Next Issue
Volume 6, January
Previous Issue
Volume 5, September
 
 

Nanomaterials, Volume 5, Issue 4 (December 2015) – 47 articles , Pages 1556-2390

  • Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list.
  • You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.
  • PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.
Order results
Result details
Section
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
15 pages, 3918 KiB  
Article
A Paper-Based Sandwich Format Hybridization Assay for Unlabeled Nucleic Acid Detection Using Upconversion Nanoparticles as Energy Donors in Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer
by Feng Zhou, M. Omair Noor and Ulrich J. Krull *
Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1556-1570; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041556 - 24 Sep 2015
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 7550
Abstract
Bioassays based on cellulose paper substrates are gaining increasing popularity for the development of field portable and low-cost diagnostic applications. Herein, we report a paper-based nucleic acid hybridization assay using immobilized upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as donors in luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET). UCNPs [...] Read more.
Bioassays based on cellulose paper substrates are gaining increasing popularity for the development of field portable and low-cost diagnostic applications. Herein, we report a paper-based nucleic acid hybridization assay using immobilized upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as donors in luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET). UCNPs with intense green emission served as donors with Cy3 dye as the acceptor. The avidin functionalized UCNPs were immobilized on cellulose paper and subsequently bioconjugated to biotinylated oligonucleotide probes. Introduction of unlabeled oligonucleotide targets resulted in a formation of probe-target duplexes. A subsequent hybridization of Cy3 labeled reporter with the remaining single stranded portion of target brought the Cy3 dye in close proximity to the UCNPs to trigger a LRET-sensitized emission from the acceptor dye. The hybridization assays provided a limit of detection (LOD) of 146.0 fmol and exhibited selectivity for one base pair mismatch discrimination. The assay was functional even in undiluted serum samples. This work embodies important progress in developing DNA hybridization assays on paper. Detection of unlabeled targets is achieved using UCNPs as LRET donors, with minimization of background signal from paper substrates owing to the implementation of low energy near-infrared (NIR) excitation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 1928 KiB  
Article
Preparation of GST Inhibitor Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System and Its Reversal Effect on the Multidrug Resistance in Oral Carcinoma
by Bing Han 1, Yanli Wang 2, Lan Wang 3, Zuhui Shang 3, Shuang Wang 4 and Jin Pei 1,*
1 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, No.1266 Fujin Road, Changchun 130012, China
2 Changchun Women and Children Health Hospital, No. 962 Xinfa Road, Changchun 130061, China
3 School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
4 China Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, China
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1571-1587; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041571 - 29 Sep 2015
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6052
Abstract
During the chemotherapy of cancer, drug resistance is the first issue that chemotherapeutic drugs cannot be effectively used for the treatment of cancers repeatedly for a long term, and the main reason for this is that tumor cell detoxification is mediated by GSH [...] Read more.
During the chemotherapy of cancer, drug resistance is the first issue that chemotherapeutic drugs cannot be effectively used for the treatment of cancers repeatedly for a long term, and the main reason for this is that tumor cell detoxification is mediated by GSH (glutathione) catalyzed by GST (glutathione-S-transferase). In this study, a GST inhibitor, ethacrynic acid (ECA), was designed to be coupled with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) (MPEG–PLA) by disulfide bonds to prepare methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide)-disulphide bond-mthacrynic acid (MPEG–PLA–SS–ECA) as a carrier material of the nanoparticles. Nanoparticles of pingyangmycin (PYM) and carboplatin (CBP) were prepared, respectively, and their physicochemical properties were investigated. The ECA at the disulfide could be released in the presence of GSH, the pingyangmycin, carboplatin and ECA were all uniformly released, and the nanoparticles could release all the drugs completely within 10 days. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the prepared MPEG–PLA–SS–ECA/CBP and MPEG–PLA–SS–ECA/PYM nanoparticles in drug-resistant oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines SCC15/CBP and SCC15/PYM cells was 12.68 μg·mL1 and 12.76 μg·mL1, respectively; the resistant factor RF of them in the drug-resistant cells were 1.51 and 1.24, respectively, indicating that MPEG–PLA–SS–ECA nanoparticles can reverse the drug resistance of these two drug-resistant cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapies)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

22 pages, 996 KiB  
Article
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Coated with a Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotide and a Cationic Peptide: Exploring Four Different Ways of Surface Functionalization
by Frédéric Geinguenaud 1, Claire Banissi 2, Antoine F. Carpentier 1,2 and Laurence Motte 1,*
1 Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR de Santé, Médecine et Biologie Humaine, F-93017 Bobigny, France
2 Université Paris Descartes, Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, F-75015 Paris, France
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1588-1609; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041588 - 29 Sep 2015
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7866
Abstract
The superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have great potential in therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Due to their superparamagnetic behavior, they are used clinically as a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) contrast agent. Iron oxide nanoparticles are also recognized todays as smart drug-delivery systems. However, [...] Read more.
The superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have great potential in therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Due to their superparamagnetic behavior, they are used clinically as a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) contrast agent. Iron oxide nanoparticles are also recognized todays as smart drug-delivery systems. However, to increase their specificity, it is essential to functionalize them with a molecule that effectively targets a specific area of the body. Among the molecules that can fulfill this role, peptides are excellent candidates. Oligonucleotides are recognized as potential drugs for various diseases but suffer from poor uptake and intracellular degradation. In this work, we explore four different strategies, based on the electrostatic interactions between the different partners, to functionalize the surface of SPIONs with a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide (ODN) and a cationic peptide labeled with a fluorophore. The internalization of the nanoparticles has been evaluated in vitro on RAW 264.7 cells. Among these strategies, the “«one-step assembly»”, i.e., the direct complexation of oligonucleotides and peptides on iron oxide nanoparticles, provides the best way of coating for the internalization of the nanocomplexes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles in Theranostics)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 2610 KiB  
Communication
Controllable Synthesis of Copper Oxide/Carbon Core/Shell Nanowire Arrays and Their Application for Electrochemical Energy Storage
by Jiye Zhan 1, Minghua Chen 2,* and Xinhui Xia 1,*
1 State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applications for Batteries of Zhejiang Province, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
2 School of Applied Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1610-1619; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041610 - 9 Oct 2015
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7038
Abstract
Rational design/fabrication of integrated porous metal oxide arrays is critical for the construction of advanced electrochemical devices. Herein, we report self-supported CuO/C core/shell nanowire arrays prepared by the combination of electro-deposition and chemical vapor deposition methods. CuO/C nanowires with diameters of ~400 nm [...] Read more.
Rational design/fabrication of integrated porous metal oxide arrays is critical for the construction of advanced electrochemical devices. Herein, we report self-supported CuO/C core/shell nanowire arrays prepared by the combination of electro-deposition and chemical vapor deposition methods. CuO/C nanowires with diameters of ~400 nm grow quasi-vertically to the substrates forming three-dimensional arrays architecture. A thin carbon shell is uniformly coated on the CuO nanowire cores. As an anode of lithium ion batteries, the resultant CuO/C nanowire arrays are demonstrated to have high specific capacity (672 mAh·g−1 at 0.2 C) and good cycle stability (425 mAh·g−1 at 1 C up to 150 cycles). The core/shell arrays structure plays positive roles in the enhancement of Li ion storage due to fast ion/electron transfer path, good strain accommodation and sufficient contact between electrolyte and active materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 433 KiB  
Review
Metal Oxide Nanomaterial QNAR Models: Available Structural Descriptors and Understanding of Toxicity Mechanisms
by Jiali Ying 1,2,†, Ting Zhang 1,2,*,† and Meng Tang 1,2,*
1 Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
2 Jiangsu key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1620-1637; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041620 - 12 Oct 2015
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6474
Abstract
Metal oxide nanomaterials are widely used in various areas; however, the divergent published toxicology data makes it difficult to determine whether there is a risk associated with exposure to metal oxide nanomaterials. The application of quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) modeling in metal [...] Read more.
Metal oxide nanomaterials are widely used in various areas; however, the divergent published toxicology data makes it difficult to determine whether there is a risk associated with exposure to metal oxide nanomaterials. The application of quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) modeling in metal oxide nanomaterials toxicity studies can reduce the need for time-consuming and resource-intensive nanotoxicity tests. The nanostructure and inorganic composition of metal oxide nanomaterials makes this approach different from classical QSAR study; this review lists and classifies some structural descriptors, such as size, cation charge, and band gap energy, in recent metal oxide nanomaterials quantitative nanostructure activity relationship (QNAR) studies and discusses the mechanism of metal oxide nanomaterials toxicity based on these descriptors and traditional nanotoxicity tests. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 1601 KiB  
Article
High Rate Performance Nanocomposite Electrode of Mesoporous Manganese Dioxide/Silver Nanowires in KI Electrolytes
by Yanhua Jiang 1, Xiuguo Cui 1,*, Lei Zu 1,2, Zhongkai Hu 1,2, Jing Gan 1, Huiqin Lian 1,3,*, Yang Liu 1 and Guangjian Xing 1
1 College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
3 Beijing Key Laboratory of Specialty Elastomer Composite Materials, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1638-1653; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041638 - 13 Oct 2015
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6604
Abstract
In recent years, manganese dioxide has become a research hotspot as an electrode material because of its low price. However, it has also become an obstacle to industrialization due to its low ratio of capacitance and the low rate performance which is caused [...] Read more.
