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J. Mar. Sci. Eng., Volume 8, Issue 7 (July 2020) – 70 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Biofouling is a major problem shared among all maritime sectors employing submerged structures, where it leads to substantially increased costs and lowered operational lifespans. To enable rapid access to key biofouling events, the present work describes a European biofouling database to support the MRE sector and other maritime industries. The database compiles qualitative and quantitative data for challenging biofouling groups, including non-native species associated with marine equipment, in different European ecoregions. The database aims to aid the MRE sector and offshore industries in understanding which biofouling communities their devices are susceptible to at a given site, in order to facilitate informed decisions. View this paper.
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9 pages, 4249 KiB  
Article
Model Test and Numerical Simulation of Grouted Connections for Offshore Wind Turbine Under Static Axial Load
by Weiqiu Zhong, Wuxu Li, Tao Yang, Deming Liu and Lintao Li
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070543 - 21 Jul 2020
Viewed by 1928
Abstract
The bearing capacity of the grouted connections is investigated through the model test and numerical simulation with two rates (low and high) and four kinds of specimens: shorter without shear keys, shorter with shear keys, longer with shear keys, and conical with shear [...] Read more.
The bearing capacity of the grouted connections is investigated through the model test and numerical simulation with two rates (low and high) and four kinds of specimens: shorter without shear keys, shorter with shear keys, longer with shear keys, and conical with shear keys. It reveals that the bearing characteristics of the specimen of longer with shear keys is worse than the specimen of conical with shear keys, but better than the specimen of shorter with shear keys. Moreover, the bearing characteristics of the specimen of shorter without shear keys is the worst one. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Design of Offshore Wind Turbine Support Structures)
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12 pages, 5645 KiB  
Article
Accuracy Assessment of Satellite-Based Correction Service and Virtual GNSS Reference Station for Hydrographic Surveying
by Mohamed Elsayed Elsobeiey
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070542 - 20 Jul 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2630
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to assess the performance of satellite-based correction service, Trimble PP-RTX, and Virtual Reference Stations (VRS) for bathymetry determination, and check how far these techniques meet the minimum standards of the International Hydrography Organization (IHO) for hydrographic surveys. [...] Read more.
The aim of this paper is to assess the performance of satellite-based correction service, Trimble PP-RTX, and Virtual Reference Stations (VRS) for bathymetry determination, and check how far these techniques meet the minimum standards of the International Hydrography Organization (IHO) for hydrographic surveys. To this end, a three-hour duration session was conducted at Sharm Obhur using KAU-Hydrography 1 vessel. This session includes Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data at the base station using Trimble SPS855 GNSS receiver, multibeam records using Kongsberg EM 712 multibeam echo sounder, sound velocity profile using Valeport’s sound velocity profiler, Applanix POS MV measurements, and real-time PP-RTX corrections. Moreover, the VRS GNSS data was generated using Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Continuous Operation Reference Station network (KSA-CORS). It is shown that the Total Horizontal Uncertainty (THU) and Total Vertical Uncertainty (TVU) of the PP-RTX technique are 5.50 cm and 5.90 cm, respectively, which meets the IHO minimum standards for all survey orders at 95% confidence level. The THU and TVU of the VRS technique, on the other hand, are 5.75 cm and 7.05 cm at 95% confidence level, respectively. These values meet the IHO standards for all survey orders as well. Statistical analysis of the seabed surface differences showed a −0.07 cm average difference between the PP-RTX seabed surface and the reference seabed surface with a standard deviation of 3.60 cm. However, the average difference between the VRS-based seabed surface and the reference seabed surface is −0.03 cm and a standard deviation of 3.61 cm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Navigability and Mooring)
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24 pages, 39732 KiB  
Article
On the Relation between Beach-Dune Dynamics and Shoal Attachment Processes: A Case Study in Terschelling (NL)
by Filipe Galiforni-Silva, Kathelijne M. Wijnberg and Suzanne J. M. H. Hulscher
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070541 - 20 Jul 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2346
Abstract
Inlet-driven processes are capable of modifying the adjacent shoreline. However, few studies have attempted to understand how these changes affect coastal dunes. The present study aims to understand how shoreline changes induced by shoal attachment affect coastal dunes. A barrier island in the [...] Read more.
Inlet-driven processes are capable of modifying the adjacent shoreline. However, few studies have attempted to understand how these changes affect coastal dunes. The present study aims to understand how shoreline changes induced by shoal attachment affect coastal dunes. A barrier island in the Netherlands is used as a case study. Both bathymetric and topographic annual data were analysed, together with the application of a cellular automata model for dune development. The objective of the model is to explore idealised scenarios of inlet-driven shoreline movements. With the model, ten different scenarios were examined regarding beach width increase and rate of alongshore spreading of the shoal. Field data showed that, for the case study, dune volume and shoal attachments could not be directly linked. Instead, rates of dune volume change differed significantly only due to long-term ebb-tidal delta evolution. Such morphological evolution oriented the beach towards the main wind direction, increasing overall aeolian transport potential. Modelling results showed that shoals significantly increased dune volumes only on three out of ten scenarios. This suggests that beach width increase, and rate of alongshore sediment spreading, determine whether the shoal will influence dune growth. Therefore, within the studied time-scale, local rates of dune growth are only increased if shoals are capable of increasing the beach width significantly and persistently. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilient Flood Defences)
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15 pages, 4614 KiB  
Article
Effect of Breaking Waves on Near-Surface Mixing in an Ocean-Wave Coupling System under Calm Wind Conditions
by Ji-Seok Hong, Jae-Hong Moon and Taekyun Kim
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070540 - 20 Jul 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2235
Abstract
Estimating wave effects on vertical mixing is a necessary step toward improving the accuracy and reliability of upper-ocean forecasts. In this study, we evaluate the wave effects on upper-ocean mixing in the northern East China Sea in summer by analyzing the results of [...] Read more.
