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Nanomaterials, Volume 16, Issue 15 (August-1 2026) – 71 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Freestanding multilayer graphene foams were prepared from nanotextured Ni-Cu templates through a controlled sequence of electrodeposition, pre-annealing, CVD growth, and polymer-free metal removal. Rather than introducing a new Ni-Cu-template route, this work clarifies how the pre-growth thermal treatment determines the final foam stability. By changing only the pre-annealing time, we correlate Cu diffusion, Ni-Cu alloying, lattice-spacing distribution, and residual heterogeneity with graphene organization and post-etch morphology. The results show that substantial Cu incorporation occurs within three hours, enabling preserved self-supporting architectures with low sheet resistance, very low transmittance, and strong broadband visible-light absorption under optimized processing conditions. View this paper
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17 pages, 2148 KB  
Article
Ti3C2 MXene-Coated Germanium Nanoparticles on Nickel Foam for Binder-Free Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes
by Junaid Aslam, Muhammad Arif Khan, Weiwei Sun and Chao Yang
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150969 - 6 Aug 2026
Viewed by 355
Abstract
Germanium (Ge) is a promising high-capacity anode material for lithium-ion batteries; however, its practical application remains limited by substantial volume variation, unstable interfacial reactions, and rapid capacity degradation during repeated lithiation/delithiation. In this work, a binder-free Ge/C/MXene@NF hybrid electrode was developed through a [...] Read more.
Germanium (Ge) is a promising high-capacity anode material for lithium-ion batteries; however, its practical application remains limited by substantial volume variation, unstable interfacial reactions, and rapid capacity degradation during repeated lithiation/delithiation. In this work, a binder-free Ge/C/MXene@NF hybrid electrode was developed through a sequential fabrication process, where Ge nanoparticles were immobilized within a PVP-derived carbon matrix supported on a three-dimensional nickel-foam scaffold and subsequently integrated with a Ti3C2Tx MXene conductive network to construct a hierarchical Ge/C/MXene hybrid architecture. The nickel foam provides a continuous current-collecting framework and mechanical support, while the MXene network improves electrical connectivity, electrolyte accessibility, and interfacial charge-transfer kinetics. Structural and compositional analyses further indicate the presence of PVP-derived carbon and a possible minor NiGe interfacial phase formed during annealing. Comparison with Ge@NF and the individual component electrodes provides insight into the respective contributions of MXene, Ge, and the PVP-derived carbon framework to the electrochemical behaviour of the composite electrode. Using the total deposited active-material mass as the normalisation basis, the MXene@Ge@NF electrode retains a reversible specific capacity of 789.8 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at an effective current density of 76.2 mA g−1. The observed electrochemical behaviour originates from the integrated contributions of Ge nanoparticles, the PVP-derived carbon matrix, the conductive Ti3C2Tx MXene network, the three-dimensional nickel-foam scaffold, and possible Ni–Ge interfacial interactions. Rather than representing a Ge-dominated electrode, this architecture demonstrates the advantages of integrating multiple functional components within a binder-free Ge/C/MXene hybrid architecture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage)
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18 pages, 10674 KB  
Article
Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Elaeocarpus braceanus Alleviate DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice Through Multiple Pathways
by Wen-Bo Feng, Tong Liu, Mu-Yao Liu, Hui-Ying Fu, Lu Li, Zheng-Yi Zhou, Qiang Cai and Yu-Xin Chen
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150968 - 6 Aug 2026
Viewed by 451
Abstract
Aim of the study: This study aims to isolate extracellular vesicles derived from Elaeocarpus braceanus fruits (EBDEVs) and evaluate their alleviating efficacy as nature nanoparticles against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods: EBDEVs were isolated by differential and density gradient ultracentrifugation, [...] Read more.
Aim of the study: This study aims to isolate extracellular vesicles derived from Elaeocarpus braceanus fruits (EBDEVs) and evaluate their alleviating efficacy as nature nanoparticles against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods: EBDEVs were isolated by differential and density gradient ultracentrifugation, then characterized for morphology, size, stability, and composition. Their anti-inflammatory activity was assessed in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. In vivo, acute UC was induced in C57BL/6 mice by 2.5% DSS. Disease severity, intestinal barrier integrity, TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway activation, and gut microbiota composition were evaluated. Results: EBDEVs exhibited a typical spherical structure and were rich in bioactive components such as lipids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Macrophages readily internalized them and significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production. In UC mice, EBDEVs ameliorated weight loss, colon shortening, and tissue damage, while reducing serum inflammatory cytokines. EBDEVs restored intestinal barrier function by regulating tight junction proteins. Mechanistically, EBDEVs suppressed the activation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and downstream NLRP3 inflammasome inflammatory signaling cascades, and remodeled the dysregulated gut microbiota structure. Conclusions: EBDEVs alleviate DSS-induced UC in mice by repairing the intestinal barrier, inhibiting inflammatory pathways, and modulating gut microbiota. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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21 pages, 4178 KB  
Article
Transplacental Toxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Maternal-Fetal DNA Damage and Organ Accumulation
by Elsayed I. Salim, Naira M. Al-Fiky, Khaled Y. Abdel-Halim, Dina M. M. AlSadek, Haitham A. Badr, Mohamed Monir Hammad, Hassan A. Basha, Fouad A. Abou-Zaid and Hafiz Ahmed
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150967 - 6 Aug 2026
Viewed by 380
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) offer substantial technological advantages, yet their potential adverse biological effects remain a critical concern. This study investigates the maternal–fetal toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) following a single intravenous (i.v.) administration in vivo, focusing on oxidative DNA damage, cytotoxicity, and transplacental [...] Read more.
Nanomaterials (NMs) offer substantial technological advantages, yet their potential adverse biological effects remain a critical concern. This study investigates the maternal–fetal toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) following a single intravenous (i.v.) administration in vivo, focusing on oxidative DNA damage, cytotoxicity, and transplacental transfer. The median lethal dose (LD50) of ZnONPs was determined to be 154 mg/kg of body weight. Pregnant rats on gestational day 19 were exposed to two sub-lethal doses (3.09 and 7.71 mg/kg; corresponding to 1/50 and 1/20 of LD50). Subsequent analyses assessed Zn2+ accumulation, histopathological alterations in maternal organs, and induction of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in maternal and fetal tissues. ZnONPs demonstrated systemic distribution, with pronounced accumulation in the liver, spleen, and placenta, and were shown to cross the placental barrier, leading to fetal exposure. Elevated Zn2+ concentrations were positively correlated with cytotoxicity and 8-OHdG induction across maternal and fetal compartments. These findings provide compelling evidence of ZnONPs-mediated cyto- and genotoxicity in both mothers and offspring, underscoring the need to define safety margins and regulatory thresholds for nanomaterial exposure in biomedical and environmental contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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2 pages, 350 KB  
Correction
Correction: Zu et al. Phase-Controlled Synthesis of Alloyed (CdS)x(CuInS2)1−x Nanocrystals with Tunable Band Gap. Nanomaterials 2025, 15, 1661
by Bingqian Zu, Song Chen, Liping Bao, Yingjie Liu and Liang Wu
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150966 - 6 Aug 2026
Viewed by 220
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
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21 pages, 3347 KB  
Article
Design of MAPb(BrxI1−x)3-Based Solar Cells: Compositional Optimization for Thermally Stable and Defect-Tolerant Devices
by Syed Abdul Moiz, Muhammad I. Masud and Muhammad Kashif
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150965 - 6 Aug 2026
Viewed by 379
Abstract
Mixed halide perovskites can be tuned for bandgap, but they are prone to thermal defect deterioration that is difficult to evaluate throughout the whole stoichiometry range. Here, we investigate the relationship between Br composition, trap density, and temperature. It is observed that asymmetric [...] Read more.