In recent years, manganese dioxide has become a research hotspot as an electrode material because of its low price. However, it has also become an obstacle to industrialization due to its low ratio of capacitance and the low rate performance which is caused by the poor electrical conductivity. In this study, a KI solution with electrochemical activity was innovatively applied to the electrolyte, and we systematically investigated the rate performance of the mesoporous manganese dioxide and the composite electrode with silver nanowires in supercapacitors. The results showed that when mesoporous manganese dioxide and mesoporous manganese dioxide/silver nanowires composite were used as electrodes, the strength of the current was amplified five times (from 0.1 to 0.5 A/g), the remaining rates of specific capacitance were 95% (from 205.5 down to 197.1 F/g) and 92% (from 208.1 down to 191.7 F/g) in the KI electrolyte, and the rate performance was much higher than which in an Na2SO4 electrolyte with a remaining rate of 25% (from 200.3 down to 49.1 F/g) and 60% (from 187.2 down to 113.1 F/g). The morphology and detail structure were investigated by Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The electrochemical performance was assessed by cyclic voltammograms, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Mesoporous Nanomaterials)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 1728 KiB  
Article
Computational Evaluation of Amorphous Carbon Coating for Durable Silicon Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Jeongwoon Hwang 1, Jisoon Ihm 1, Kwang-Ryeol Lee 2,3 and Seungchul Kim 2,3,*
1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
2 Center for Computational Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
3 Department of Nanomaterials Science and Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu, Deajeon 34113, Korea
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1654-1666; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041654 - 13 Oct 2015
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6714
Abstract
We investigate the structural, mechanical, and electronic properties of graphite-like amorphous carbon coating on bulky silicon to examine whether it can improve the durability of the silicon anodes of lithium-ion batteries using molecular dynamics simulations and ab-initio electronic structure calculations. Structural models of [...] Read more.
We investigate the structural, mechanical, and electronic properties of graphite-like amorphous carbon coating on bulky silicon to examine whether it can improve the durability of the silicon anodes of lithium-ion batteries using molecular dynamics simulations and ab-initio electronic structure calculations. Structural models of carbon coating are constructed using molecular dynamics simulations of atomic carbon deposition with low incident energies (1–16 eV). As the incident energy decreases, the ratio of sp2 carbons increases, that of sp3 decreases, and the carbon films become more porous. The films prepared with very low incident energy contain lithium-ion conducting channels. Also, those films are electrically conductive to supplement the poor conductivity of silicon and can restore their structure after large deformation to accommodate the volume change during the operations. As a result of this study, we suggest that graphite-like porous carbon coating on silicon will extend the lifetime of the silicon anodes of lithium-ion batteries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

23 pages, 3355 KiB  
Review
Mesoporous Transition Metal Oxides for Supercapacitors
by Yan Wang 1, Jin Guo 2, Tingfeng Wang 2, Junfeng Shao 2, Dong Wang 2 and Ying-Wei Yang 1,*
1 College of Chemistry, International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC), State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Laser Interaction with Matter, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130033, China
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1667-1689; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041667 - 14 Oct 2015
Cited by 366 | Viewed by 20065
Abstract
Recently, transition metal oxides, such as ruthenium oxide (RuO2), manganese dioxide (MnO2), nickel oxides (NiO) and cobalt oxide (Co3O4), have been widely investigated as electrode materials for pseudo-capacitors. In particular, these metal oxides with mesoporous [...] Read more.
Recently, transition metal oxides, such as ruthenium oxide (RuO2), manganese dioxide (MnO2), nickel oxides (NiO) and cobalt oxide (Co3O4), have been widely investigated as electrode materials for pseudo-capacitors. In particular, these metal oxides with mesoporous structures have become very hot nanomaterials in the field of supercapacitors owing to their large specific surface areas and suitable pore size distributions. The high specific capacities of these mesoporous metal oxides are resulted from the effective contacts between electrode materials and electrolytes as well as fast transportation of ions and electrons in the bulk of electrode and at the interface of electrode and electrolyte. During the past decade, many achievements on mesoporous transition metal oxides have been made. In this mini-review, we select several typical nanomaterials, such as RuO2, MnO2, NiO, Co3O4 and nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4), and briefly summarize the recent research progress of these mesoporous transition metal oxides-based electrodes in the field of supercapacitors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Mesoporous Nanomaterials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 730 KiB  
Review
Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Their Applications in Drug Delivery and Cancer Therapy
by Mathangi Srinivasan, Mehdi Rajabi and Shaker A. Mousa *
The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1690-1703; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041690 - 14 Oct 2015
Cited by 139 | Viewed by 16955
Abstract
The field of nanotechnology has led to the development of many innovative strategies for effective detection and treatment of cancer, overcoming limitations associated with conventional cancer diagnosis and therapy. Multifunctional nanoparticle systems can integrate imaging, targeting and treatment moieties on the surface and [...] Read more.
The field of nanotechnology has led to the development of many innovative strategies for effective detection and treatment of cancer, overcoming limitations associated with conventional cancer diagnosis and therapy. Multifunctional nanoparticle systems can integrate imaging, targeting and treatment moieties on the surface and in the core, resulting in targeted delivery of the imaging or treatment modalities, specifically to the tumor. Multifunctional nanoparticles also enable simultaneous delivery of multiple treatment agents, resulting in effective combinatorial therapeutic regimens against cancer. In this review, various multifunctional nanoparticle systems that feature a variety of targeting moieties for in vitro and/or in vivo cancer imaging and therapy are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles Assisted Drug Delivery)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 782 KiB  
Article
Voltammetric Determination of Ferulic Acid Using Polypyrrole-Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Electrode with Sample Application
by Refat Abdel-Hamid and Emad F. Newair *
Unit of Electrochemistry Applications (UEA), Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1704-1715; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041704 - 16 Oct 2015
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6039
Abstract
A polypyrrole-multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode-based sensor was devised for determination of ferulic acid (FA). The fabricated sensor was prepared electrochemically using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and characterized using CV and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The electrode shows an excellent electrochemical catalytic [...] Read more.
A polypyrrole-multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode-based sensor was devised for determination of ferulic acid (FA). The fabricated sensor was prepared electrochemically using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and characterized using CV and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The electrode shows an excellent electrochemical catalytic activity towards FA oxidation. Under optimal conditions, the anodic peak current correlates linearly to the FA concentration throughout the range of 3.32 × 10−6 to 2.59 × 10−5 M with a detection limit of 1.17 × 10−6 M (S/N = 3). The prepared sensor is highly selective towards ferulic acid without the interference of ascorbic acid. The sensor applicability was tested for total content determination of FA in a commercial popcorn sample and showed a robust functionality. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 2829 KiB  
Article
Dendrimer-Functionalized Laponite Nanodisks as a Platform for Anticancer Drug Delivery
by Rania Mustafa 1, Yu Luo 1, Yilun Wu 1, Rui Guo 1,* and Xiangyang Shi 1,2,*
1 College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
2 CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1716-1731; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041716 - 20 Oct 2015
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 7252
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized dendrimer-functionalized laponite (LAP) nanodisks for loading and delivery of anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). Firstly, LAP was modified with silane coupling agents and succinic anhydride to render abundant carboxyl groups on the surface of LAP. Then, poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer [...] Read more.
In this study, we synthesized dendrimer-functionalized laponite (LAP) nanodisks for loading and delivery of anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). Firstly, LAP was modified with silane coupling agents and succinic anhydride to render abundant carboxyl groups on the surface of LAP. Then, poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer of generation 2 (G2) were conjugated to form LM-G2 nanodisks. Anticancer drug DOX was then loaded on the LM-G2 with an impressively high drug loading efficiency of 98.4% and could be released in a pH-sensitive and sustained manner. Moreover, cell viability assay results indicate that LM-G2/DOX complexes could more effectively inhibit the proliferation of KB cells (a human epithelial carcinoma cell line) than free DOX at the same drug concentration. Flow cytometry analysis and confocal laser scanning microscope demonstrated that LM-G2/DOX could be uptaken by KB cells more effectively than free DOX. Considering the exceptional high drug loading efficiency and the abundant dendrimer amine groups on the surface that can be further modified, the developed LM-G2 nanodisks may hold a great promise to be used as a novel platform for anticancer drug delivery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles Assisted Drug Delivery)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

24 pages, 2400 KiB  
Review
Single-Walled Carbon Nanohorns for Energy Applications
by Zhichao Zhang 1,†, Shuang Han 1,†, Chao Wang 2,3,†, Jianping Li 2,* and Guobao Xu 2,3,*
1 College of Applied Chemistry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
2 College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
3 State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1732-1755; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041732 - 21 Oct 2015
Cited by 62 | Viewed by 9281
Abstract
With the growth of the global economy and population, the demand for energy is increasing sharply. The development of environmentally a benign and reliable energy supply is very important and urgent. Single-walled carbon nanohorns (SWCNHs), which have a horn-shaped tip at the top [...] Read more.