Estimating wave effects on vertical mixing is a necessary step toward improving the accuracy and reliability of upper-ocean forecasts. In this study, we evaluate the wave effects on upper-ocean mixing in the northern East China Sea in summer by analyzing the results of comparative experiments: a stand-alone ocean model as a control run and two ocean–wave coupled models that include the effect of the breaking waves (BW) and of the wave–current interaction (WCI) with a vortex-force formalism. The comparison exhibits that under weak wind conditions, the BW effect prescribed by wave dissipation energy significantly enhances near-surface mixing because of increased downward turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), whereas the WCI has little effect on vertical mixing. Increased TKE results in a mixed-layer depth deepened by ~46% relative to the control run, which provides better agreement with the observed surface thermal structure. An additional experiment with local wind–based BW parameterization confirms the importance of nonlocally generated waves that propagated into the study area upon near-surface mixing. This suggests that under calm wind conditions, waves propagated over distances can largely affect surface vertical mixing; thus, ocean–wave coupling is capable of improving the surface thermal structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Models in Coastal Hazards and Coastal Environment)
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21 pages, 6223 KiB  
Article
A Hybrid Wind Load Estimation Method for Container Ship Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics and Neural Networks
by Jasna Prpić-Oršić, Marko Valčić and Zoran Čarija
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070539 - 20 Jul 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2511
Abstract
The estimation of wind loads on ships and other marine objects represents a continuous challenge because of its implication for various aspects of exposed structure exploitation. An extended method for estimating the wind loads on container ships is presented. The method uses the [...] Read more.
The estimation of wind loads on ships and other marine objects represents a continuous challenge because of its implication for various aspects of exposed structure exploitation. An extended method for estimating the wind loads on container ships is presented. The method uses the Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN), which is trained with Elliptic Fourier Descriptors (EFD) of sets of frontal and lateral closed contours as inputs. Wind load coefficients (Cx, Cy, CN), used as outputs for network training, are derived from 3D steady RANS CFD analysis. This approach is very suitable for assessing wind loads on container ships wherever there is a wind load database for a various container configuration. In this way, the cheaper and faster calculation can bridge the gap for the container configurations for which calculations or experiments have not already been made. The results obtained by trained GRNN are in line with available experimental measurements of the wind loads on various container configuration on the deck of a 9000+ TEU container ship obtained through a series of wind tunnel tests, as well as with performed CFD simulation for the same conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures)
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11 pages, 900 KiB  
Article
Gap Analysis for DNA Barcode Reference Libraries for Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Species in the Apulia Region (Southeast of Italy)
by Valeria Specchia, Eftychia Tzafesta, Gabriele Marini, Salvatore Scarcella, Simona D’Attis and Maurizio Pinna
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070538 - 20 Jul 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3544
Abstract
The use of molecular tools (DNA barcoding and metabarcoding) for the identification of species and ecosystem biomonitoring is a promising innovative approach. The effectiveness of these tools is, however, highly dependent on the reliability and coverage of the DNA sequence reference libraries and [...] Read more.
The use of molecular tools (DNA barcoding and metabarcoding) for the identification of species and ecosystem biomonitoring is a promising innovative approach. The effectiveness of these tools is, however, highly dependent on the reliability and coverage of the DNA sequence reference libraries and it also depends on the identification of primer sets that work on the broadest range of taxa. In this study, a gap analysis of available DNA barcodes in the international libraries was conducted using the aquatic macroinvertebrate species checklist of the Apulia region in the southeast of Italy. Our analyses show that 42% of the 1546 examined species do not have representative DNA barcodes in the reference libraries, indicating the importance of working toward their completeness and addressing this effort toward specific taxonomic groups. We also analyzed the DNA barcode reference libraries for the primer set used to barcode species. Only for 52% of the examined barcoded species were the primers reported, indicating the importance of uploading this information in the databases for a more effective DNA barcode implementation effort and extensive use of the metabarcoding method. In this paper, a new combination of primers has revealed its experimental effectiveness at least on the species belonging to the three most represented taxa in the aquatic ecosystems of the Apulia region, highlighting the opportunity to develop combinations of primers useful at the regional level and the importance of studying DNA barcode gaps at the local/regional level. The DNA barcode coverage also varies among different taxonomic groups and aquatic ecosystem types in which a large number of species are rare. We tested the application of the DNA barcoding single species to a lagoon ecosystem (the lagoon named “Acquatina di Frigole” in the Apulia region) and we sampled two macroinvertebrate species lacking DNA barcodes from “Aquatina di Frigole” NATURA 2000 Site IT9150003, Fabulina fabula and Tritia nitida, generated two new CO1 barcodes and added them to a DNA barcode reference library. Full article
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23 pages, 3787 KiB  
Article
Physico-Chemical Characterization of Two Portuguese Coastal Systems: Ria de Alvor and Mira Estuary
by Ana Picado, Joana Mendes, Rui Ruela, João Pinheiro and João Miguel Dias
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070537 - 19 Jul 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2764
Abstract
The present study aims to research the physico-chemical processes in two under-researched coastal systems located on the west and south Portuguese coast—Mira Estuary and Ria de Alvor—through the development and exploitation of dedicated coupled physical and water quality models. Both systems are highly [...] Read more.
