to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd year pharmacy students at the University of Saskatchewan. A separate questionnaire was developed and all practicing pharmacists in Saskatchewan were emailed a link to SurveyMonkey® (Palo Alto, CA, USA) to fill it out online. In-person and phone interviews were conducted with pharmacy stakeholders in Saskatchewan and across the country. (3) Results: Of the 265 students, 193 (72.8%) were present on the days the questionnaires were distributed, and they all completed the questionnaires. When asked if they would have pursued a combined degree if the U of S had offered it when they entered the pharmacy program, 16.6% (32/193) and 37.3% (72/193) either strongly agreed or agreed and 29.0% (56/193) were unsure. When pharmacists were asked if an MBA would be valuable or applicable in their current job, 42.2% (128/303) agreed and 13.9% (42/303) strongly agreed. When asked if they felt students graduating with a combined degree would be at an advantage for certain job opportunities upon graduation, 33.6% (100/298) strongly agreed and 55.4% (165/298) agreed. A total of 8 interviews were conducted with key stakeholders from across Canada. Of these 8 stakeholders, only 2 were aware that other combined programs were offered. All of the stakeholders were in favour of the idea of a combined degree. Some felt it was important for the program to have a clear value proposition and healthcare related content would be desirable. (4) Conclusions: Overall, pharmacist, pharmacy student, and stakeholder input indicate that a combined program could be supported at the University of Saskatchewan. Full article
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13 pages, 563 KiB  
Article
Understanding Users in the ‘Field’ of Medications
by Peri J. Ballantyne
Department of Sociology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 0G2, Canada
Pharmacy 2016, 4(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy4020019 - 6 May 2016
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6570
Abstract
The numbers of medicinal drugs available for human consumption have increased rapidly in the past several decades, and physician prescribing practices reflect the growing reliance on medicines in health care. However, the nature of medicines-as-technology makes problematic taken-for-granted relationships among actors involved in [...] Read more.
The numbers of medicinal drugs available for human consumption have increased rapidly in the past several decades, and physician prescribing practices reflect the growing reliance on medicines in health care. However, the nature of medicines-as-technology makes problematic taken-for-granted relationships among actors involved in the delivery, or who are the recipients of medicines-reliant health care. In this article, I situate the medicine user in the ‘field’ of medications—where interests, actions and outcomes are continually negotiated among and between the various players—physicians, pharmacists, government regulatory bodies, the pharmaceutical industry and users of medicines. The objective of the paper is to illuminate the complex context in which the medicine-user—the target of the pharmacy profession’s service to the public—accesses and uses medicines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Pharmacy)
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9 pages, 619 KiB  
Article
Restrictions to Pharmacy Ownership and Vertical Integration in Estonia—Perception of Different Stakeholders
by Marit Gross † and Daisy Volmer *,†
1 Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 1 Nooruse Str, Tartu 50411, Estonia
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
Pharmacy 2016, 4(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy4020018 - 19 Apr 2016
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7660
Abstract
Objectives: From 2020, the ownership of community pharmacies in Estonia will be limited to the pharmacy profession, and the vertical integration of wholesale companies and community pharmacies will not be allowed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception of different [...] Read more.
Objectives: From 2020, the ownership of community pharmacies in Estonia will be limited to the pharmacy profession, and the vertical integration of wholesale companies and community pharmacies will not be allowed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception of different stakeholders in primary healthcare toward the new regulations of the community pharmacy sector in Estonia. Methods: A qualitative electronic survey was distributed to the main stakeholders in primary healthcare and higher education institutions providing pharmacy education (n = 40) in May 2015. For data analysis, the systematic text condensation method was used. Results: The study participants described two opposing positions regarding the development of community pharmacies in the future. Reform supporters emphasized increased professional independence and more healthcare-oriented operation of community pharmacies. Reform opponents argued against these ideas as community pharmacists do not have sufficient practical experience and finances to ensure sustainable development of the community pharmacy sector in Estonia. Conclusion: Based on the current perception of all respondents, the future operation of the community pharmacy sector in Estonia is unclear and there is urgent need for implementation criteria for the new regulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Pharmacy)
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10 pages, 535 KiB  
Article
Educators’ Interprofessional Collaborative Relationships: Helping Pharmacy Students Learn to Work with Other Professions
by Anne Croker 1,*, Tony Smith 2, Karin Fisher 1 and Sonja Littlejohns 1
1 Tamworth Education Centre, Department of Rural Health, University of Newcastle, 114-148 Johnston Street, Tamworth, NSW 2340, Australia
2 Manning Education Centre, Department of Rural Health, University of Newcastle, 69A High Street, Taree, NSW 2430, Australia
Pharmacy 2016, 4(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy4020017 - 30 Mar 2016
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7254
Abstract
Similar to other professions, pharmacy educators use workplace learning opportunities to prepare students for collaborative practice. Thus, collaborative relationships between educators of different professions are important for planning, implementing and evaluating interprofessional learning strategies and role modelling interprofessional collaboration within and across university [...] Read more.
Similar to other professions, pharmacy educators use workplace learning opportunities to prepare students for collaborative practice. Thus, collaborative relationships between educators of different professions are important for planning, implementing and evaluating interprofessional learning strategies and role modelling interprofessional collaboration within and across university and workplace settings. However, there is a paucity of research exploring educators’ interprofessional relationships. Using collaborative dialogical inquiry we explored the nature of educators’ interprofessional relationships in a co-located setting. Data from interprofessional focus groups and semi-structured interviews were interpreted to identify themes that transcended the participants’ professional affiliations. Educators’ interprofessional collaborative relationships involved the development and interweaving of five interpersonal behaviours: being inclusive of other professions; developing interpersonal connections with colleagues from other professions; bringing a sense of own profession in relation to other professions; giving and receiving respect to other professions; and being learner-centred for students’ collaborative practice. Pharmacy educators, like other educators, need to ensure that interprofessional relationships are founded on positive experiences rather than vested in professional interests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Workplace Learning in Pharmacy)
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11 pages, 192 KiB  
Article
Falsified Medicines—Bridging the Gap between Business and Public Health
by Rasmus Borup 1,2,* and Janine Traulsen 1
1 Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
2 Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584CG, The Netherlands
Pharmacy 2016, 4(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy4020016 - 28 Mar 2016
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6206
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry is one of the most regulated industries in the world. While legislation is necessary to protect patients, too much legislation is said to hamper innovation and increase medicine prices. Using qualitative methods such as interviews and document analysis, we investigated [...] Read more.
The pharmaceutical industry is one of the most regulated industries in the world. While legislation is necessary to protect patients, too much legislation is said to hamper innovation and increase medicine prices. Using qualitative methods such as interviews and document analysis, we investigated the role of private stakeholders in the EU policymakers’ decision to initiate legislation to combat falsified medicines in 2008. Our results show that the pharmaceutical industry, brand owners in particular, were strong proponents of legislation to combat falsified medicines. Their support was not fueled by fear that falsified medicines would harm patients or their own business, but rather because legislative action in this area would advance policies that benefit their businesses objectives. The brand owners framed the issue to policymakers as best to support their business objectives. In general, supply chain actors lobbied for stricter requirements in order to challenge competitors. In the end, the Falsified Medicines Directive may have suffered from company influence not by addressing the primary problem of falsified medicines, but rather by creating additional legislation that benefits the supply chain actors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Pharmacy)
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