Mixed halide perovskites can be tuned for bandgap, but they are prone to thermal defect deterioration that is difficult to evaluate throughout the whole stoichiometry range. Here, we investigate the relationship between Br composition, trap density, and temperature. It is observed that asymmetric thermal defect trade-offs provide predictive design principles beyond obvious efficiency trends. We use SCAPS-1D to model MAPb(BrxI1−x)3 solar cells. Simulation parameters include continuous bowing-corrected functions of Br fraction (0 ≤ x ≤ 1), temperature (300–350 K), and trap density (1011–1020 cm−3). Despite a trade-off between short circuit current and open circuit voltage with Br incorporation (power conversion efficiency drops from ~25.5% at x = 0 to ~12% at x = 1), important results reveal non-trivial asymmetries: (i) Br-rich compositions are more sensitive to trap-assisted SRH recombination at Nt > 1018 cm−3 than I-rich absorbers; (ii) the thermal degradation coefficient dVoc/dT is lower for Br-rich systems than for I-rich systems, indicating improved thermal tolerance for Br-rich systems; and (iii) these quantitative design guidelines give predicted assistance for producing mixed halide perovskite devices with higher operational stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials for Organic and Inorganic Solar Cells)
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9 pages, 1167 KB  
Article
Strain Engineering of Second-Harmonic Generation and Symmetry Breaking in Few-Layer ε-InSe
by Danliang Zhang, Sihan Liu, Peiran Li, Qing Ye and Ying Chen
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150964 - 6 Aug 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 311
Abstract
ε-phase indium selenide (ε-InSe), a non-centrosymmetric van der Waals layered semiconductor, exhibits broken inversion symmetry in all layer numbers, giving rise to exceptional second-order nonlinear optical responses and holding great promise for nonlinear optoelectronic applications. The dynamic control of the nonlinear efficiency of [...] Read more.
ε-phase indium selenide (ε-InSe), a non-centrosymmetric van der Waals layered semiconductor, exhibits broken inversion symmetry in all layer numbers, giving rise to exceptional second-order nonlinear optical responses and holding great promise for nonlinear optoelectronic applications. The dynamic control of the nonlinear efficiency of ε-InSe is crucial for its engineering applications. However, the quantitative manipulation of second-harmonic generation (SHG) intensity and crystal symmetry in few-layer ε-InSe via strain engineering is still lacking. In this work, we systematically investigate the modulation of SHG intensity and angle-resolved SHG patterns in few-layer ε-InSe under uniaxial tensile strain. Using a home-built straining apparatus, we apply controlled tensile strain and measure the strain-dependent SHG responses. The experimental results demonstrate that the SHG intensity of few-layer ε-InSe shows a non-monotonic response to increasing tensile strain, first increasing and then decreasing. Concurrently, the sixfold symmetry of the SHG pattern is broken, confirming the significant strain-induced modulation of the lattice symmetry. This study provides a viable route for the design of flexible and tunable nonlinear optoelectronic devices based on ε-InSe. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Nano-Optics and Nano-Optoelectronics: Challenges and Future Trends)
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17 pages, 5182 KB  
Article
TPU Wrapped Nanocomposite Films with Nickel and Magnetite Nanoparticles for Effective UV and EMI Shielding
by Ogirala Venkata Pandu Ranga Sivakumar, Sundaramoorthy Arunmetha, Nattanmai Raman Dhineshbabu, Arunkumar Jayakumar and Sengottaiyan Shanmugan
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150963 - 5 Aug 2026
Viewed by 368
Abstract
In recent years, multifunctional composite nanoparticles have garnered substantial attention across multiple fields, from medicine to environmental science and the food industry, owing to their superior physicochemical properties. The synching of Ni nanoparticles by chemical reduction with nickel chloride as the source, and [...] Read more.
In recent years, multifunctional composite nanoparticles have garnered substantial attention across multiple fields, from medicine to environmental science and the food industry, owing to their superior physicochemical properties. The synching of Ni nanoparticles by chemical reduction with nickel chloride as the source, and Fe3O4 nanoparticles by the co-precipitation method, with Fe2+ and Fe3+ as salts, is the focus of this study. Silane was used for the surface modification of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, while sulfuric acid was used to modify the SMCNT. A composite in PVDF based on the blend of Ni and modified Fe3O4/single-walled carbon tube (SWCNT) was used as an additive. Moreover, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was hot-pressed over the film to improve flexibility. To examine and characterize the nanoparticles and composite films, we used X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results verified that the films and nanoparticles were well formed. For a deeper characterization, UV-visible spectroscopy and EMI shielding experiments were conducted for the composite films. The composite films exhibited excellent UV-blocking performance (99.9%) and a total shielding effectiveness (SET) of 13.78 dB in the Ku-band (12–18 GHz) for a thickness of 1 mm. The reflection and absorption mechanisms yield shielding performance through the synergy between conducting (Ni, SWCNT) and magnetic (Fe3O4) components. These results reveal that the TPU-coated composite film is a promising candidate for multifunctional UV and electromagnetic shielding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
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11 pages, 7290 KB  
Article
Thermally Modulated Microfluidic Fabrication of Phase-Tunable Cs4PbBr6/CsPbBr3 Hybrid Perovskite Nanocrystals for White Light-Emitting Diodes
by Yunhao Ning, Chuantong Cheng, Shuo Guan, Bao Zhang, Tuanning Liu, Di Shi, Wenqiang Liu and Beiju Huang
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 962; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150962 - 5 Aug 2026
Viewed by 403
Abstract
All inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) exhibit outstanding luminescence for optoelectronics, yet poor environmental stability severely restricts their practical deployment. As a stable derivative phase, Cs4PbBr6 can effectively improve structural stability. Nevertheless, the rational fabrication of high-quality Cs4 [...] Read more.
All inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) exhibit outstanding luminescence for optoelectronics, yet poor environmental stability severely restricts their practical deployment. As a stable derivative phase, Cs4PbBr6 can effectively improve structural stability. Nevertheless, the rational fabrication of high-quality Cs4PbBr6/CsPbBr3 hybrid NCs remains challenging owing to the lack of straightforward and scalable synthetic strategies. To overcome these hurdles, we synthesize well-defined Cs4PbBr6/CsPbBr3 hybrid NCs via a temperature-controllable continuous-flow microfluidic route. This platform precisely modulates phase composition via systematic temperature tuning across a range of 110–170 °C, producing distinct compositions from Cs4PbBr6-dominant to high-purity CsPbBr3. A direct correlation was elucidated between temperature-induced phase transformation and optical properties. The NCs synthesized at 130 °C exhibited a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 96.24% and bright 521 nm green emission. These NCs were successfully integrated into white light-emitting diodes incorporating a 478 nm blue excitation chip and K2SiF6:Mn4+ red phosphor, which demonstrated excellent color performance with a luminous efficiency of 86.3 lm W−1 and Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage coordinates of (0.2991, 0.3784). This work highlights the potential of continuous-flow microfluidics for precise phase modulation and scalable production of high-quality perovskite NCs, offering a viable route for advanced optoelectronic applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Dot Nanotechnologies: From Fundamental to Applications)
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17 pages, 7100 KB  
Article
Impact of 2D h-BN Interlayer on Leakage Mechanisms and Device Performance Optimization in High-Reliability β-Ga2O3 MIS Devices
by Yikun Li, Jiarui Zhang, Wenbin Liu, Lei Wang, Jinru Xie, Jintong Xu and Chenhui Yu
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150961 - 4 Aug 2026
Viewed by 452
Abstract
The ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor β-Ga2O3 is a promising material for next-generation optoelectronic systems and hybrid nanodevices. However, high interface state densities and anomalous trap-assisted leakage severely restrict its performance and signal transduction capabilities. To resolve these fundamental limitations, we [...] Read more.
The ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor β-Ga2O3 is a promising material for next-generation optoelectronic systems and hybrid nanodevices. However, high interface state densities and anomalous trap-assisted leakage severely restrict its performance and signal transduction capabilities. To resolve these fundamental limitations, we investigated a two-dimensional h-BN interlayer to construct a high-quality heterogeneous metal/h-BN/β-Ga2O3 structure using experimentally calibrated Sentaurus TCAD simulations. Energy-band analysis and validated I–V simulations reveal that the low-dimensional h-BN interlayer reconstructs the interfacial barrier, suppresses interface-assisted recombination, and shifts the dominant carrier transport from thermionic emission to Fowler–Nordheim tunneling. These effects markedly reduce the interface-state density and effectively suppress the Shockley–Read–Hall recombination current, mechanisms that are critical for minimizing dark current and improving device sensitivity. After systematically examining the effects of key parameters on the electrical characteristics of this hybrid architecture, we quantify the tradeoff between threshold voltage and on-resistance using a comprehensive figure of merit. Specifically, our results indicate that maximum device efficiency is achieved only when an optimal h-BN thickness of 3.56–5.88 nm (10–17 atomic layers) is strategically integrated with the appropriate metal work function and semiconductor doping. Overall, this work suggests the potential advantage of 2D h-BN in mitigating the interfacial bottleneck of traditional β-Ga2O3 platforms, providing quantitative design guidelines and theoretical support for the heterogeneous integration of next-generation optoelectronic devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Semiconductors for Optoelectronics)
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26 pages, 6389 KB  
Article
Hyperbranched Polyol Process for the Synthesis of Multifunctional Cobalt Nanocomposites: Interplay of Polymer Architecture, Metal Localization and Material Properties
by Marianna P. Kutyreva, Anastasia Burmatova, Artur Khannanov, Elena Khaldeeva, Airat Kiiamov, Ruslan Batulin, Vladimir Evtugyn, Dmitry Emelianov, Liana Zubaidullina and Nikolay A. Ulakhovich
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 960; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150960 - 4 Aug 2026
Viewed by 300
Abstract
A strategy based on the hyperbranched polyol process (HB-polyol process) is presented for the synthesis of hemocompatible cobalt nanocomposites Co/GnOH with controlled morphology and predictable functional properties. Third-generation (G3OH) and fourth-generation (G4OH) hyperbranched polyester polyols were used [...] Read more.
A strategy based on the hyperbranched polyol process (HB-polyol process) is presented for the synthesis of hemocompatible cobalt nanocomposites Co/GnOH with controlled morphology and predictable functional properties. Third-generation (G3OH) and fourth-generation (G4OH) hyperbranched polyester polyols were used as smart polyol nanoreactors. We establish, for the first time, the fundamental physicochemical principles of the HB-polyol process based on a comprehensive analysis of FT-IR, UV-Vis, NMR, NTA, and TEM data. These principles encompass the stages of pre-organization, nucleation, polyol oxidation and the stabilization of cobalt-loaded metallopolymer nanocomposites within the binary [CoCl2–GnOH] system (n = 3, 4). Magnetic measurements revealed that the samples exhibit paramagnetic properties at 5 K. The size of the magnetic cores in the Co/G3OH samples was estimated by fitting the field-dependent magnetization curves to the Langevin function and was found to range from 1.4 nm to 7.2 nm, indicating the superparamagnetic behavior of the nanocomposites. In vitro biological tests of the Co/GnOH nanocomposites demonstrated high hemocompatibility, as well as pronounced modulatory and antimycotic activity across all samples. The obtained results hold promise for the development of simple design technologies for multifunctional “intelligent” materials based on metal and dendritic nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
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17 pages, 7406 KB  
Article
Interfacial Engineering of MoS2 Thin Films for Wettability-Dependent Resistive Switching and Neuromorphic Behaviors
by Yuhang Yang, Yuan Yu, Cancan Cui, Xin Liu, Yanyong Li, Peisong Liu and Fei Hui
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 959; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150959 - 4 Aug 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 631
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a surge in the research of memristors as fundamental building blocks for neuromorphic computing, owing to their exceptional ability to emulate the plastic behavior of biological synapses in a high-density, low-power hardware format. These devices are increasingly recognized as [...] Read more.
Recent years have witnessed a surge in the research of memristors as fundamental building blocks for neuromorphic computing, owing to their exceptional ability to emulate the plastic behavior of biological synapses in a high-density, low-power hardware format. These devices are increasingly recognized as the key to achieving efficient artificial neural networks. Two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a premier candidate for artificial synapses due to its atomic scale and tunable electronic properties. However, achieving wafer-scale MoS2 thin films for integrated memristor systems remains a significant challenge. In this work, a scalable strategy combining cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-assisted electrochemical intercalation and oil–water interface self-assembly was developed to fabricate large-area 2H-phase MoS2 thin films. Leveraging the amphiphilic nature of CTAB-functionalized MoS2 nanosheets, continuous Janus-structured MoS2 films with asymmetric wetting properties (hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic) were successfully prepared. Vertical-structured Ag/Janus-structured MoS2/ITO memristors demonstrated robust non-volatile switching with high endurance and long-term retention. The devices successfully emulated biological synaptic behaviors, including short-term and long-term plasticity. Furthermore, the memristors exhibited distinct optoelectronic synergistic modulation under 405 nm illumination, enabling light-sensitive synaptic functions. This work offers a versatile interface engineering route for low-power integrated sensing–memory–computing hardware. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials and Heterostructures: Synthesis, Processing, and Device Applications)
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2 pages, 160 KB  
Correction
Correction: Ju et al. Discharge Enhancement in a Triple-Pipe Heat Exchanger Filled with Phase Change Material. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 1605
by Yongfeng Ju, Roohollah Babaei-Mahani, Raed Khalid Ibrahem, Shoira Khakberdieva, Yasir Salam Karim, Ahmed N. Abdalla, Abdullah Mohamed, Mustafa Z. Mahmoud and Hafiz Muhammad Ali
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150958 - 4 Aug 2026
Viewed by 265
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
19 pages, 21547 KB  
Article
Activation of Biomass-Derived Carbon Platelets for EDLC Symmetrical Devices
by Vediyappan Thirumal, Perumal Rajivgandhi, Alagan Sekar and Jinho Kim
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150957 - 4 Aug 2026
Viewed by 413
Abstract
The sustainable bio-activated carbon platelets were synthesized from tamarind (tamarind indicia) fruit seed shells (TFSs) by a pyrolysis approach with an inert gas atmosphere. The carbonization process was carried out at 800 °C under an inert argon atmosphere, yielding both pure [...] Read more.