The present study aims to research the physico-chemical processes in two under-researched coastal systems located on the west and south Portuguese coast—Mira Estuary and Ria de Alvor—through the development and exploitation of dedicated coupled physical and water quality models. Both systems are highly dynamic, supporting a wide range of biological diversity; however, they are characterized by distinct environmental and oceanographic conditions, enhancing the importance of a comparative approach. In this context, the Delft3D modeling suite was implemented and successfully calibrated and validated for both systems, accurately reproducing their hydrodynamic, hydrographic, and chemical features. A broad characterization of Mira Estuary and Ria de Alvor was carried out. Results show that the tidal wave interacts differently with the different geomorphology of each estuary. The tidal wave amplitude decreases as it propagates upstream for both estuaries; however, the magnitude for Ria de Alvor is higher. A flood tidal dominance was found for Mira Estuary, allowing the transport of well-oxygenated water into the estuary, contributing to high residence times in the middle estuary and therefore to poor dissolved oxygen (DO) replenishment. Ria de Alvor shifts from ebb dominance at the central area to flood dominance upstream with low residence times, allowing an effective exchange of water properties. Results also reveal that the water temperature is the dominant driver of seasonal dissolved oxygen variations in both estuaries, with the lowest levels occurring during the late summer months when the water temperature is highest. In addition, pH is influenced by biological activity and freshwater inflow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Oceanography)
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32 pages, 2640 KiB  
Review
A Review of the Varied Uses of Macroalgae as Dietary Supplements in Selected Poultry with Special Reference to Laying Hen and Broiler Chickens
by Garima Kulshreshtha, Maxwell T. Hincke, Balakrishnan Prithiviraj and Alan Critchley
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070536 - 19 Jul 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 8112
Abstract
Seaweeds comprise ca. 12,000 species. Global annual harvest is ca. 30.13 million metric tonnes, (valued ca. $11.7 billion USD in 2016) for various commercial applications. The growing scope of seaweed-based applications in food, agricultural fertilizers, animal feed additives, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and personal care [...] Read more.
Seaweeds comprise ca. 12,000 species. Global annual harvest is ca. 30.13 million metric tonnes, (valued ca. $11.7 billion USD in 2016) for various commercial applications. The growing scope of seaweed-based applications in food, agricultural fertilizers, animal feed additives, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and personal care is expected to boost market demand. Agriculture and animal feed applications held the second largest seaweed market share in 2017, and the combined market is anticipated to reach much higher values by 2024 due to the impacts of current research and development targeting enhanced animal health and productivity. In general, seaweeds have been utilized in animal feed as a rich source of carbohydrates, protein, minerals, vitamins and dietary fibers with relatively well-balanced amino acid profiles and a unique blend of bioactive compounds. Worldwide, the animal nutrition market is largely driven by rising demand for poultry feeds, which represents ca. 47% of the total consumption for all animal nutrition. This review provides an overview of the utilization of specific seaweeds as sustainable feed sources for poultry production, including a detailed survey of seaweed-supplemented diets on growth, performance, gastrointestinal flora, disease, immunity and overall health of laying/broiler hens. Anti-microbial effects of seaweeds are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biologically Active Compounds as Feed Additives)
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32 pages, 14153 KiB  
Article
Pathways of Oil Spills from Potential Cuban Offshore Exploration: Influence of Ocean Circulation
by Yannis Androulidakis, Vassiliki Kourafalou, Lars Robert Hole, Matthieu Le Hénaff and HeeSook Kang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070535 - 18 Jul 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3243
Abstract
The DeepWater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) in 2010 raised the public awareness on potential spills from offshore exploration activities. It became apparent that knowledge of potential oil pathways in the case of a spill is important for preparedness [...] Read more.
The DeepWater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) in 2010 raised the public awareness on potential spills from offshore exploration activities. It became apparent that knowledge of potential oil pathways in the case of a spill is important for preparedness and response. This study focuses on such scenarios from potential oil spills in the Cuban Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), a vast area in the GoM and the Straits of Florida that has not received much attention in oil spill studies, even though this region has been under evaluation for oil exploration. The Cuban EEZ is also in the crossroads of heavy tanker traffic, from the areas of intense oil exploration in the Northern GoM to the adjacent Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. The study also evaluates how the oil transport and fate are influenced by the main circulation patterns of the GoM, such as the Loop Current (LC) system and the mesoscale dynamics inside the Straits of Florida, such as the Florida Current (FC) and the accompanying cyclonic (along the northern Straits) and anticyclonic (along the Cuban coasts) eddies. We used oil spill numerical simulations, in tandem with high resolution data-assimilative ocean simulations, to test the fate of potential oil spills originating from different release sites within the Cuban EEZ during a six-year period (2011–2016) to exhibit certain aspects of interannual variability of ocean dynamics. The LC extended and retracted phases in the GoM interior revealed different impacts on the oil fate depending on the release site. The meandering of the FC, which is strongly related to the mesoscale eddies that evolve inside the Straits of Florida, controlled oil pathways either towards the northern Straits or along the Cuban coast. The most likely scenario for oil stranding at southern Florida is from oil released at the deep central Straits of Florida. Oil release near the Yucatan Strait and in the deep Gulf interior showed the highest risk of overall oil beaching at the Gulf beaches. The regional (e.g., LC) and local (e.g., eddies in the Straits) dynamics are proven to be significant indicators to predict the oil fate and stranding along the Gulf coasts, which should lead to improving planning and preparedness in the case of a spill in the Cuban EEZ. Full article
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14 pages, 3002 KiB  
Article
Field Measurements of a High-Energy Headland Deflection Rip Current: Tidal Modulation, Very Low Frequency Pulsation and Vertical Structure
by Damien Sous, Bruno Castelle, Arthur Mouragues and Philippe Bonneton
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070534 - 18 Jul 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2142
Abstract
Headland rips, sometimes referred to as boundary rips, are rip currents flowing against natural or artificial obstructions extending seaward from the beach, such as headland or groynes. They can be driven either by the deflection of the longshore current against the obstacle or [...] Read more.