With the growth of the global economy and population, the demand for energy is increasing sharply. The development of environmentally a benign and reliable energy supply is very important and urgent. Single-walled carbon nanohorns (SWCNHs), which have a horn-shaped tip at the top of single-walled nanotube, have emerged as exceptionally promising nanomaterials due to their unique physical and chemical properties since 1999. The high purity and thermal stability, combined with microporosity and mesoporosity, high surface area, internal pore accessibility, and multiform functionalization make SWCNHs promising candidates in many applications, such as environment restoration, gas storage, catalyst support or catalyst, electrochemical biosensors, drug carrier systems, magnetic resonance analysis and so on. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of SWCNHs in energy applications, including energy conversion and storage. The commonly adopted method to access SWCNHs, their structural modifications, and their basic properties are included, and the emphasis is on their application in different devices such as fuel cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, supercapacitors, Li-ion batteries, Li-S batteries, hydrogen storage, biofuel cells and so forth. Finally, a perspective on SWCNHs’ application in energy is presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Energy and Sustainability Applications)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 1811 KiB  
Article
Direct Growth of Bismuth Film as Anode for Aqueous Rechargeable Batteries in LiOH, NaOH and KOH Electrolytes
by Wenhua Zuo 1,2,†, Pan Xu 1,2,†, Yuanyuan Li 3,* and Jinping Liu 1,2,*
1 School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
2 Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
3 School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1756-1765; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041756 - 22 Oct 2015
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 7828
Abstract
As promising candidates for next-generation energy storage devices, aqueous rechargeable batteries are safer and cheaper than organic Li ion batteries. But due to the narrow voltage window of aqueous electrolytes, proper anode materials with low redox potential and high capacity are quite rare. [...] Read more.
As promising candidates for next-generation energy storage devices, aqueous rechargeable batteries are safer and cheaper than organic Li ion batteries. But due to the narrow voltage window of aqueous electrolytes, proper anode materials with low redox potential and high capacity are quite rare. In this work, bismuth electrode film was directly grown by a facile hydrothermal route and tested in LiOH, NaOH and KOH electrolytes. With low redox potential (reduction/oxidation potentials at ca. −0.85/−0.52 V vs. SCE, respectively) and high specific capacity (170 mAh·g−1 at current density of 0.5 A·g−1 in KOH electrolyte), Bi was demonstrated as a suitable anode material for aqueous batteries. Furthermore, by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis, we found that with smaller Rs and faster ion diffusion coefficient, Bi electrode film in KOH electrolyte exhibited better electrochemical performance than in LiOH and NaOH electrolytes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 2401 KiB  
Article
Control of Partial Coalescence of Self-Assembled Metal Nano-Particles across Lyotropic Liquid Crystals Templates towards Long Range Meso-Porous Metal Frameworks Design
by Ludovic F. Dumée *, Jean-Baptiste Lemoine, Alice Ancel, Nishar Hameed, Li He and Lingxue Kong
Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Institute for Frontier Materials, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds Vic 3216, Australia
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1766-1781; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041766 - 26 Oct 2015
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7044
Abstract
The formation of purely metallic meso-porous metal thin films by partial interface coalescence of self-assembled metal nano-particles across aqueous solutions of Pluronics triblock lyotropic liquid crystals is demonstrated for the first time. Small angle X-ray scattering was used to study the influence of [...] Read more.
The formation of purely metallic meso-porous metal thin films by partial interface coalescence of self-assembled metal nano-particles across aqueous solutions of Pluronics triblock lyotropic liquid crystals is demonstrated for the first time. Small angle X-ray scattering was used to study the influence of the thin film composition and processing conditions on the ordered structures. The structural characteristics of the meso-structures formed demonstrated to primarily rely on the lyotropic liquid crystal properties while the nature of the metal nano-particles used as well as the their diameters were found to affect the ordered structure formation. The impact of the annealing temperature on the nano-particle coalescence and efficiency at removing the templating lyotropic liquid crystals was also analysed. It is demonstrated that the lyotropic liquid crystal is rendered slightly less thermally stable, upon mixing with metal nano-particles and that low annealing temperatures are sufficient to form purely metallic frameworks with average pore size distributions smaller than 500 nm and porosity around 45% with potential application in sensing, catalysis, nanoscale heat exchange, and molecular separation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Mesoporous Nanomaterials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 3293 KiB  
Review
Enhancing Solar Cell Efficiency Using Photon Upconversion Materials
by Yunfei Shang 1, Shuwei Hao 1,2, Chunhui Yang 1,2,* and Guanying Chen 1,3,*
1 School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
2 Harbin Huigong Technology Co., Ltd., Harbin 150001, China
3 Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1782-1809; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041782 - 27 Oct 2015
Cited by 169 | Viewed by 17201
Abstract
Photovoltaic cells are able to convert sunlight into electricity, providing enough of the most abundant and cleanest energy to cover our energy needs. However, the efficiency of current photovoltaics is significantly impeded by the transmission loss of sub-band-gap photons. Photon upconversion is a [...] Read more.
Photovoltaic cells are able to convert sunlight into electricity, providing enough of the most abundant and cleanest energy to cover our energy needs. However, the efficiency of current photovoltaics is significantly impeded by the transmission loss of sub-band-gap photons. Photon upconversion is a promising route to circumvent this problem by converting these transmitted sub-band-gap photons into above-band-gap light, where solar cells typically have high quantum efficiency. Here, we summarize recent progress on varying types of efficient upconversion materials as well as their outstanding uses in a series of solar cells, including silicon solar cells (crystalline and amorphous), gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, and other types of solar cells. The challenge and prospect of upconversion materials for photovoltaic applications are also discussed Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Solar Cells)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 1087 KiB  
Article
Organic Phase Change Nanoparticles for in-Product Labeling of Agrochemicals
by Miao Wang 1, Binh Duong 2 and Ming Su 1,*
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
2 Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1810-1819; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041810 - 28 Oct 2015
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6508
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop in-product covert barcodes for anti-counterfeiting of agrochemicals. This paper reports a new organic nanoparticle-based in-product barcode system, in which a panel of organic phase change nanoparticles is added as a barcode into in a variety of [...] Read more.
There is an urgent need to develop in-product covert barcodes for anti-counterfeiting of agrochemicals. This paper reports a new organic nanoparticle-based in-product barcode system, in which a panel of organic phase change nanoparticles is added as a barcode into in a variety of chemicals (herein agrochemicals). The barcode is readout by detecting melting peaks of organic nanoparticles using differential scanning calorimetry. This method has high labeling capacity due to small sizes of nanoparticles, sharp melting peaks, and large scan range of thermal analysis. The in-product barcode can be effectively used to protect agrochemical products from being counterfeited due to its large coding capacity, technical readiness, covertness, and robustness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineered Nanomaterials in the Environment)
Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 652 KiB  
Article
Chalcopyrite Nanoparticles as a Sustainable Thermoelectric Material
by Maninder Singh, Masanobu Miyata, Shunsuke Nishino, Derrick Mott, Mikio Koyano and Shinya Maenosono *
Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, School of Materials Science, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1820-1830; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041820 - 29 Oct 2015
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6687
Abstract
In this report, copper iron sulfide nanoparticles with various composition were synthesized by a thermolysis based wet chemical method. These inherently sustainable nanoparticles were then fully characterized in terms of composition, structure, and morphology, as well as for suitability as a thermoelectric material. [...] Read more.
In this report, copper iron sulfide nanoparticles with various composition were synthesized by a thermolysis based wet chemical method. These inherently sustainable nanoparticles were then fully characterized in terms of composition, structure, and morphology, as well as for suitability as a thermoelectric material. The merits of the material preparation include a straightforward bulk material formation where particles do not require any specialized treatment, such as spark plasma sintering or thermal heating. The Seebeck coefficient of the materials reveals P-type conductivity with a maximum value of 203 µV/K. The results give insight into how to design and create a new class of sustainable nanoparticle material for thermoelectric applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapies)
Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 2348 KiB  
Article
Effects of Annealing Temperature on Properties of Ti-Ga–Doped ZnO Films Deposited on Flexible Substrates
by Tao-Hsing Chen * and Ting-You Chen
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1831-1839; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041831 - 3 Nov 2015
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5748
Abstract
An investigation is performed into the optical, electrical, and microstructural properties of Ti-Ga–doped ZnO films deposited on polyimide (PI) flexible substrates and then annealed at temperatures of 300 °C, 400 °C, and 450 °C, respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis results show that [...] Read more.
An investigation is performed into the optical, electrical, and microstructural properties of Ti-Ga–doped ZnO films deposited on polyimide (PI) flexible substrates and then annealed at temperatures of 300 °C, 400 °C, and 450 °C, respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis results show that all of the films have a strong (002) Ga doped ZnO (GZO) preferential orientation. As the annealing temperature is increased to 400 °C, the optical transmittance increases and the electrical resistivity decreases. However, as the temperature is further increased to 450 °C, the transmittance reduces and the resistivity increases due to a carbonization of the PI substrate. Finally, the crystallinity of the ZnO film improves with an increasing annealing temperature only up to 400 °C and is accompanied by a smaller crystallite size and a lower surface roughness. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 5799 KiB  
Article
Structural Stability of Diffusion Barriers in Cu/Ru/MgO/Ta/Si
by Shu-Huei Hsieh 1, Wen Jauh Chen 2,* and Chu-Mo Chien 1
1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Formosa University, 64 Wunhua Road, Huwei, Yunlin 632, Taiwan
2 Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 640, Taiwan
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1840-1852; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041840 - 3 Nov 2015
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6492
Abstract
Various structures of Cu (50 nm)/Ru (2 nm)/MgO (0.5–3 nm)/Ta (2 nm)/Si were prepared by sputtering and electroplating techniques, in which the ultra-thin trilayer of Ru (2 nm)/MgO (0.5–3 nm)/Ta (2 nm) is used as the diffusion barrier against the interdiffusion between Cu [...] Read more.