The sustainable bio-activated carbon platelets were synthesized from tamarind (tamarind indicia) fruit seed shells (TFSs) by a pyrolysis approach with an inert gas atmosphere. The carbonization process was carried out at 800 °C under an inert argon atmosphere, yielding both pure TFS-AC and chemically activated TFS-AC (KOH) carbon materials. Microscopic surface morphological analysis confirmed the formation of thin, interconnected porous carbon platelet nanosheets with enhanced surface structural uniformity. Raman spectroscopy revealed characteristic D- and G-bands, signifying the presence of graphitic domains and partial structural disorder. BET surface area analysis indicated a significant improvement from 48.54 m2/g in TFS-AC to 124.72 m2/g in TFS-AC (KOH), suggesting enhanced pore development and surface accessibility due to KOH activation. Electrochemical two-electrode performance was evaluated in symmetric device configurations using 3M KOH aqueous electrolyte. The TFS-AC (KOH) device exhibited a remarkable specific capacitance, which delivered 129.03 F/g at 0.5A/g, compared to the pure TFS-AC device. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) further confirmed low internal resistance and favorable ion transport. These findings confirm that KOH-activated TFS-derived carbon nanosheets have higher electrochemical stability, retaining 98.2% capacitance over 10,000 cycles. These results are promising electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitor applications, owing to their superior electrochemical symmetric device performance of bio-mass carbon Tamarind seed shell platelet nanosheets for future energy storage symmetric device applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Electrical Properties and Applications of Carbon-Based Nanocomposites)
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64 pages, 11481 KB  
Systematic Review
Influence of Reactor Configuration and Operating Conditions on Nanostructured Semiconductor Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution: A Systematic Technical Review
by Jessica Hernández Galván, Luis Angel Iturralde Carrera, Carlos D. Constantino-Robles, Yoisdel Castillo Alvarez, Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz and Rufino Nava
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 956; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150956 - 3 Aug 2026
Viewed by 352
Abstract
Semiconductor-based photocatalytic water splitting is a promising pathway for sustainable hydrogen production; however, the reported performance depends not only on the intrinsic properties of the photocatalyst but also on reactor configuration and operating conditions. This systematic technical review examines the interplay between nanostructured [...] Read more.
Semiconductor-based photocatalytic water splitting is a promising pathway for sustainable hydrogen production; however, the reported performance depends not only on the intrinsic properties of the photocatalyst but also on reactor configuration and operating conditions. This systematic technical review examines the interplay between nanostructured semiconductor photocatalysts and the principal engineering variables governing photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Particular attention is given to particle size, morphology, surface area, defect density, heterojunction design, cocatalyst incorporation, aggregation, and catalyst immobilization, as well as their interaction with reactor geometry, optical path length, photon distribution, catalyst loading, working volume, pH, sacrificial agents, mixing, thermal control, gas purging, and product quantification. The reviewed evidence indicates that these material and reactor parameters jointly determine light absorption, charge-carrier separation and transfer, suspension turbidity, mass transport, catalyst recovery, stability, and the measured hydrogen evolution rate. Batch slurry reactors remain the most widely used laboratory configuration, whereas annular, flat-panel, microreactor, fixed-bed, continuous-flow, and photofluidized systems offer specific advantages for photon utilization, catalyst reuse, product removal, and scale-up. The review also emphasizes the need to distinguish overall water splitting from sacrificial-agent-assisted hydrogen evolution. Standardized reporting of photocatalyst properties, irradiance, spectral distribution, illuminated area, reactor dimensions, reaction atmosphere, and gas-analysis procedures is essential to improve reproducibility and enable reliable comparisons among nanostructured photocatalytic systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
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29 pages, 3609 KB  
Review
Ti3C2 MXene-Based Composites for Hydrogen and Ammonia Gas Sensing: A Review
by Adem Sreedhar and Jin-Seo Noh
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150955 - 3 Aug 2026
Viewed by 300
Abstract
The unique contributions of 2D Ti3C2 MXenes surface, electrical, and chemical features play a crucial role in determining toxic and flammable gas-sensing behavior. Specifically, its high electrical conductivity (metallic nature), layered nanosheet structure (nanosheets), and surface termination groups (–O, –F, [...] Read more.
The unique contributions of 2D Ti3C2 MXenes surface, electrical, and chemical features play a crucial role in determining toxic and flammable gas-sensing behavior. Specifically, its high electrical conductivity (metallic nature), layered nanosheet structure (nanosheets), and surface termination groups (–O, –F, and –OH) collectively contribute to excellent hydrogen (H2) and ammonia (NH3) gas-sensing behavior. This review systematically explores the impact of pristine and modified Ti3C2 MXene, including its interfaces with various metals and metal oxides for enhancing H2 and NH3 detection. Furthermore, the significance of room temperature operation and flexible gas sensing mechanisms is explored. Notably, integration of Ti3C2 MXene and sulfur nanosheets demonstrates rapid response and recovery times with detection limits at ppt level. Ti3C2 MXene-based interfaces also exhibit excellent long-term stability under various relative humidity conditions. The selective surface termination groups (–OH and –O) facilitate the formation of hydrogen bonds with NH3 molecules for enhancing gas adsorption and sensing selectivity. In addition, the expansion of the interlayer spacing plays a vital role in improving the gas-sensing performance. Partial oxidation of Ti3C2 MXene into TiO2 increases the interlayer distance, promoting faster diffusion of gas molecules and quicker sensor response. Overall, the intrinsic properties of Ti3C2 MXene and its composites significantly achieve high-performance room-temperature H2 and NH3 gas-sensing performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
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23 pages, 5776 KB  
Review
Development and Challenges of Food Contaminant Removal Technologies: Molecular Imprinting Technology as an Emerging Solution
by Qian Guo, Yawei Xiong and Jing Neng
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150954 - 3 Aug 2026
Viewed by 341
Abstract
Food contaminants, including plasticizers, pesticide residues, heavy metals, and biotoxins, pose persistent risks to food quality and human health. Their diverse sources, complex migration pathways, and potential long-term toxicity make removal difficult. Conventional removal technologies, such as physical treatment, chemical degradation, adsorption, membrane [...] Read more.