Headland rips, sometimes referred to as boundary rips, are rip currents flowing against natural or artificial obstructions extending seaward from the beach, such as headland or groynes. They can be driven either by the deflection of the longshore current against the obstacle or by alongshore variation in breaking wave height due to wave shadowing in the lee of the obstacle. The driving mechanism therefore essentially depends on the angle of wave incidence with respect to the natural or artificial obstruction. We analyze 42 days of velocity profile measurements against a natural headland at the high-energy meso-macrotidal beach of Anglet, southwest France. Measurements were collected in 6.5–10.5-m depth as tide elevation varied, during the autumn–winter period with offshore significant wave height and period ranging 0.9–6 m and 8–16 s, respectively, and the angle of wave incidence ranging from −20 to 20 . Here we analyze deflection rip configurations, corresponding to approximately 24 days of measurements, for which the current meter was alternatively located in the rip neck, rip head or away from the rip as wave and tide conditions changed. Deflection rips were associated with large offshore-directed velocities (up to 0.6 m/s depth-averaged velocities) and tide modulation for low- to moderate-energy waves. The vertical profile of deflection rips was found to vary from depth-uniform in the rip neck to strongly depth-varying further offshore in the rip head with maximum velocities near the surface. Very low frequency motions of the rip were dramatic, ranging 10–60 min with a dominant peak period of approximately 40 min, i.e., with longer periods than commonly reported. The strong offshore-directed velocities measured well beyond the surf zone edge provide new insight into deflection rips as a dominant mechanism for water and sediment exchanges between embayed (or structurally-controlled) beaches and the inner-shelf and/or the adjacent embayments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Oceanography)
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19 pages, 2209 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Cold and Warm Anomalies on Phytoplankton Pigment Composition in Waters off the Northern Baja California Peninsula (México): 2007–2016
by Adriana González-Silvera, Eduardo Santamaría-del-Ángel, Víctor Camacho-Ibar, Jorge López-Calderón, Jonatan Santander-Cruz and Alfredo Mercado-Santana
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070533 - 18 Jul 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2388
Abstract
In this study, we report the response of phytoplankton community composition to cold and warm interannual events affecting the waters off the Baja California Peninsula from 2007 to 2016 based on data obtained from a single marine station (31.75° N/116.96° W). Included variables [...] Read more.
In this study, we report the response of phytoplankton community composition to cold and warm interannual events affecting the waters off the Baja California Peninsula from 2007 to 2016 based on data obtained from a single marine station (31.75° N/116.96° W). Included variables were satellite chlorophyll a, sea surface temperature (MODIS/Aqua), upwelling intensity, and field data (phytoplankton pigments, inorganic nutrients, light penetration). Phytoplankton pigments were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and CHEMTAX software was used to determine the relative contributions of the main taxonomic groups to chlorophyll a. Our results confirm the decrease in phytoplankton biomass due to the influence of the recent Pacific Warm Anomaly (2014) and El Niño 2015–2016. However, this decrease was especially marked at the surface. When data from the entire water column was considered, this decrease was not significant, because at the subsurface Chla did not decrease as much. Nevertheless, significant changes in community composition occurred in the entire water column with Cyanobacteria (including Prochlorococcus) and Prymnesiophytes being dominant at the surface, while Chlorophytes and Prasinophytes made a strong contribution at the subsurface. Analysis of the spatial distribution of SST and satellite chlorophyll a made it possible to infer the spatial extension of these anomalies at a regional scale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Observation and Monitoring towards an Ecosystem Approach)
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28 pages, 5753 KiB  
Article
Integrating Real-Time Monitoring Data in Risk Assessment for Crane Related Offshore Operations
by Giuseppa Ancione, Nicola Paltrinieri and Maria Francesca Milazzo
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070532 - 18 Jul 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2805
Abstract
The oil and gas sector is one of the most dangerous and stringent workplaces, due to the hazardousness of materials involved as well as the critical tasks that workers have to perform. Cranes are widely used in this sector for several activities. A [...] Read more.