Various structures of Cu (50 nm)/Ru (2 nm)/MgO (0.5–3 nm)/Ta (2 nm)/Si were prepared by sputtering and electroplating techniques, in which the ultra-thin trilayer of Ru (2 nm)/MgO (0.5–3 nm)/Ta (2 nm) is used as the diffusion barrier against the interdiffusion between Cu film and Si substrate. The various structures of Cu/Ru/MgO/Ta/Si were characterized by four-point probes for their sheet resistances, by X-ray diffractometers for their crystal structures, by scanning electron microscopes for their surface morphologies, and by transmission electron microscopes for their cross-section and high resolution views. The results showed that the ultra-thin tri-layer of Ru (2 nm)/MgO (0.5–3 nm)/Ta (2 nm) is an effective diffusion barrier against the interdiffusion between Cu film and Si substrate. The MgO, and Ta layers as deposited are amorphous. The mechanism for the failure of the diffusion barrier is that the Ru layer first became discontinuous at a high temperature and the Ta layer sequentially become discontinuous at a higher temperature, the Cu atoms then diffuse through the MgO layer and to the substrate at the discontinuities, and the Cu3Si phases finally form. The maximum temperature at which the structures of Cu (50 nm)/Ru (2 nm)/MgO (0.5–3 nm)/Ta (2 nm)/Si are annealed and still have low sheet resistance is from 550 to 750 °C for the annealing time of 5 min and from 500 to 700 °C for the annealing time of 30 min. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 704 KiB  
Review
Gold Nanotheranostics: Proof-of-Concept or Clinical Tool?
by Pedro Pedrosa, Raquel Vinhas, Alexandra Fernandes and Pedro V Baptista *
UCIBIO, Department of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1853-1879; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041853 - 3 Nov 2015
Cited by 116 | Viewed by 13114
Abstract
Nanoparticles have been making their way in biomedical applications and personalized medicine, allowing for the coupling of diagnostics and therapeutics into a single nanomaterial—nanotheranostics. Gold nanoparticles, in particular, have unique features that make them excellent nanomaterials for theranostics, enabling the integration of targeting, [...] Read more.
Nanoparticles have been making their way in biomedical applications and personalized medicine, allowing for the coupling of diagnostics and therapeutics into a single nanomaterial—nanotheranostics. Gold nanoparticles, in particular, have unique features that make them excellent nanomaterials for theranostics, enabling the integration of targeting, imaging and therapeutics in a single platform, with proven applicability in the management of heterogeneous diseases, such as cancer. In this review, we focus on gold nanoparticle-based theranostics at the lab bench, through pre-clinical and clinical stages. With few products facing clinical trials, much remains to be done to effectively assess the real benefits of nanotheranostics at the clinical level. Hence, we also discuss the efforts currently being made to translate nanotheranostics into the market, as well as their commercial impact. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles in Theranostics)
Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 658 KiB  
Article
T1-MRI Fluorescent Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Microwave Assisted Synthesis
by Riju Bhavesh 1, Ana V. Lechuga-Vieco 1, Jesús Ruiz-Cabello 1,2 and Fernando Herranz 1,*
1 Spanish Cardiovascular Research Centre (CNIC) and Spanish Pulmonary Diseases Network (CIBERES) C/Melchor Fernández-Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
2 Department of Physicochemistry II, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1880-1890; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041880 - 4 Nov 2015
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7453
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles have long been studied as a T2 contrast agent in MRI due to their superparamagnetic behavior. T1-based positive contrast, being much more favorable for clinical application due to brighter and more accurate signaling is, however, still limited [...] Read more.
Iron oxide nanoparticles have long been studied as a T2 contrast agent in MRI due to their superparamagnetic behavior. T1-based positive contrast, being much more favorable for clinical application due to brighter and more accurate signaling is, however, still limited to gadolinium- or manganese-based imaging tools. Though being the only available commercial positive-contrast agents, they lack an efficient argument when it comes to biological toxicity and their circulatory half-life in blood. The need arises to design a biocompatible contrast agent with a scope for easy surface functionalization for long circulation in blood and/or targeted imaging. We hereby propose an extremely fast microwave synthesis for fluorescein-labeled extremely-small iron oxide nanoparticles (fdIONP), in a single step, as a viable tool for cell labeling and T1-MRI. We demonstrate the capabilities of such an approach through high-quality magnetic resonance angiographic images of mice. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 3384 KiB  
Article
Nanoporous Carbon Nanofibers Decorated with Platinum Nanoparticles for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensing of H2O2
by Yang Li 1,†, Mingfa Zhang 1,†, Xiaopeng Zhang 1, Guocheng Xie 1, Zhiqiang Su 1,* and Gang Wei 2,*
1 State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
2 Hybrid Materials Interface Group, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen D-28359, Germany
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1891-1905; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041891 - 6 Nov 2015
Cited by 59 | Viewed by 8693
Abstract
We describe the preparation of nanoporous carbon nanofibers (CNFs) decorated with platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) in this work by electrospining polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers and subsequent carbonization and binding of PtNPs. The fabricated nanoporous CNF-PtNP hybrids were further utilized to modify glass carbon electrodes and [...] Read more.
We describe the preparation of nanoporous carbon nanofibers (CNFs) decorated with platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) in this work by electrospining polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers and subsequent carbonization and binding of PtNPs. The fabricated nanoporous CNF-PtNP hybrids were further utilized to modify glass carbon electrodes and used for the non-enzymatic amperometric biosensor for the highly sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The morphologies of the fabricated nanoporous CNF-PtNP hybrids were observed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and their structure was further investigated with Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectrum. The cyclic voltammetry experiments indicate that CNF-PtNP modified electrodes have high electrocatalytic activity toward H2O2 and the chronoamperometry measurements illustrate that the fabricated biosensor has a high sensitivity for detecting H2O2. We anticipate that the strategies utilized in this work will not only guide the further design and fabrication of functional nanofiber-based biomaterials and nanodevices, but also extend the potential applications in energy storage, cytology, and tissue engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

32 pages, 1622 KiB  
Review
Smart Mesoporous Nanomaterials for Antitumor Therapy
by Marina Martínez-Carmona 1,2,3, Montserrat Colilla 1,2,3,* and Maria Vallet-Regí 1,2,3,*
1 Department of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Sanitary Research Institute “Hospital 12 de Octubre” i+12, Ramón y Cajal Square, S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain
2 Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid 28040, Spain
3 Campus of International Excellence, CEI Campus Moncloa, UCM-UPM, Madrid 28040, Spain
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1906-1937; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041906 - 6 Nov 2015
Cited by 86 | Viewed by 11434
Abstract
The use of nanomaterials for the treatment of solid tumours is receiving increasing attention by the scientific community. Among them, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) exhibit unique features that make them suitable nanocarriers to host, transport and protect drug molecules until the target is [...] Read more.
The use of nanomaterials for the treatment of solid tumours is receiving increasing attention by the scientific community. Among them, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) exhibit unique features that make them suitable nanocarriers to host, transport and protect drug molecules until the target is reached. It is possible to incorporate different targeting ligands to the outermost surface of MSNs to selectively drive the drugs to the tumour tissues. To prevent the premature release of the cargo entrapped in the mesopores, it is feasible to cap the pore entrances using stimuli-responsive nanogates. Therefore, upon exposure to internal (pH, enzymes, glutathione, etc.) or external (temperature, light, magnetic field, etc.) stimuli, the pore opening takes place and the release of the entrapped cargo occurs. These smart MSNs are capable of selectively reaching and accumulating at the target tissue and releasing the entrapped drug in a specific and controlled fashion, constituting a promising alternative to conventional chemotherapy, which is typically associated with undesired side effects. In this review, we overview the recent advances reported by the scientific community in developing MSNs for antitumor therapy. We highlight the possibility to design multifunctional nanosystems using different therapeutic approaches aimed at increasing the efficacy of the antitumor treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Mesoporous Nanomaterials)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 751 KiB  
Article
Cytotoxicity, Uptake Behaviors, and Oral Absorption of Food Grade Calcium Carbonate Nanomaterials
by Mi-Kyung Kim 1, Jeong-A. Lee 1, Mi-Rae Jo 1, Min-Kyu Kim 2, Hyoung-Mi Kim 2, Jae-Min Oh 2, Nam Woong Song 3 and Soo-Jin Choi 1,*
1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women’s University, 621 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-774, Korea
2 Department of Chemistry and Medical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, 1 Yonseidaegil, Wonju, Gangwondo 220-710, Korea
3 Center for Nanosafety Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-340, Korea
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1938-1954; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041938 - 10 Nov 2015
Cited by 47 | Viewed by 8403
Abstract
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in human body and essential for the formation and maintenance of bones and teeth as well as diverse cellular functions. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is widely used as a dietary supplement; however, oral absorption efficiency of [...] Read more.