Food contaminants, including plasticizers, pesticide residues, heavy metals, and biotoxins, pose persistent risks to food quality and human health. Their diverse sources, complex migration pathways, and potential long-term toxicity make removal difficult. Conventional removal technologies, such as physical treatment, chemical degradation, adsorption, membrane separation, and biological methods, can reduce contaminant levels to varying degrees. However, they often show limited selectivity, matrix interference, harsh operating requirements, or losses of nutritional and functional components. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic recognition materials with binding sites tailored to a target contaminant. Their template-induced cavities provide complementarity in size, shape, and functional-group arrangement, enabling selective adsorption in complex matrices. Recent studies apply MIPs to the enrichment, detection, and removal of plasticizers, pesticide residues, heavy metals, and biotoxins. Unlike recent surveys centered on MIP-assisted analysis and sensing, this review uses contaminant removal as the organizing problem and compares MIP-based strategies with conventional decontamination across four hazard classes. MIPs offer tunable selectivity, chemical stability, and reusability, but practical food applications still face template leakage, slow mass transfer, incomplete safety evaluation, matrix dependence, and scale-up limitations. Future work should prioritize green synthesis, surface imprinting, magnetic recovery, and systematic validation in real food matrices. To prevent analytical extraction from being conflated with remediation, the evidence is classified from proof-of-binding and analytical cleanup to edible-matrix treatment and process validation, and representative studies are compared using capacity, removal or recovery, equilibration time, selectivity, reuse, and matrix validation. Recent evidence also reveals substantial gaps for PFAS, microplastics, and nanoplastics: selective recognition is advancing, but food-safe removal remains largely unvalidated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
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16 pages, 15102 KB  
Article
Positional Isomers of B6C6N6 Nanorings: Stability, Reactivity, and Optical Properties from First Principles
by Xin Chen, Peipei Li and Shusheng Gong
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 953; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150953 - 3 Aug 2026
Viewed by 327
Abstract
The positional arrangement of BN and CC units in B6C6N6 cyclic nanorings profoundly influences their stability, electronic structure, optical response, and reactivity. Here, we comparatively investigate eight positional isomers (C1–C8) using DFT and TD-DFT calculations. Among C1–C8, C1 [...] Read more.
The positional arrangement of BN and CC units in B6C6N6 cyclic nanorings profoundly influences their stability, electronic structure, optical response, and reactivity. Here, we comparatively investigate eight positional isomers (C1–C8) using DFT and TD-DFT calculations. Among C1–C8, C1 is the most stable, and C8 is the most unstable in the range of 200–1000 K. Their relative stability is governed by B-N charge separation, homonuclear B-B and N-N defects (charge repulsion), and bond-angle distortion (ring tension). The HOMO–LUMO gaps range from 4.40 eV (C3) to 8.45 eV (C2), indicating distinct kinetic stability. Aromaticity analysis reveals that all isomers are nonaromatic. In the gas phase, the lowest-energy absorption bands of C1 and C3 are located at about 429 nm and 606 nm, respectively. Due to different transition mechanisms, namely locally excited (LE) for the former and charge-transfer (CT) for the latter, solvent polarity has dramatically different influence on these two absorption bands. Compared to their positions in the gas phase, these absorption bands are blue-shifted about 20 nm and 220 nm in water, respectively. Reactivity analysis identifies the B-B bond in C7 as the strongest electrophilic site (LEAE = −2.93 eV), with the surrounding framework serving as nucleophilic domains, endowing C7 with the strongest bifunctional reactivity. This work establishes a comprehensive structure–property map for B6C6N6 isomers, providing guidance for designing BCN-based nanorings for catalysis, molecular recognition, and optoelectronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)
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2 pages, 129 KB  
Editorial
Nanosomes in Precision Nanomedicine (Second Edition)
by Lucia Baldino
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 952; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150952 - 3 Aug 2026
Viewed by 231
Abstract
Nanosomes are small vesicles that are used in precision nanomedicine to deliver therapeutic drugs to specific cells or tissues [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanosomes in Precision Nanomedicine (Second Edition))
29 pages, 10336 KB  
Article
Synthesis and Property Detection of the Ho2BiNbO7/ZnBiTmO4 Composite Catalyst for Photocatalytic Degradation of Brilliant Green
by Jingfei Luan and Boyang Liu
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 951; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150951 - 2 Aug 2026
Viewed by 396
Abstract
A high-performance Z-scheme Ho2BiNbO7/ZnBiTmO4 heterojunction (HZ) photocatalyst was prepared for the first time using a wet impregnation method. The HZ photocatalyst significantly improved the separation efficiency of the photoinduced electrons and the photoinduced holes; meanwhile, the HZ photocatalyst [...] Read more.
A high-performance Z-scheme Ho2BiNbO7/ZnBiTmO4 heterojunction (HZ) photocatalyst was prepared for the first time using a wet impregnation method. The HZ photocatalyst significantly improved the separation efficiency of the photoinduced electrons and the photoinduced holes; meanwhile, the HZ photocatalyst could effectively broaden the visible light spectrum via a specific mechanism of the Z-scheme heterojunction structure. The experimental results displayed that the HZ photocatalyst had strong catalytic activity when the brilliant green (BLG) was degraded. In particular, the degradation rate of BLG when using the HZ photocatalyst was found to be 99.47%, and the mineralization efficiency of the total organic carbon (TOC) concentration was found to be 98.26% when using the HZ photocatalyst under visible light irradiation (VILIIR). The HZ photocatalyst possessed higher photocatalytic activity compared with Ho2BiNbO7, ZnBiTmO4, or N-doped TiO2 (N-T). The degradation rate of BLG when using the HZ photocatalyst was 1.27 times higher than that when using Ho2BiNbO7, 1.15 times higher than that when employing ZnBiTmO4, or 2.91 times higher than that when using N-T under VILIIR. The mineralization efficiency of the TOC concentration after catalytic degradation of BLG when employing the HZ photocatalyst was 1.31 times higher than that when employing Ho2BiNbO7, 1.19 times higher than that when employing ZnBiTmO4, or 3.14 times higher than that when using N-T under VILIIR. The experimental generating radicals confirmed that the HZ photocatalyst might produce diverse reactive radicals, which contained superoxide anions (•O2−), hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and photogenerated holes (h+) after catalytic degradation of BLG. The descending order of oxidizing capacity for above three radicals was as follows: •OH > •O2− > h+. The descending order of the photocatalytic activity for the four photocatalysts was as follows: HZ > ZnBiTmO4 > Ho2BiNbO7 > N-T. The intermediate degradation products of BLG were detected by employing the HZ photocatalyst during the photocatalytic degradation process of BLG; the reliability, reusability, and stability of the HZ photocatalyst were proven by quintic cyclical degradation experiments of BLG. This study developed the degradation pathways and degradation mechanism of BLG when using the HZ photocatalyst under VILIIR. This work supplies novel thought for the design and manufacture of Z-scheme heterojunction catalysts, and it provides a basis for developing an efficient environmental remediation technique for BLG pollution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterogeneous Photocatalysts Based on Nanocomposites (Second Edition))
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26 pages, 17725 KB  
Article
Freestanding 3D Multilayer Graphene Foams from Nanotextured Ni-Cu Templates
by Jaimon Chonedan Johnson, Nicolò Galvani, Piera Maccagnani, Alessandro Surpi, Nicola Gilli, Rita Rizzoli, Alessandro Gradone, Giulia Lorusso, Fabiola Liscio and Vittorio Morandi
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150950 - 1 Aug 2026
Viewed by 471
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) graphene foams are attractive as lightweight conductive scaffolds with large surface area and broadband light absorption but achieving reproducible porosity and preserving the architecture after metal-template removal remain challenging. Here we report a stepwise route to freestanding 3D multilayer graphene foams [...] Read more.