The oil and gas sector is one of the most dangerous and stringent workplaces, due to the hazardousness of materials involved as well as the critical tasks that workers have to perform. Cranes are widely used in this sector for several activities. A wrong load lifting or handling often is due to a limited visibility of working area and could bring to severe accidental scenarios, for this reason safety of these operations becomes of paramount importance. The use of safety devices, that provide an augmented vision to the crane-operator, is essential to avoid potential accidents, moreover risk analysis could benefit from the acquisition of real time information about the process. This work aims to extrapolate and adapt dynamic risk assessment concepts for crane-related operations of a typical oil and gas industry by means of the support of safety devices. To achieve this objective, a set of risk indicators, reporting continuous information about the operations that are carried out, will be defined; successively, a technique of aggregation of these indicators will also be applied with the aim to update the frequency of critical events by a proper Risk Metric Reduction Factor that accounts for the effect of the use of safety barriers. Full article
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18 pages, 19038 KiB  
Article
The DPSIR Approach for Coastal Risk Assessment under Climate Change at Regional Scale: The Case of Apulian Coast (Italy)
by Maria Francesca Bruno, Alessandra Saponieri, Matteo Gianluca Molfetta and Leonardo Damiani
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070531 - 18 Jul 2020
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4271
Abstract
In the present paper, the coastal risk is assessed, at a regional scale, to produce a risk map that will help to prioritize policies and economic resources in coastal management and planning activities. The DPSIR method is here used taking into account processes [...] Read more.
In the present paper, the coastal risk is assessed, at a regional scale, to produce a risk map that will help to prioritize policies and economic resources in coastal management and planning activities. The DPSIR method is here used taking into account processes and cause/effect relationship between Drivers and Pressures, which induce an alteration of actual State and, hence, Impacts on the environment, society and economy. The study area is located in South Italy (Apulia region), where the Risk Index is calculated and mapped for all municipalities facing the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. Both coastal Vulnerability and Exposure Indexes are firstly calculated according to the procedure suggested in the EUrosion project (EU model) as the product of specific indicators describing the state of coastal zones, their natural characteristics and both natural and anthropic pressures. Based on both EU model results and knowledge of states and pressures of the study area, a new modified model is then proposed (Mod.E.M.) and final risk maps compared. The comparison shows that new Vulnerability and Exposure indexes better describe the ongoing coastal processes and pressures and allow us to identify hot-spot sites where more detailed analyses could be further focused on. The Mod.E.M. has more than just a local significance since the case study includes coastal areas with so different characteristics, that it can be easily applied to other coastal regions. Moreover, to take into account climate change effects, Risk Index is evaluated under Representative Concentration Pathways R C P 4.5 and R C P 8.5 , mainly affecting the sea level rise and the storm surge level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)
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14 pages, 4417 KiB  
Article
Fine Dust and Sustainable Supply Chain Management in Port Operations: Focus on the Major Cargo Handled at the Dry Bulk Port
by Jeho Hwang and Sihyun Kim
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070530 - 17 Jul 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2868
Abstract
Local residents living adjacent to ports are directly affected by the fine dust generated from the port operations. There is a need to prepare detailed measures according to cargo type given the high correlation between the types of dust-producing cargo primarily managed at [...] Read more.
Local residents living adjacent to ports are directly affected by the fine dust generated from the port operations. There is a need to prepare detailed measures according to cargo type given the high correlation between the types of dust-producing cargo primarily managed at ports and local industries. This study attempts to establish the attributes of the cargo handled at ports and the relationship between supply chains built for local key industries and the air quality of the local community. It aims to ascertain which cargo needs managing preemptively at the local level, based on the major cargo types handled in a port. A correlation analysis and Granger causality test were performed to investigate the causality between the factor of cargo and fine dust concentrations. The results in this study indicate the necessity for intensive management of scrap metal cargo among the major cargo handled at the target port, which confirms the large effect of management on fine dust reduction, as well as on reduction efficiency. The results suggest requirements to expand the regulations on the emissions of supply chains by cargo type, not by industry type. Additionally, it is required to minimize the blind spots of management and form an eco-friendly supply chain by introducing green technology. The preparation of emission control measures is also necessary. The findings provide useful insights for the sustainable operations of the local supply chain around the target port and will help the strategic agenda for future improvement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maritime Transport and Its Impact on Regional Economic Development)
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12 pages, 4530 KiB  
Article
Analysis and Selection of Deployment Methods for a Wave Glider System
by Xiuyuan Wang, Zongyu Chang, Zhongqiang Zheng, Jiakun Zhang, Zhanxia Feng and Guiqiao Lu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070529 - 17 Jul 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2193
Abstract
A wave glider is a novel unmanned marine vehicle which can convert marine energy into kinetic energy. In practice, it is crucial for the wave glider system to deploy into the ocean environment efficiently and safely. Hence, the present work establishes the wave [...] Read more.
A wave glider is a novel unmanned marine vehicle which can convert marine energy into kinetic energy. In practice, it is crucial for the wave glider system to deploy into the ocean environment efficiently and safely. Hence, the present work establishes the wave glider motion equations to analyze the deployment method. Firstly, the wave glider model is simplified in the vertical plane and the cable model is defined as mass nodes connected with a massless spring. Then, two typical deployment methods (Method 1 and Method 2) are proposed based on the multibody dynamic method, and the numerical simulation model is established to investigate the kinematic performance of two deployment methods. Lastly, the dynamic characteristic analysis is conducted to select the determined deployment method. We explain the practical advantages of Method 1, which would provide the reference for the deployment method selection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wave Energy Harvesting)
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19 pages, 4242 KiB  
Article
Shifts in Diatom Dominance Associated with Seasonal Changes in an Estuarine-Mangrove Phytoplankton Community
by Fareha Hilaluddin, Fatimah Md. Yusoff and Tatsuki Toda
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 528; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070528 - 17 Jul 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3523
Abstract
A study on seasonal phytoplankton abundance and composition in a mangrove estuary, Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR), Malaysia, was carried out to determine the phytoplankton structure in this ecosystem, and to identify potential indicators of environmental changes. Phytoplankton samples were collected bimonthly from [...] Read more.