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in human body and essential for the formation and maintenance of bones and teeth as well as diverse cellular functions. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is widely used as a dietary supplement; however, oral absorption efficiency of CaCO3 is extremely low, which may be overcome by applying nano-sized materials. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of food grade nano CaCO3 in comparison with that of bulk- or reagent grade nano CaCO3 in terms of cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, intestinal transport, and oral absorption. Cytotoxicity results demonstrated that nano-sized CaCO3 particles were slightly more toxic than bulk materials in terms of oxidative stress and membrane damage. Cellular uptake behaviors of CaCO3 nanoparticles were different from bulk CaCO3 or Ca2+ ions in human intestinal epithelial cells, showing efficient cellular internalization and elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels. Meanwhile, CaCO3 nanoparticles were efficiently transported by microfold (M) cells in vitro model of human intestinal follicle-associated epithelium, in a similar manner as Ca2+ ions did. Biokinetic study revealed that the biological fate of CaCO3 particles was different from Ca2+ ions; however, in vivo, its oral absorption was not significantly affected by particle size. These findings provide crucial information to understand and predict potential toxicity and oral absorption efficiency of food grade nanoparticles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles Assisted Drug Delivery)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 1033 KiB  
Article
Surface Properties and Photocatalytic Activities of the Colloidal ZnS:Mn Nanocrystals Prepared at Various pH Conditions
by Jungho Heo and Cheong-Soo Hwang *
Department of Chemistry, Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Center for Photofunctional Energy Materials (GRRC), Dankook University, 152 Yongin-si, Suji-ku, Jukjeon-ro, Gyunggi-do 448-701, South Korea
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1955-1970; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041955 - 11 Nov 2015
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6596
Abstract
Water-dispersible ZnS:Mn nanocrystals (NC) were synthesized by capping the surface with mercaptoacetic acid (MAA) molecules at three different pH conditions. The obtained ZnS:Mn-MAA NC products were physically and optically characterized by corresponding spectroscopic methods. The UV-Visible absorption spectra and PL emission spectra showed [...] Read more.
Water-dispersible ZnS:Mn nanocrystals (NC) were synthesized by capping the surface with mercaptoacetic acid (MAA) molecules at three different pH conditions. The obtained ZnS:Mn-MAA NC products were physically and optically characterized by corresponding spectroscopic methods. The UV-Visible absorption spectra and PL emission spectra showed broad peaks at 310 and 590 nm, respectively. The average particle sizes measured from the HR-TEM images were 5 nm, which were also supported by the Debye-Scherrer calculations using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. Moreover, the surface charges and the degrees of aggregation of the ZnS:Mn-MAA NCs were determined by electrophoretic and hydrodynamic light scattering methods, indicating formation of agglomerates in water with various sizes (50–440 nm) and different surface charge values accordingly the preparation conditions of the NCs (−7.59 to −24.98 mV). Finally, the relative photocatalytic activities of the ZnS:Mn-MAA NCs were evaluated by measuring the degradation rate of methylene blue (MB) molecule in a pseudo first-order reaction condition under the UV-visible light irradiation. As a result, the ZnS:Mn-MAA NC prepared at the pH 7 showed the best photo-degradation efficiency of the MB molecule with the first-order rate constant (kobs) of 2.0 × 10−3·min−1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Colloidal Nanocrystals)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 1861 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Ordered Mesoporous CuO/CeO2 Composite Frameworks as Anode Catalysts for Water Oxidation
by Vassiliki Markoulaki Ι, Ioannis T. Papadas, Ioannis Kornarakis and Gerasimos S. Armatas *
Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion 71003, Greece
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1971-1984; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041971 - 17 Nov 2015
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8785
Abstract
Cerium-rich metal oxide materials have recently emerged as promising candidates for the photocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In this article, we report the synthesis of ordered mesoporous CuO/CeO2 composite frameworks with different contents of copper(II) oxide and demonstrate their activity for photocatalytic [...] Read more.
Cerium-rich metal oxide materials have recently emerged as promising candidates for the photocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In this article, we report the synthesis of ordered mesoporous CuO/CeO2 composite frameworks with different contents of copper(II) oxide and demonstrate their activity for photocatalytic O2 production via UV-Vis light-driven oxidation of water. Mesoporous CuO/CeO2 materials have been successfully prepared by a nanocasting route, using mesoporous silica as a rigid template. X-ray diffraction, electron transmission microscopy and N2 porosimetry characterization of the as-prepared products reveal a mesoporous structure composed of parallel arranged nanorods, with a large surface area and a narrow pore size distribution. The molecular structure and optical properties of the composite materials were investigated with Raman and UV-Vis/NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Catalytic results indicated that incorporation of CuO clusters in the CeO2 lattice improved the photochemical properties. As a result, the CuO/CeO2 composite catalyst containing ~38 wt % CuO reaches a high O2 evolution rate of ~19.6 µmol·h−1 (or 392 µmol·h−1·g−1) with an apparent quantum efficiency of 17.6% at λ = 365 ± 10 nm. This OER activity compares favorably with that obtained from the non-porous CuO/CeO2 counterpart (~1.3 µmol·h−1) and pure mesoporous CeO2 (~1 µmol·h−1). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Mesoporous Nanomaterials)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 3519 KiB  
Article
Lithium-Excess Research of Cathode Material Li2MnTiO4 for Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Xinyi Zhang 1, Le Yang 1, Feng Hao 2, Haosen Chen 3,*, Meng Yang 4,* and Daining Fang 1,3
1 College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100087, China
2 Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
3 Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
4 College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1985-1994; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041985 - 20 Nov 2015
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 7684
Abstract
Lithium-excess and nano-sized Li2+xMn1x/2TiO4 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4) cathode materials were synthesized via a sol-gel method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments indicate that the obtained main phases of Li2.0MnTiO4 and [...] Read more.
Lithium-excess and nano-sized Li2+xMn1x/2TiO4 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4) cathode materials were synthesized via a sol-gel method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments indicate that the obtained main phases of Li2.0MnTiO4 and the lithium-excess materials are monoclinic and cubic, respectively. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that the as-prepared particles are well distributed and the primary particles have an average size of about 20–30 nm. The further electrochemical tests reveal that the charge-discharge performance of the material improves remarkably with the lithium content increasing. Particularly, the first discharging capacity at the current of 30 mA g−1 increases from 112.2 mAh g−1 of Li2.0MnTiO4 to 187.5 mAh g−1 of Li2.4Mn0.8TiO4. In addition, the ex situ XRD experiments indicate that the monoclinic Li2MnTiO4 tends to transform to an amorphous state with the extraction of lithium ions, while the cubic Li2MnTiO4 phase shows better structural reversibility and stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond)
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 276 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Characterization of Graphene and MWCNT Screen-Printed Electrodes Modified with AuNPs for Laccase Biosensor Development
by Gabriele Favero 1, Giovanni Fusco 1,2, Franco Mazzei 1, Federico Tasca 3,* and Riccarda Antiochia 1,*
1 Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
2 Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
3 Department of Chemistry of Materials, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’ Higgins 3363 Estacíon Central, Santiago, Chile
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 1995-2006; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5041995 - 20 Nov 2015
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 7406
Abstract
The aim of this work is to show how the integration of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) into multi-wall-carbon-nanotubes (MWCNTs) based screen-printed electrodes and into graphene-based screen-printed electrodes (GPHs) could represent a potential way to further enhance the electrochemical properties of those electrodes based on [...] Read more.
The aim of this work is to show how the integration of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) into multi-wall-carbon-nanotubes (MWCNTs) based screen-printed electrodes and into graphene-based screen-printed electrodes (GPHs) could represent a potential way to further enhance the electrochemical properties of those electrodes based on nanoparticles. Laccase from Trametes versicolor (TvL) was immobilized over MWCNTs and GPH previously modified with AuNPs (of 5 and 10 nm). The characterization of the modified electrode surface has been carried out by cyclic voltammetry. The results showed that the use of AuNPs for modification of both graphene and MWCNTs screen-printed electrode surfaces would increase the electrochemical performances of the electrodes. MWCNTs showed better results than GPH in terms of higher electroactive area formation after modification with AuNPs. The two modified nanostructured electrodes were successively proven to efficiently immobilize the TvL; the electrochemical sensing properties of the GPH- and MWCNT-based AuNPs-TvL biosensors were investigated by choosing 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic-acid diammonium salt (ABTS), catechol and caffeic acid as laccase mediators; and the kinetic parameters of the laccase biosensor were carefully evaluated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications)
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 12052 KiB  
Article
Nanostructuring of Palladium with Low-Temperature Helium Plasma
by P. Fiflis *, M.P. Christenson, N. Connolly and D.N. Ruzic
Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, Center for Plasma Material Interactions, University Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, IL, USA
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 2007-2018; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5042007 - 25 Nov 2015
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5432
Abstract
Impingement of high fluxes of helium ions upon metals at elevated temperatures has given rise to the growth of nanostructured layers on the surface of several metals, such as tungsten and molybdenum. These nanostructured layers grow from the bulk material and have greatly [...] Read more.