Three-dimensional (3D) graphene foams are attractive as lightweight conductive scaffolds with large surface area and broadband light absorption but achieving reproducible porosity and preserving the architecture after metal-template removal remain challenging. Here we report a stepwise route to freestanding 3D multilayer graphene foams based on (i) hydrogen-bubble-assisted electrodeposition of porous Ni on Cu foils, (ii) time-controlled pre-annealing at 1000 °C to drive Cu diffusion and form porous Ni-Cu alloy templates, (iii) in situ graphene CVD at 1000 °C under fixed growth conditions, and (iv) wet etching to remove the metal scaffold without a polymer support. The influence of pre-annealing (0, 1, 3, and 7 h) on template evolution, graphene growth, and foam stability was systematically investigated via SEM, EDS, XRD and Raman studies. Before etching, Raman spectroscopy indicates low-defect graphenic coatings with locally heterogeneous few-layer-like to multilayer-like signatures. Only samples pre-annealed for at least 3 h preserved the porous 3D architecture after metal removal, indicating the formation of self-supporting graphenic networks with improved post-etch morphological stability. Raman and XRD analyses further revealed a progressive reduction in structural degradation, residual strain, and stacking disorder with increasing pre-annealing time. Among the investigated samples, the foams obtained after 3 and 7 h of template pre-annealing combined preserved 3D morphology with low sheet resistance (10–20 Ω/□), negligible optical transmittance (<5%), and strong broadband visible-light absorption (75–90%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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33 pages, 10600 KB  
Review
Triazole-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks for CO2 Capture
by Hafezeh Nabipour and Sohrab Rohani
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 949; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150949 - 1 Aug 2026
Viewed by 781
Abstract
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based on triazole have attracted considerable interest as promising porous materials for CO2 capture due to their high surface area, ultramicroporosity, and excellent thermal and chemical stability. Nitrogen-rich triazole ligands contain abundant Lewis basic sites that promote CO2 [...] Read more.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based on triazole have attracted considerable interest as promising porous materials for CO2 capture due to their high surface area, ultramicroporosity, and excellent thermal and chemical stability. Nitrogen-rich triazole ligands contain abundant Lewis basic sites that promote CO2 adsorption via dipole–quadrupole interactions, hydrogen bonding and cooperative interactions with open metal sites. The present review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of triazole-based MOFs, with special emphasis on the relation between structural features and CO2 adsorption performance. The paper reviews different synthetic routes such as solvothermal, hydrothermal, mechanochemical and post-synthetic modification methods and their impact on crystallinity, porosity and scalability. The roles of metal centres, pore confinement and linker functionalization in tuning CO2 uptake, selectivity and adsorption energetics are highlighted. Moreover, the mixed-linker strategies and defect engineering are explored to illustrate the use of the synergistic effect of nitrogen-rich sites and metal nodes for the improvement of the adsorption performance. Still, a number of challenges remain such as achieving an optimal balance between adsorption strength and regenerability, increasing stability in humid and realistic flue-gas conditions, and the development of scalable and sustainable synthesis routes. In summary, triazole-based MOFs provide a versatile platform for the design of high-performance CO2 adsorbents by combining structural robustness with chemically active, nitrogen-rich adsorption environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoporous Materials for Gas Adsorption and Catalytic Applications)
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43 pages, 27126 KB  
Systematic Review
Insights into Salinity Stress-Induced Morpho-Physiological and Molecular Responses and Nanoparticle- and Nanobiochar-Mediated Tolerance Mechanisms During Seed Germination
by Abhishek Singh, Rupesh Kumar Singh, Mirela Alina Sandu, Veronica Ivanescu, Omkar Singh, Anuj Saraswat and Karen Ghazaryan
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 948; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150948 - 31 Jul 2026
Viewed by 648
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint that threatens global food security by significantly inhibiting seed germination and early seedling establishment. Salinity disrupts all three phases of seed germination: Phase I (imbibition), where reduced water absorption capacity reduces seed hydration and delays metabolic [...] Read more.
Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint that threatens global food security by significantly inhibiting seed germination and early seedling establishment. Salinity disrupts all three phases of seed germination: Phase I (imbibition), where reduced water absorption capacity reduces seed hydration and delays metabolic reactivation; Phase II (lag phase), where ionic toxicity and oxidative stress impair enzyme activity, reserve mobilization, and cellular metabolism; and Phase III (radicle protrusion), where limited cell division and length prevent radicle emergence and seedling establishment. These disturbances reduce germination percentage, germination rate, germination index, germination energy, and plant vigor, while increasing average germination time. At the morpho-physiological level, salinity impairs water absorption, membrane stability, photosynthetic pigment accumulation, and root–shoot development. Biochemically, excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) causes cellular damage and metabolic dysfunction. At the molecular level, salinity alters the expression of the aquaporin gene family (PIPs, TIPs, NIPs, and SIPs), suppresses starch mobilization by reducing α-amylase, enhances abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, and inhibits gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis, all of which cause inhibition of germination and early growth. As a result, an effective strategy is needed to improve seed germination under saline conditions. Therefore, the second focus of this review is to critically evaluate the potential of nanoparticles (NPs) and nanobiochar (NBC) as emerging tools to mitigate salinity stress during seed germination. Current evidence suggests that NPs and NBC enhance water absorption, maintain membrane strength, improve nutrient availability, promote antioxidant defense systems, and regulate osmotic adjustment in saline environments. Furthermore, these nanomaterials alter key molecular pathways involved in aquaporin expression, hormonal homeostasis, and reserve mobilization, thereby promoting successful germination and seedling establishment. By combining recent advances in physiological, biochemical, and molecular research, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of salinity-induced germination disruption and highlights the potential of NP- and NBC-based approaches to improve crop establishment under saline conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nanomaterials in Soils and Plants)
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43 pages, 7663 KB  
Review
Bridging Mechanisms and Strategies: MXene-Based Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
by Hanzihou Zou, Ying Guo, Ting Yang and Honglin Gao
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 947; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150947 - 31 Jul 2026
Viewed by 615
Abstract
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a key kinetic bottleneck in water electrolysis because it involves multistep proton-coupled electron transfer, the evolution of oxygen-containing intermediates and O–O bond formation. MXenes, as two-dimensional transition-metal carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides, possess high electrical conductivity, hydrophilic surfaces, [...] Read more.