A study on seasonal phytoplankton abundance and composition in a mangrove estuary, Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR), Malaysia, was carried out to determine the phytoplankton structure in this ecosystem, and to identify potential indicators of environmental changes. Phytoplankton samples were collected bimonthly from June 2010 to April 2011, to cover both dry (June to October) and wet (November to April) seasons, at four selected sampling sites along the river. Diatoms showed the highest number of species (50 species) from a total of 85 phytoplankton species from 76 genera. Diatoms contributed more than 90% of the total phytoplankton abundance during the dry season (southwest monsoon) and less than 70% during the wet season (northeast monsoon) as dinoflagellates became more abundant during the rainy season. Two diatoms were recorded as dominant species throughout the sampling period; Cyclotella sp. and Skeletonema costatum. Cyclotella sp. formed the most abundant species (62% of total phytoplankton) during the dry period characterized by low nutrients and relatively low turbidity. Skeletonema costatum contributed 93% of the total phytoplankton in October, which marked the end of the dry season and the beginning of the wet season, characterized by strong winds and high waves leading to the upwelling of the water column. Massive blooms of Skeletonema costatum occurred during the upwelling when total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were highest (p < 0.05) throughout the year. The abundance of diatom species during the wet season was more evenly distributed, with most diatom species contributing less than 12% of the total phytoplankton. Autotrophic producers such as diatoms were limited by high turbidity during the northeast monsoon when the rainfall was high. During the wet season, Cyclotella and Skeletonema costatum only contributed 9% and 5% of the total phytoplankton, respectively, as dinoflagellates had more competitive advantage in turbid waters. This study illustrates that some diatom species such as Cyclotella sp. and Skeletonema costatum could be used as indicators of the environmental changes in marine waters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Diatoms from Physiology to Ecology and Biotechnology)
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9 pages, 2282 KiB  
Article
Development and Use of New Polymer Adhesives for the Restoration of Marine Equipment Units
by Oleksandr Sapronov, Pavlo Maruschak, Vitalii Sotsenko, Natalia Buketova, Antonio Bertem Da Gloria De Deus, Anna Sapronova and Olegas Prentkovskis
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070527 - 17 Jul 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2170
Abstract
A new adhesive material and a restoration technology for marine equipment units are proposed. The optimal content of hardeners of different nature is found, and the effect of temperature conditions used for crosslinking epoxy resin DER-331, on the adhesive properties of the polymeric [...] Read more.
A new adhesive material and a restoration technology for marine equipment units are proposed. The optimal content of hardeners of different nature is found, and the effect of temperature conditions used for crosslinking epoxy resin DER-331, on the adhesive properties of the polymeric material is determined. The polymerization of the epoxy oligomer DER-331 and polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) hardener at a temperature T = 413 ± 2 K is found to enhance the adhesive properties of the polymeric material by 3.2–3.6 times, as compared to polymer GEN-150. In addition, the separation pattern of metal surfaces was analyzed, which allowed for an in-depth evaluation of the adhesive strength at separation and its variation upon increasing the content of hardeners introduced. Based on complex studies, it is shown that the developed polymeric adhesive should be used in the restoration of marine transport units, in particular, wheel fit in the compressor section of turbocharger. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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27 pages, 9500 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of Different Wave Modelling Techniques in An Open-Source Hydrodynamic Framework
by Weizhi Wang, Arun Kamath, Tobias Martin, Csaba Pákozdi and Hans Bihs
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070526 - 16 Jul 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3798
Abstract
Modern design for marine and coastal activities places increasing focus on numerical simulations. Several numerical wave models have been developed in the past few decades with various techniques and assumptions. Those numerical models have their own advantages and disadvantages. The proper choice of [...] Read more.
Modern design for marine and coastal activities places increasing focus on numerical simulations. Several numerical wave models have been developed in the past few decades with various techniques and assumptions. Those numerical models have their own advantages and disadvantages. The proper choice of the most useful numerical tool depends on the understanding of the validity and limitations of each model. In the past years, REEF3D has been developed into an open-source hydrodynamic numerical toolbox that consists of several modules based on the Navier–Stokes equations, the shallow water equations and the fully nonlinear potential theory. All modules share a common numerical basis which consists of rectilinear grids with an immersed boundary method, high-order finite differences and high-performance computing capabilities. The numerical wave tank of REEF3D utilises a relaxation method to generate waves at the inlet and dissipate them at the numerical beach. In combination with the choice of the numerical grid and discretisation methods, high accuracy and stability can be achieved for the calculation of free surface wave propagation and transformation. The comparison among those models provide an objective overview of the different wave modelling techniques in terms of their numerical performance as well as validity. The performance of the different modules is validated and compared using several benchmark cases. They range from simple propagations of regular waves to three-dimensional wave breaking over a changing bathymetry. The diversity of the test cases help with an educated choice of wave models for different scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)
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24 pages, 14627 KiB  
Article
Multiphase Storm Deposits Eroded from Andesite Sea Cliffs on Isla San Luis Gonzaga (Northern Gulf of California, Mexico)
by Rigoberto Guardado-France, Markes E. Johnson, Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez, Miguel A. Santa Rosa-del Rio and Ángel R. Herrera-Gutiérrez
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070525 - 16 Jul 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2233
Abstract
The 450-m long spit that extends westward from the northwest corner of Isla San Luis Gonzaga is one of the largest and most complex constructions of unconsolidated cobbles and boulders found anywhere in Mexico’s Gulf of California. The material source derives from episodic [...] Read more.