Impingement of high fluxes of helium ions upon metals at elevated temperatures has given rise to the growth of nanostructured layers on the surface of several metals, such as tungsten and molybdenum. These nanostructured layers grow from the bulk material and have greatly increased surface area over that of a not nanostructured surface. They are also superior to deposited nanostructures due to a lack of worries over adhesion and differences in material properties. Several palladium samples of varying thickness were biased and exposed to a helium helicon plasma. The nanostructures were characterized as a function of the thickness of the palladium layer and of temperature. Bubbles of ~100 nm in diameter appear to be integral to the nanostructuring process. Nanostructured palladium is also shown to have better catalytic activity than not nanostructured palladium. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plasma Nanoengineering and Nanofabrication)
Show Figures

Figure 1

35 pages, 3176 KiB  
Review
Recent Advance on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles-Based Controlled Release System: Intelligent Switches Open up New Horizon
by Ruijuan Sun, Wenqian Wang, Yongqiang Wen * and Xueji Zhang
1 Research Center for Bioengineering & Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 2019-2053; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5042019 - 25 Nov 2015
Cited by 77 | Viewed by 11744
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN)-based intelligent transport systems have attracted many researchers’ attention due to the characteristics of uniform pore and particle size distribution, good biocompatibility, high surface area, and versatile functionalization, which have led to their widespread application in diverse areas. In the [...] Read more.
Mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN)-based intelligent transport systems have attracted many researchers’ attention due to the characteristics of uniform pore and particle size distribution, good biocompatibility, high surface area, and versatile functionalization, which have led to their widespread application in diverse areas. In the past two decades, many kinds of smart controlled release systems were prepared with the development of brilliant nano-switches. This article reviews and discusses the advantages of MSN-based controlled release systems. Meanwhile, the switching mechanisms based on different types of stimulus response are systematically analyzed and summarized. Additionally, the application fields of these devices are further discussed. Obviously, the recent evolution of smart nano-switches promoted the upgrading of the controlled release system from the simple “separated” switch to the reversible, multifunctional, complicated logical switches and selective switches. Especially the free-blockage switches, which are based on hydrophobic/hydrophilic conversion, have been proposed and designed in the last two years. The prospects and directions of this research field are also briefly addressed, which could be better used to promote the further development of this field to meet the needs of mankind. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Mesoporous Nanomaterials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

77 pages, 6363 KiB  
Review
Composites of Polymer Hydrogels and Nanoparticulate Systems for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications
by Fuli Zhao, Dan Yao, Ruiwei Guo, Liandong Deng, Anjie Dong and Jianhua Zhang *
1 Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 2054-2130; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5042054 - 3 Dec 2015
Cited by 337 | Viewed by 27688
Abstract
Due to their unique structures and properties, three-dimensional hydrogels and nanostructured particles have been widely studied and shown a very high potential for medical, therapeutic and diagnostic applications. However, hydrogels and nanoparticulate systems have respective disadvantages that limit their widespread applications. Recently, the [...] Read more.
Due to their unique structures and properties, three-dimensional hydrogels and nanostructured particles have been widely studied and shown a very high potential for medical, therapeutic and diagnostic applications. However, hydrogels and nanoparticulate systems have respective disadvantages that limit their widespread applications. Recently, the incorporation of nanostructured fillers into hydrogels has been developed as an innovative means for the creation of novel materials with diverse functionality in order to meet new challenges. In this review, the fundamentals of hydrogels and nanoparticles (NPs) were briefly discussed, and then we comprehensively summarized recent advances in the design, synthesis, functionalization and application of nanocomposite hydrogels with enhanced mechanical, biological and physicochemical properties. Moreover, the current challenges and future opportunities for the use of these promising materials in the biomedical sector, especially the nanocomposite hydrogels produced from hydrogels and polymeric NPs, are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles Assisted Drug Delivery)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 627 KiB  
Article
Performance Evaluation of a Nanofluid-Based Direct Absorption Solar Collector with Parabolic Trough Concentrator
by Guoying Xu 1,*, Wei Chen 1, Shiming Deng 2, Xiaosong Zhang 1 and Sainan Zhao 1
1 School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
2 Department of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 2131-2147; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5042131 - 4 Dec 2015
Cited by 64 | Viewed by 8904
Abstract
Application of solar collectors for hot water supply, space heating, and cooling plays a significant role in reducing building energy consumption. For conventional solar collectors, solar radiation is absorbed by spectral selective coating on the collectors’ tube/plate wall. The poor durability of the [...] Read more.
Application of solar collectors for hot water supply, space heating, and cooling plays a significant role in reducing building energy consumption. For conventional solar collectors, solar radiation is absorbed by spectral selective coating on the collectors’ tube/plate wall. The poor durability of the coating can lead to an increased manufacturing cost and unreliability for a solar collector operated at a higher temperature. Therefore, a novel nanofluid-based direct absorption solar collector (NDASC) employing uncoated collector tubes has been proposed, and its operating characteristics for medium-temperature solar collection were theoretically and experimentally studied in this paper. CuO/oil nanofluid was prepared and used as working fluid of the NDASC. The heat-transfer mechanism of the NDASC with parabolic trough concentrator was theoretically evaluated and compared with a conventional indirect absorption solar collector (IASC). The theoretical analysis results suggested that the fluid’s temperature distribution in the NDASC was much more uniform than that in the IASC, and an enhanced collection efficiency could be achieved for the NDASC operated within a preferred working temperature range. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed NDASC, experimental performances of an NDASC and an IASC with the same parabolic trough concentrator were furthermore evaluated and comparatively discussed. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2863 KiB  
Review
Upconverting NIR Photons for Bioimaging
by Zhanjun Li, Yuanwei Zhang, Hieu La, Richard Zhu, Ghida El-Banna, Yuzou Wei and Gang Han *
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 2148-2168; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5042148 - 4 Dec 2015
Cited by 66 | Viewed by 11894
Abstract
Lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) possess uniqueanti-Stokes optical properties, in which low energy near-infrared (NIR) photons can beconverted into high energy UV, visible, shorter NIR emission via multiphoton upconversionprocesses. Due to the rapid development of synthesis chemistry, lanthanide-doped UCNPscan be fabricated with narrow distribution [...] Read more.
Lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) possess uniqueanti-Stokes optical properties, in which low energy near-infrared (NIR) photons can beconverted into high energy UV, visible, shorter NIR emission via multiphoton upconversionprocesses. Due to the rapid development of synthesis chemistry, lanthanide-doped UCNPscan be fabricated with narrow distribution and tunable multi-color optical properties. Theseunique attributes grant them unique NIR-driven imaging/drug delivery/therapeuticapplications, especially in the cases of deep tissue environments. In this brief review, weintroduce both the basic concepts of and recent progress with UCNPs in material engineeringand theranostic applications in imaging, molecular delivery, and tumor therapeutics. The aimof this brief review is to address the most typical progress in basic mechanism, materialdesign as bioimaging tools. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles in Bioimaging)
Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 2586 KiB  
Article
Utilization of Enzyme-Immobilized Mesoporous Silica Nanocontainers (IBN-4) in Prodrug-Activated Cancer Theranostics
by Bau-Yen Hung 1,†, Yaswanth Kuthati 1,†, Ranjith Kumar Kankala 1,†, Shravankumar Kankala 2, Jin-Pei Deng 3, Chen-Lun Liu 1 and Chia-Hung Lee 1,*
1 Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien-974, Taiwan
2 Department of Chemistry, Kakatiya University, Telangana State-506009, India
3 Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 2169-2191; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5042169 - 4 Dec 2015
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 9304
Abstract
To develop a carrier for use in enzyme prodrug therapy, Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilized onto mesoporous silica nanoparticles (IBN-4: Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology), where the nanoparticle surfaces were functionalized with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and further conjugated with glutaraldehyde. Consequently, the enzymes could be [...] Read more.
To develop a carrier for use in enzyme prodrug therapy, Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilized onto mesoporous silica nanoparticles (IBN-4: Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology), where the nanoparticle surfaces were functionalized with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and further conjugated with glutaraldehyde. Consequently, the enzymes could be stabilized in nanochannels through the formation of covalent imine bonds. This strategy was used to protect HRP from immune exclusion, degradation and denaturation under biological conditions. Furthermore, immobilization of HRP in the nanochannels of IBN-4 nanomaterials exhibited good functional stability upon repetitive use and long-term storage (60 days) at 4 °C. The generation of functionalized and HRP-immobilized nanomaterials was further verified using various characterization techniques. The possibility of using HRP-encapsulated IBN-4 materials in prodrug cancer therapy was also demonstrated by evaluating their ability to convert a prodrug (indole-3- acetic acid (IAA)) into cytotoxic radicals, which triggered tumor cell apoptosis in human colon carcinoma (HT-29 cell line) cells. A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay revealed that cells could be exposed to the IBN-4 nanocomposites without damaging their membranes, confirming apoptotic cell death. In summary, we demonstrated the potential of utilizing large porous mesoporous silica nanomaterials (IBN-4) as enzyme carriers for prodrug therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Mesoporous Nanomaterials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2781 KiB  
Article
Morphological, Chemical Surface, and Diffusive Transport Characterizations of a Nanoporous Alumina Membrane
by María I. Vázquez 1,†, Virgina Romero 1, Victor Vega 2,†, Javier García 2,3, Victor M. Prida 2, Blanca Hernando 2 and Juana Benavente 1,*,†
1 Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
2 Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Oviedo, E-33007 Oviedo, Spain
3 Institute of Applied Physics, University of Hamburg, 20355-Hamburg, Germany
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 2192-2202; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5042192 - 5 Dec 2015
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5263
Abstract
Synthesis of a nanoporous alumina membrane (NPAM) by the two-step anodization method and its morphological and chemical surface characterization by analyzing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) spectra is reported. Influence of electrical and diffusive effects on the NaCl [...] Read more.