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a key kinetic bottleneck in water electrolysis because it involves multistep proton-coupled electron transfer, the evolution of oxygen-containing intermediates and O–O bond formation. MXenes, as two-dimensional transition-metal carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides, possess high electrical conductivity, hydrophilic surfaces, tunable surface terminations and adjustable layered structures, making them promising platforms for OER catalyst design. However, their limited intrinsic active sites, sheet restacking and oxidative instability under anodic conditions restrict their direct application. This review firstly discusses the fundamental OER pathways based on the adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM), lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM) and oxide path mechanism (OPM), providing a mechanistic basis for understanding intermediate adsorption, oxygen activation and working-state evolution. Then, a system framework from low-dimensional and micro-level control to high-dimensional and macro-level integration is constructed. The framework covers four levels: atom and local structure, interface, morphology and composite electrode. Drawing on specific examples, this review analyzes the characteristics and mechanisms of modification strategies from four different perspectives, starting with the basic principles of modification. These strategies include micro-scale, low-dimensional approaches such as “Vacancy and other atomic-Level Regulation”, macro-scale, high-dimensional methods like “Composite Engineering”, as well as intermediate approaches involving “Interface engineering” and “morphology engineering”. Special emphasis is placed on distinguishing between beneficial surface reconstruction of catalytically active hydroxyl oxide species and destructive oxidation. Finally, the review identified the unresolved key challenges, including the fuzziness of active sites, the diversity of initial material states and the lack of stability under industrial conditions, and looked forward to the future direction of reasonable design, operational characterization and device-level evaluation. Through this cross-scale analysis, this review aims to clarify the relationship between structure–activity–stability, and provide practical guidance for designing efficient, durable and experimentally verifiable MXene-based OER electrodes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
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48 pages, 5456 KB  
Review
Metal–Organic Frameworks in Food Biotechnology: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Perspectives for Probiotic Delivery, Precision Fermentation, and Circular Food Systems
by Huy Loc Nguyen
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 946; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150946 - 31 Jul 2026
Viewed by 911
Abstract
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a versatile class of porous nanomaterials with exceptional surface area, tunable pore architectures, and customizable chemical functionalities, creating new opportunities for advanced food applications. Increasing demand for functional foods, precision fermentation, and sustainable bioprocessing has stimulated interest [...] Read more.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a versatile class of porous nanomaterials with exceptional surface area, tunable pore architectures, and customizable chemical functionalities, creating new opportunities for advanced food applications. Increasing demand for functional foods, precision fermentation, and sustainable bioprocessing has stimulated interest in MOFs as multifunctional platforms for microbial encapsulation, biocatalyst stabilization, and resource recovery. This review examines recent advances in the design and application of MOFs for probiotic delivery, precision fermentation, and circular food systems. The relationships between MOF structure, physicochemical properties, and functional performance are discussed in the context of probiotic encapsulation, protection against environmental and gastrointestinal stress, and controlled release within the intestinal tract. Emerging applications in precision fermentation are evaluated, including microbial immobilization, enzyme stabilization, metabolite separation, and bioprocess intensification. The potential of MOFs to enable circular food systems through the valorization of fermentation by-products, nutrient recovery, and waste-to-value strategies is also assessed. Despite significant progress, challenges related to biocompatibility, food-grade synthesis, scalability, regulatory approval, and long-term safety continue to limit industrial implementation. Future research directions include the development of sustainable and biodegradable MOFs, data-driven material design, and standardized evaluation frameworks to accelerate the translation of MOF-enabled technologies from laboratory research to commercial food applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress in Metal-Organic Framework Materials)
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32 pages, 2350 KB  
Review
Engineering MXene Nanomaterials: Structure–Property Relationships, Functional Design, and Emerging Technologies
by Huy Loc Nguyen and Thi Bich Ngoc Nguyen
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150945 - 31 Jul 2026
Viewed by 678
Abstract
MXenes have emerged as a rapidly expanding family of two-dimensional transition-metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, characterized by exceptional compositional diversity, tunable surface chemistry, metallic conductivity, hydrophilicity, mechanical flexibility, and rich redox activity. These characteristics make MXenes highly attractive for next-generation technologies, including energy [...] Read more.
MXenes have emerged as a rapidly expanding family of two-dimensional transition-metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, characterized by exceptional compositional diversity, tunable surface chemistry, metallic conductivity, hydrophilicity, mechanical flexibility, and rich redox activity. These characteristics make MXenes highly attractive for next-generation technologies, including energy storage and conversion, catalysis, electromagnetic interference shielding, sensors, water purification, biomedical systems, and smart functional devices. However, the performance of MXene-based materials is strongly governed by their synthesis routes, defect structures, interlayer spacing, surface terminations, oxidation stability, and interfacial interactions with polymers, metals, oxides, and other two-dimensional materials. Therefore, a structure–property-oriented understanding is essential for moving MXene research from empirical material development toward rational functional design. Unlike application-centered summaries, this review develops a cross-application engineering framework that connects MXene synthesis and processing with multiscale structure, functional properties, performance trade-offs, and translational requirements. First, major synthesis and processing strategies are discussed, including selective etching, delamination, intercalation, surface modification, and scalable fabrication. Next, the relationships between MXene composition, morphology, surface chemistry, electrical conductivity, electrochemical behavior, mechanical properties, and environmental stability are analyzed. Recent advances in functionalization, heterostructure construction, and composite engineering are then highlighted to illustrate how MXene properties can be tailored for emerging applications. Finally, key challenges related to oxidation, restacking, long-term stability, environmental safety, reproducibility, and industrial translation are critically evaluated. This review aims to establish a design framework for engineering MXene nanomaterials toward high-performance, stable, and scalable emerging technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue MXene-Based Nanomaterials for Smart Wearable Textiles and Sensing Applications)
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17 pages, 13889 KB  
Article
Coupled Effects of Wall Vibration and Surface Wettability on Nanoscale Liquid Film Boiling: A Molecular Dynamics Study
by Haowei Hu, Zhenxin Chen, Feilong Zhao, Qin Li and Lin Guo
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 944; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150944 - 31 Jul 2026
Viewed by 428
Abstract
Nanoscale liquid film boiling is a key heat transfer mechanism in high-heat-flux thermal management, but the coupled effects of wall vibration and surface wettability remain unclear. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate water film boiling on platinum surfaces under [...] Read more.
Nanoscale liquid film boiling is a key heat transfer mechanism in high-heat-flux thermal management, but the coupled effects of wall vibration and surface wettability remain unclear. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate water film boiling on platinum surfaces under different wettability conditions, vibration amplitudes, and vibration frequencies. The results show that surface wettability strongly regulates the balance between early nucleation and later heat transfer deterioration. Under wall vibration, the neutral-wettability case (β = 0.02) shows the most favorable overall behavior, with bubble nucleation occurring at 0.35 ns, 46.2% earlier than that for β = 0.013, while the Leidenfrost onset is delayed to 1.65 ns, 153.8% later than that for β = 0.1. For vibration amplitude, increasing the amplitude from 0.5 to 2 Å advances bubble nucleation by 70.8%, whereas further increasing the amplitude to 3–4 Å accelerates Leidenfrost onset by 51.5–75.8%. For vibration frequency, compared with the non-vibrating case, nucleation is advanced by 36.4%, 54.5%, and 81.8% at 100, 150, and 200 GHz, respectively. These results indicate that moderate vibration enhances interfacial energy exchange, whereas excessive vibration promotes premature vapor-layer formation and heat transfer deterioration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)
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11 pages, 5441 KB  
Article
Atrazine Degradation by the Nano-Shielded Carbon Dots–Lacassa (CDs-S-M-Lac) System
by Carlos A. Guerrero-Fajardo and David Bocanegra-Cardenas
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 943; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150943 - 30 Jul 2026
Viewed by 370
Abstract
Atrazine is one of the most toxic herbicide pollutants for ecosystems and the environment, as its persistence poses a risk to environmental health. Therefore, this research focuses on the production of a series of shielded nanostructured compounds known as carbon dots. To this [...] Read more.