The 450-m long spit that extends westward from the northwest corner of Isla San Luis Gonzaga is one of the largest and most complex constructions of unconsolidated cobbles and boulders found anywhere in Mexico’s Gulf of California. The material source derives from episodic but intense storm erosion along the island’s andesitic cliff face with steep northern exposures. A well-defined marine terrace from the late Pleistocene cuts across the same corner of the island and provides a marker for the subsequent development of the spit that post-dates tectonic-eustatic adjustments. A total of 660 individual andesite clasts from seven transects across the spit were measured for analyses of change in shape and size. These data are pertinent to the application of mathematical formulas elaborated after Nott (2003) and subsequent refinements to estimate individual wave heights necessary for lift from parent sea cliffs and subsequent traction. Although the ratio of boulders to clasts diminishes from the proximal to distal end of the structure, relatively large boulders populate all transects and the average wave height required for the release of joint-bound blocks at the rocky shore amounts to 5 m. Based on the region’s historical record of hurricanes, such storms tend to decrease in intensity as they migrate northward through the Gulf of California’s 1100-km length. However, the size and complexity of the San Luis Gonzaga spit suggests that a multitude of extreme storm events impacted the island in the upper gulf area through the Holocene time, yielding a possible average growth rate between 7 and 8 m/century over the last 10,000 years. In anticipation of future storms, a system to track the movement of sample boulders should be emplaced on the San Luis Gonzaga spit and similar localities with major coastal boulder deposits. Full article
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20 pages, 12135 KiB  
Article
Large Eddy Simulation of Microbubble Drag Reduction in Fully Developed Turbulent Boundary Layers
by Tongsheng Wang, Tiezhi Sun, Cong Wang, Chang Xu and Yingjie Wei
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070524 - 16 Jul 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2919
Abstract
Microbubble drag reduction has good application prospects. It operates by injecting a large number of bubbles with tiny diameters into a turbulent boundary layer. However, its mechanism is not yet fully understood. In this paper, the mechanisms of microbubble drag reduction in a [...] Read more.
Microbubble drag reduction has good application prospects. It operates by injecting a large number of bubbles with tiny diameters into a turbulent boundary layer. However, its mechanism is not yet fully understood. In this paper, the mechanisms of microbubble drag reduction in a fully developed turbulent boundary layer over a flat-plate is investigated using a two-way coupled Euler-Lagrange approach based on large eddy simulation. The results show good agreement with theoretical values in the velocity distribution and the distribution of fluctuation intensities. As the results show, the presence of bubbles reduces the frequency of bursts associated with the sweep events from 637.8 Hz to 611.2 Hz, indicating that the sweep events, namely the impacting of high-speed fluids on the wall surface, are suppressed and the streamwise velocity near the wall is decreased, hence reducing the velocity gradient at the wall and consequently lessening the skin friction. The suppression on burst frequency also, with the fluid fluctuation reduced in degree, decreases the intensity of vortices near the wall, leading to reduced production of turbulent kinetic energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Large Eddy Simulation and Turbulence Modeling)
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24 pages, 7354 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of Numerical Approaches for the Design of Mooring Systems for Wave Energy Converters
by Imanol Touzon, Vincenzo Nava, Borja de Miguel and Victor Petuya
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070523 - 16 Jul 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2423
Abstract
This paper analyses the numerical outcome of applying three different well-known mooring design approaches to a floating wave energy converter, moored by means of four catenary lines. The approaches include: a linearized frequency domain based on a quasistatic model of the mooring lines, [...] Read more.
This paper analyses the numerical outcome of applying three different well-known mooring design approaches to a floating wave energy converter, moored by means of four catenary lines. The approaches include: a linearized frequency domain based on a quasistatic model of the mooring lines, a time domain approach coupled with an analytic catenary model of the mooring system, and a fully coupled non-linear time domain approach, considering lines’ drag and inertia forces. Simulations have been carried out based on a set of realistic combinations of lines pretension and linear mass, subject to extreme environmental conditions. Obtained results provide realistic cost and performance indicators, presenting a comparison in terms of total mooring mass and required footprint, as well as the design line tension and structure offset. It has been found that lines’ viscous forces influence significantly the performance of the structure with high pretensions, i.e., >1.2, while there is acceptable agreement between the modelling approaches with lower pretensions. Line tensions are significantly influenced by drag and inertia forces because of the occurrence of snap loads due to the heaving of the floater. However, the frequency domain approach provides an insight towards the optimal design of the mooring system for preliminary designs. Full article
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19 pages, 6150 KiB  
Article
Bragg Reflections of Oblique Water Waves by Periodic Surface-Piercing and Submerged Breakwaters
by I-Fan Tseng, Chi-Shian You and Chia-Cheng Tsai
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070522 - 16 Jul 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2222
Abstract
The Bragg reflections of oblique water waves by periodic surface-piercing structures over periodic bottoms are investigated using the eigenfunction matching method (EMM). Based on the assumption of small wave amplitude, the linear wave theory is employed in the solution procedure. In the step [...] Read more.