Synthesis of a nanoporous alumina membrane (NPAM) by the two-step anodization method and its morphological and chemical surface characterization by analyzing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) spectra is reported. Influence of electrical and diffusive effects on the NaCl transport across the membrane nanopores is determined from salt diffusion measurements performed with a wide range of NaCl concentrations, which allows the estimation of characteristic electrochemical membrane parameters such as the NaCl diffusion coefficient and the concentration of fixed charges in the membrane, by using an appropriated model and the membrane geometrical parameters (porosity and pore length). These results indicate a reduction of ~70% in the value of the NaCl diffusion coefficient through the membrane pores with respect to solution. The transport number of ions in the membrane pores (Na+ and Cl, respectively) were determined from concentration potential measurements, and the effect of concentration-polarization at the membrane surfaces was also considered by comparing concentration potential values obtained with stirred solutions (550 rpm) and without stirring. From both kinds of results, a value higher than 0.05 M NaCl for the feed solution seems to be necessary to neglect the contribution of electrical interactions in the diffusive transport. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Mesoporous Nanomaterials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 1916 KiB  
Article
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ultrasmall Pt Nanoparticles as Highly Active Electrocatalysts for Methanol Oxidation
by Wenhai Ji 1, Weihong Qi 1,2,3,*, Shasha Tang 1, Hongcheng Peng 1 and Siqi Li 1
1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
2 Institute for Materials Microstructure, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
3 Key Laboratory of Non-Ferrous Materials Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410083, China
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 2203-2211; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5042203 - 8 Dec 2015
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 8306
Abstract
Ultrasmall nanoparticles, with sizes in the 1–3 nm range, exhibit unique properties distinct from those of free molecules and larger-sized nanoparticles. Demonstrating that the hydrothermal method can serve as a facile method for the synthesis of platinum nanoparticles, we successfully synthesized ultrasmall Pt [...] Read more.
Ultrasmall nanoparticles, with sizes in the 1–3 nm range, exhibit unique properties distinct from those of free molecules and larger-sized nanoparticles. Demonstrating that the hydrothermal method can serve as a facile method for the synthesis of platinum nanoparticles, we successfully synthesized ultrasmall Pt nanoparticles with an average size of 2.45 nm, with the aid of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) as reducing agents and capping agents. Because of the size effect, these ultrasmall Pt nanoparticles exhibit a high activity toward the methanol oxidation reaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles for Catalysis)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 3462 KiB  
Article
Structural and Morphological Tuning of LiCoPO4 Materials Synthesized by Solvo-Thermal Methods for Li-Cell Applications
by Jessica Manzi 1,2,†, Mariangela Curcio 1,† and Sergio Brutti 1,2,*,†
1 Department of Science, University of Basilicata, V.le Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza 85100, Italy
2 CNR-ISC, U. O. S. La Sapienza, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 2212-2230; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5042212 - 10 Dec 2015
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6452
Abstract
Olivine-type lithium metal phosphates (LiMPO4) are promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. LiFePO4 (LFP) is commonly used in commercial Li-ion cells but the Fe3+/Fe2+ couple can be usefully substituted with Mn3+/Mn2+, Co3+ [...] Read more.
Olivine-type lithium metal phosphates (LiMPO4) are promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. LiFePO4 (LFP) is commonly used in commercial Li-ion cells but the Fe3+/Fe2+ couple can be usefully substituted with Mn3+/Mn2+, Co3+/Co2+, or Ni3+/Ni2+, in order to obtain higher redox potentials. In this communication we report a systematic analysis of the synthesis condition of LiCoPO4 (LCP) using a solvo-thermal route at low temperature, the latter being a valuable candidate to overcome the theoretical performances of LFP. In fact, LCP shows higher working potential (4.8 V vs. 3.6 V) compared to LFP and similar theoretical capacity (167 mAh·g−1). Our goal is to show the effect of the synthesis condition of the ability of LCP to reversibly cycle lithium in electrochemical cells. LCP samples have been prepared through a solvo-thermal method in aqueous-non aqueous solvent blends. Different Co2+ salts have been used to study the effect of the anion on the crystal growth as well as the effect of solution acidity, temperature and reaction time. Materials properties have been characterized by Fast-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopies. The correlation between structure/morphology and electrochemical performances has been investigated by galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond)
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1539 KiB  
Review
Magnetic Nanoparticles Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier: When Physics Rises to a Challenge
by Maria Antònia Busquets, Alba Espargaró, Raimon Sabaté and Joan Estelrich *
Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Avda. Joan XXIII, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 2231-2248; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5042231 - 11 Dec 2015
Cited by 79 | Viewed by 10751
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is a physical and physiological barrier that protects the brain from toxic substances within the bloodstream and helps maintain brain homeostasis. It also represents the main obstacle in the treatment of many diseases of the central nervous system. Among the [...] Read more.
The blood-brain barrier is a physical and physiological barrier that protects the brain from toxic substances within the bloodstream and helps maintain brain homeostasis. It also represents the main obstacle in the treatment of many diseases of the central nervous system. Among the different approaches employed to overcome this barrier, the use of nanoparticles as a tool to enhance delivery of therapeutic molecules to the brain is particularly promising. There is special interest in the use of magnetic nanoparticles, as their physical characteristics endow them with additional potentially useful properties. Following systemic administration, a magnetic field applied externally can mediate the capacity of magnetic nanoparticles to permeate the blood-brain barrier. Meanwhile, thermal energy released by magnetic nanoparticles under the influence of radiofrequency radiation can modulate blood-brain barrier integrity, increasing its permeability. In this review, we present the strategies that use magnetic nanoparticles, specifically iron oxide nanoparticles, to enhance drug delivery to the brain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles in Theranostics)
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2337 KiB  
Review
Electric Field-Responsive Mesoporous Suspensions: A Review
by Seung Hyuk Kwon, Shang Hao Piao and Hyoung Jin Choi *
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 2249-2267; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5042249 - 15 Dec 2015
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7852
Abstract
This paper briefly reviews the fabrication and electrorheological (ER) characteristics of mesoporous materials and their nanocomposites with conducting polymers under an applied electric field when dispersed in an insulating liquid. Smart fluids of electrically-polarizable particles exhibit a reversible and tunable phase transition from [...] Read more.
This paper briefly reviews the fabrication and electrorheological (ER) characteristics of mesoporous materials and their nanocomposites with conducting polymers under an applied electric field when dispersed in an insulating liquid. Smart fluids of electrically-polarizable particles exhibit a reversible and tunable phase transition from a liquid-like to solid-like state in response to an external electric field of various strengths, and have potential applications in a variety of active control systems. The ER properties of these mesoporous suspensions are explained further according to their dielectric spectra in terms of the flow curve, dynamic moduli, and yield stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Mesoporous Nanomaterials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1981 KiB  
Article
Simulation of the Impact of Si Shell Thickness on the Performance of Si-Coated Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofiber as Li-Ion Battery Anode
by Susobhan Das 1, Jun Li 2 and Rongqing Hui 1,*
1 Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
2 Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0401, USA
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 2268-2278; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5042268 - 15 Dec 2015
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5857
Abstract
Micro- and nano-structured electrodes have the potential to improve the performance of Li-ion batteries by increasing the surface area of the electrode and reducing the diffusion distance required by the charged carriers. We report the numerical simulation of Lithium-ion batteries with the anode [...] Read more.
Micro- and nano-structured electrodes have the potential to improve the performance of Li-ion batteries by increasing the surface area of the electrode and reducing the diffusion distance required by the charged carriers. We report the numerical simulation of Lithium-ion batteries with the anode made of core-shell heterostructures of silicon-coated carbon nanofibers. We show that the energy capacity can be significantly improved by reducing the thickness of the silicon anode to the dimension comparable or less than the Li-ion diffusion length inside silicon. The results of simulation indicate that the contraction of the silicon electrode thickness during the battery discharge process commonly found in experiments also plays a major role in the increase of the energy capacity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond)
Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 3186 KiB  
Article
Nanoscience Supporting the Research on the Negative Electrodes of Li-Ion Batteries
by Alain Mauger 1 and Christian M. Julien 2,*
1 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris6, Institut de Minéralogie et Physique de la Matière Condensée (IMPMC), 4 place Jussieu, Paris 75005, France
2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris6, Physicochimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), UMR 8234, 4 place Jussieu, Paris 75005, France
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 2279-2301; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5042279 - 16 Dec 2015
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7090
Abstract
Many efforts are currently made to increase the limited capacity of Li-ion batteries using carbonaceous anodes. The way to reach this goal is to move to nano-structured material because the larger surface to volume ratio of particles and the reduction of the electron [...] Read more.