Atrazine is one of the most toxic herbicide pollutants for ecosystems and the environment, as its persistence poses a risk to environmental health. Therefore, this research focuses on the production of a series of shielded nanostructured compounds known as carbon dots. To this end, three different shielded nanomaterials will be synthesized, namely carbon dots (CDs-S), magnetized carbon dots (CDs-S-M), and laccase-catalyzed magnetized carbon dots (CDs-S-M-Lac), the latter being the biocomposite. During the characterization of these materials, stretching vibrations corresponding to the hydroxyl group were obtained in the 3100–3600 cm−1 region, as well as 1750 cm−1 bands associated with oxygenated carbonyl and carboxylate groups, which are important in the adsorption processes of contaminants on the material’s surface. Biocatalytic activity tests were also performed on a total volume of 3.0 mL, contained in an atrazine solution with an initial concentration of 10 mg·L−1. Raman analysis revealed bands in the D (1350 cm−1) and G (1580 cm−1) regions, characteristic of SP2 hybridizations associated with carbonaceous materials, thus describing a material capable of degrading contaminants with a capacity of approximately 14 mg/L; this degradation is achieved with CDs-S-M-Lac. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoadsorbents for Environmental Remediation)
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17 pages, 13004 KB  
Article
Molecular Regulation of Zn2+ Solvation Structure and Interphase Evolution by Glutaronitrile for Stable Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries
by Zhongyu Wan, Dong Li, Fei Wang and Houzhao Wan
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150942 - 30 Jul 2026
Viewed by 328
Abstract
Aqueous zinc metal batteries are promising for safe and cost-effective energy storage. However, their practical application is limited by the intrinsic instability of the Zn/electrolyte interface, including water-induced hydrogen evolution, Zn corrosion, and dendrite-prone Zn deposition. Herein, glutaronitrile (GLN) is introduced as a [...] Read more.
Aqueous zinc metal batteries are promising for safe and cost-effective energy storage. However, their practical application is limited by the intrinsic instability of the Zn/electrolyte interface, including water-induced hydrogen evolution, Zn corrosion, and dendrite-prone Zn deposition. Herein, glutaronitrile (GLN) is introduced as a multifunctional dinitrile additive to stabilize Zn metal anodes through coupled regulation of solvation chemistry and interfacial evolution. The polar C≡N groups of GLN can coordinate with Zn2+, to replace part of the water molecules in the primary solvation shell, thereby suppressing the activity of coordinated water. Meanwhile, uncoordinated C≡N groups act as hydrogen-bond acceptors to reorganize the surrounding water network, further suppressing free-water participation in hydrogen evolution and corrosion. This dual regulation optimizes the Zn/electrolyte interfacial environment, improves electrolyte wettability on Zn, homogenizes Zn2+ flux, and promotes compact, dendrite-suppressed Zn deposition. Additionally, GLN promotes the formation of a chemically heterogeneous interfacial structure enriched with ZnF2 in the inner region, which further protects the Zn surface and stabilizes the Zn plating/stripping process. The optimized ZHG6 electrolyte enables Zn||Zn symmetric cells to cycle stably for over 900 h at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2, while Zn||Cu cells maintain high Coulombic efficiency during long-term cycling. Furthermore, Zn||V6O13 full cells exhibit enhanced cycling stability and rate capability, achieving stable operation for 3200 cycles at 5 A g−1. As evidenced in this work, dinitrile-based molecular additives provide an effective and scalable strategy to fabricate durable aqueous zinc metal batteries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)
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18 pages, 4766 KB  
Article
Bioinspired Honeycomb-Structured Nanofibrous Membranes with High Transparency and Excellent Breathability for High-Efficiency PM0.3 Capture
by Yuan Tian, Xinmiao Wang, Jinhui Wu and Jiancheng Qi
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 941; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150941 - 30 Jul 2026
Viewed by 404
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) pollution has become a major public health concern. Particularly, PM0.3 in the air can cause significant damage to the human respiratory system. However, traditional air filtration materials, due to their limited protective functions, are facing challenges such as poor [...] Read more.
Particulate matter (PM) pollution has become a major public health concern. Particularly, PM0.3 in the air can cause significant damage to the human respiratory system. However, traditional air filtration materials, due to their limited protective functions, are facing challenges such as poor environmental adaptability, low transparency, and difficulties in balancing filtration efficiency with pressure drop. Inspired by the honeycomb structures and transparent dragonfly wings, this study successfully fabricated a bioinspired honeycomb-structured nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) using template-assisted electrospinning. By optimizing the mesh size of receiver, a directional distribution of the electric field was established on the receiver, promoting the simultaneous concentrated ordered stacking and sparse random orientation of fine-diameter nanofibers. This synergistic strategy of structural optimization and electric field modulation enables NFMs to achieve an optimal balance between filtration efficiency, pressure drop, environmental adaptability and transparency. Utilizing filtration mechanisms involving Brownian diffusion, electrostatic adsorption and physical interception, the honeycomb-structured NFMs achieved a filtration efficiency of over 98.51% for PM0.3, with a pressure drop of only 34 Pa, whilst maintaining high transparency (85%) and high air permeability (130.8 mm/s). This bioinspired honeycomb-structured NFMs demonstrates broad application prospects in the field of air purification and offers novel insights for the development of multifunctional air filtration materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials and Technologies for Sustainable Development)
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22 pages, 2958 KB  
Article
Basic Cells for Reconfigurable Superconducting Kinemonics
by Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya, Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy, Sergey V. Bakurskiy, Andrey E. Schegolev, Maxim V. Tereshonok, Nikolay V. Klenov and Igor I. Soloviev
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(15), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16150940 - 30 Jul 2026
Viewed by 397
Abstract
In all-Josephson-junction (all-JJ) logic, cell area is determined by the size of Josephson junctions, enabling intrinsically compact layouts. Tunable kinetic inductance offers a route to add circuit reconfigurability, pushing further scaling within the same all-JJ framework. In this work we present a set [...] Read more.
In all-Josephson-junction (all-JJ) logic, cell area is determined by the size of Josephson junctions, enabling intrinsically compact layouts. Tunable kinetic inductance offers a route to add circuit reconfigurability, pushing further scaling within the same all-JJ framework. In this work we present a set of basic cells for reconfigurable superconducting “kinemonics” that exploit tunable kinetic inductances of a multilayer nanostructure to realise multiple logic functions within a single compact circuit. We then combine these gates into a universal programmable logic cell consisting of only four reconfigurable gates supplemented by a single tunable kinetic-inductance key and demonstrate that it can realise all sixteen two-input Boolean functions, making it an analogue of a look-up table with in-hardware reconfigurability. We also discuss how the same principle can be used in superconducting neuromorphic circuits, where tunable kinetic inductance controls routing, coincidence detection, inhibition, and delay for soliton-like spikes in neuron-like elements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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