Many efforts are currently made to increase the limited capacity of Li-ion batteries using carbonaceous anodes. The way to reach this goal is to move to nano-structured material because the larger surface to volume ratio of particles and the reduction of the electron and Li path length implies a larger specific capacity. Additionally, nano-particles can accommodate such a dilatation/contraction during cycling, resulting in a calendar life compatible with a commercial use. In this review attention is focused on carbon, silicon, and Li4Ti5O12 materials, because they are the most promising for applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 1862 KiB  
Article
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Loaded with Cisplatin and Phthalocyanine for Combination Chemotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy in vitro
by Juan L. Vivero-Escoto 1,2,* and Maram Elnagheeb 1
1 Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
2 Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 2302-2316; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5042302 - 16 Dec 2015
Cited by 61 | Viewed by 8734
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been synthesized and loaded with both aluminum chloride phthalocyanine (AlClPc) and cisplatin as combinatorial therapeutics for treating cancer. The structural and photophysical properties of the MSN materials were characterized by different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Intracellular uptake and [...] Read more.
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been synthesized and loaded with both aluminum chloride phthalocyanine (AlClPc) and cisplatin as combinatorial therapeutics for treating cancer. The structural and photophysical properties of the MSN materials were characterized by different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Intracellular uptake and cytotoxicity were evaluated in human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assays, respectively. The CLSM experiments showed that the MSN materials can be readily internalized in HeLa cells. The cytotoxic experiments demonstrated that, after light exposure, the combination of both AlClPc and cisplatin compounds in the same MSN platform potentiate the toxic effect against HeLa cells in comparison to the control AlClPc-MSN and cisplatin-MSN materials. These results show the potential of using MSN platforms as nanocarriers for combination photodynamic and chemotherapies to treat cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles in Theranostics)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 788 KiB  
Article
Nanocarriers for DNA Vaccines: Co-Delivery of TLR-9 and NLR-2 Ligands Leads to Synergistic Enhancement of Proinflammatory Cytokine Release
by Johanna Poecheim 1, Simon Heuking 2, Livia Brunner 2, Christophe Barnier-Quer 2, Nicolas Collin 2 and Gerrit Borchard 1,*
1 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
2 Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 2317-2334; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5042317 - 17 Dec 2015
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6981
Abstract
Adjuvants enhance immunogenicity of vaccines through either targeted antigen delivery or stimulation of immune receptors. Three cationic nanoparticle formulations were evaluated for their potential as carriers for a DNA vaccine, and muramyl dipeptide (MDP) as immunostimulatory agent, to induce and increase immunogenicity of [...] Read more.
Adjuvants enhance immunogenicity of vaccines through either targeted antigen delivery or stimulation of immune receptors. Three cationic nanoparticle formulations were evaluated for their potential as carriers for a DNA vaccine, and muramyl dipeptide (MDP) as immunostimulatory agent, to induce and increase immunogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen encoding plasmid DNA (pDNA). The formulations included (1) trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles, (2) a squalene-in-water nanoemulsion, and (3) a mineral oil-in-water nanoemulsion. The adjuvant effect of the pDNA-nanocomplexes was evaluated by serum antibody analysis in immunized mice. All three carriers display a strong adjuvant effect, however, only TMC nanoparticles were capable to bias immune responses towards Th1. pDNA naturally contains immunostimulatory unmethylated CpG motifs that are recognized by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9). In mechanistic in vitro studies, activation of TLR-9 and the ability to enhance immunogenicity by simultaneously targeting TLR-9 and NOD-like receptor 2 (NLR-2) was determined by proinflammatory cytokine release in RAW264.7 macrophages. pDNA in combination with MDP was shown to significantly increase proinflammatory cytokine release in a synergistic manner, dependent on NLR-2 activation. In summary, novel pDNA-Ag85A loaded nanoparticle formulations, which induce antigen specific immune responses in mice were developed, taking advantage of the synergistic combinations of TLR and NLR agonists to increase the adjuvanticity of the carriers used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles Assisted Drug Delivery)
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 827 KiB  
Article
Facile and Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Finger-Like Co3O4 Nanorods for Electrochemical Energy Storage
by Shijiao Sun, Xiangyu Zhao *, Meng Yang, Liqun Ma and Xiaodong Shen
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 2335-2347; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5042335 - 17 Dec 2015
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6401
Abstract
Co3O4 nanorods were prepared by a facile hydrothermal method. Eco-friendly deionized water rather than organic solvent was used as the hydrothermal media. The as-prepared Co3O4 nanorods are composed of many nanoparticles of 30–50 nm in diameter, forming [...] Read more.
Co3O4 nanorods were prepared by a facile hydrothermal method. Eco-friendly deionized water rather than organic solvent was used as the hydrothermal media. The as-prepared Co3O4 nanorods are composed of many nanoparticles of 30–50 nm in diameter, forming a finger-like morphology. The Co3O4 electrode shows a specific capacitance of 265 F g−1 at 2 mV s−1 in a supercapacitor and delivers an initial specific discharge capacity as high as 1171 mAh g−1 at a current density of 50 mA g−1 in a lithium ion battery. Excellent cycling stability and electrochemical reversibility of the Co3O4 electrode were also obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond)
Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 546 KiB  
Article
Size Effect of Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Nanospheres for Anodes in Li-Ion Battery
by Pei-Yi Chang 1, Kartick Bindumadhavan 2 and Ruey-An Doong 1,2,*
1 Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
2 Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 2348-2358; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5042348 - 18 Dec 2015
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 8749
Abstract
The present work demonstrates the application of various sizes of ordered mesoporous carbon nanospheres (OMCS) with diameters of 46–130 nm as an active anode material for Li-ion batteries (LIB). The physical and chemical properties of OMCS have been evaluated by performing scanning electron [...] Read more.
The present work demonstrates the application of various sizes of ordered mesoporous carbon nanospheres (OMCS) with diameters of 46–130 nm as an active anode material for Li-ion batteries (LIB). The physical and chemical properties of OMCS have been evaluated by performing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 adsorption-desorption analysis; small-angle scattering system (SAXS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrochemical analysis of using various sizes of OMCS as anode materials showed high capacity and rate capability with the specific capacity up to 560 mA·h·g−1 at 0.1 C after 85 cycles. In terms of performance at high current rate compared to other amorphous carbonaceous materials; a stable and extremely high specific capacity of 240 mA·h·g−1 at 5 C after 15 cycles was achieved. Such excellent performance is mainly attributed to the suitable particle size distribution of OMCS and intimate contact between OMCS and conductive additives; which can be supported from the TEM images. Results obtained from this study clearly indicate the excellence of size distribution of highly integrated mesoporous structure of carbon nanospheres for LIB application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond)
Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2255 KiB  
Article
Non-Cytotoxic Quantum Dot–Chitosan Nanogel Biosensing Probe for Potential Cancer Targeting Agent
by Tyler Maxwell 1,2, Tahmina Banu 2,3, Edward Price 1,2, Jeremy Tharkur 2,4, Maria Gabriela Nogueira Campos 2,5, Andre Gesquiere 1,2,3,6,* and Swadeshmukul Santra 1,2,3,4,*
1 Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA
2 NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
3 Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, 127600 Pegasus Drive, Engineering 1, Suite 207, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
4 Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 6900 Lake Nona Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
5 Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Alfenas, Rodovia José Aurélio Vilela, 11999, Poços de Caldas, MG 37715-400, Brazil
6 College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162700, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
Nanomaterials 2015, 5(4), 2359-2379; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5042359 - 18 Dec 2015
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 7796
Abstract
Quantum dot (Qdot) biosensors have consistently provided valuable information to researchers about cellular activity due to their unique fluorescent properties. Many of the most popularly used Qdots contain cadmium, posing the risk of toxicity that could negate their attractive optical properties. The design [...] Read more.
Quantum dot (Qdot) biosensors have consistently provided valuable information to researchers about cellular activity due to their unique fluorescent properties. Many of the most popularly used Qdots contain cadmium, posing the risk of toxicity that could negate their attractive optical properties. The design of a non-cytotoxic probe usually involves multiple components and a complex synthesis process. In this paper, the design and synthesis of a non-cytotoxic Qdot-chitosan nanogel composite using straight-forward cyanogen bromide (CNBr) coupling is reported. The probe was characterized by spectroscopy (UV-Vis, fluorescence), microscopy (Fluorescence, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering. This activatable (“OFF”/“ON”) probe contains a core–shell Qdot (CdS:Mn/ZnS) capped with dopamine, which acts as a fluorescence quencher and a model drug. Dopamine capped “OFF” Qdots can undergo ligand exchange with intercellular glutathione, which turns the Qdots “ON” to restore fluorescence. These Qdots were then coated with chitosan (natural biocompatible polymer) functionalized with folic acid (targeting motif) and Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC; fluorescent dye). To demonstrate cancer cell targetability, the interaction of the probe with cells that express different folate receptor levels was analyzed, and the cytotoxicity of the probe was evaluated on these cells and was shown to be nontoxic even at concentrations as high as 100 mg/L. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles Assisted Drug Delivery)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Previous Issue
Next Issue
Back to TopTop