The Bragg reflections of oblique water waves by periodic surface-piercing structures over periodic bottoms are investigated using the eigenfunction matching method (EMM). Based on the assumption of small wave amplitude, the linear wave theory is employed in the solution procedure. In the step approximation, the surface-piercing structures and the bottom profiles are sliced into shelves separated by abrupt steps. For each shelf, the solution is composed of eigenfunctions with unknown coefficients representing the wave amplitudes. Upon applying the conservations of mass and momentum, a system of linear equations is obtained and is then solved by a sparse-matrix solver. The proposed EMM is validated by several examples in the literature. Then, the method is applied to solve Bragg reflections of oblique water waves by various surface-piercing structures over periodic bottoms. From the numerical experiments, Bragg’s law of oblique waves was used to predict the occurrences of Bragg resonance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waves and Ocean Structures)
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17 pages, 10603 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Typhoon-Induced Waves along Typhoon Tracks in the Western North Pacific Ocean, 1998–2017
by Yuyi Hu, Weizeng Shao, Yongliang Wei and Juncheng Zuo
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070521 - 16 Jul 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2686
Abstract
In this study, Version 5.16 of the WAVEWATCH-III (WW3) model is used to simulate parameters of typhoon-generated wave fields in the Western North Pacific Ocean during the period 1998–2017. From a database of more than 300 typhoons, typhoon tracks are partitioned into six [...] Read more.
In this study, Version 5.16 of the WAVEWATCH-III (WW3) model is used to simulate parameters of typhoon-generated wave fields in the Western North Pacific Ocean during the period 1998–2017. From a database of more than 300 typhoons, typhoon tracks are partitioned into six groups by their direction of motion and longitude of recurvature track. For typhoons that recurve east of 140° E, or track toward mainland Asia, regions of high significant wave height (SWH) values are separated by a minimum in SWH near 30° N. Partitioning SWH into wind sea and swell components demonstrates that variations in typhoon tracks produce a much stronger signal in the wind sea component of the wave system. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is used to compute the four leading modes of variation in average SWH simulated by the WW3 model. The first EOF mode contributes to 17.3% of the total variance; all other modes contribute less than 10%. The first EOF mode also oscillates on an approximately 1-year cycle during the period 1998–2017. Overall, typhoon-induced wave energy dominates north of 30° N. Temporal analysis of the leading principal component of SWH indicates that (a) the intensity of the wave pattern produced by westward-tracking typhoons decreased during the last 20 years, and (b) typhoons that recurve east of 140° E and those that track westward toward southeast Asia are largely responsible for the decadal variability of typhoon-induced wave distribution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Storm Tide and Wave Simulations and Assessment)
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11 pages, 3269 KiB  
Article
Numerical Modeling of Fire Resistance Test as a Tool to Design Lightweight Marine Fire Doors: A Preliminary Study
by Giada Kyaw Oo D’Amore, Alberto Marinò and Jan Kašpar
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070520 - 15 Jul 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2583
Abstract
Finite element analysis (FEA) is employed to simulate the thermo-resistance of a marine fire-proof door in the fire-resistance test defined by the International Code for the Application of Fire Test Procedures (2010 FTP Code) and required by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) for [...] Read more.
Finite element analysis (FEA) is employed to simulate the thermo-resistance of a marine fire-proof door in the fire-resistance test defined by the International Code for the Application of Fire Test Procedures (2010 FTP Code) and required by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) for marine applications. The appropriate type of simulation adopted (i.e., steady or unsteady) is discriminated on the basis of a comparison between the numerical results and the experimental data. This appropriate model is used to evaluate the critical parameters affecting fire-proof door performance. A remarkable role of the thermal bridge at the door edges in fire resistance is assessed, along with the parameters that allow its reduction. These findings provide insight into how to design a thinner and lighter fire door. Full article
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19 pages, 6428 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Erosion Resistance of Different Vegetated Surfaces for Ecological Enhancement of Sea Dikes
by Babette Scheres and Holger Schüttrumpf
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070519 - 15 Jul 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2724
Abstract
Dense grass covers are generally recommended for surface protection of sea dikes against mild and moderate hydraulic loads. The standard seeding mixtures were composed to meet the technical requirements and ensure dike safety. These mixtures are, however, limited in their species diversity. In [...] Read more.
Dense grass covers are generally recommended for surface protection of sea dikes against mild and moderate hydraulic loads. The standard seeding mixtures were composed to meet the technical requirements and ensure dike safety. These mixtures are, however, limited in their species diversity. In the present study, four differently vegetated surfaces were tested regarding their erosion resistance against wave impacts and overflow. The test vegetations ranged from a species-poor grass-dominated reference mixture to species-rich herb-dominated mixtures. Two vegetations were reinforced with a three-dimensional geogrid. For the unreinforced vegetations, the erosion rate due to wave impacts decreased exponentially with increasing root density and root length density. The geogrid reinforcements functioned as additional protection when the upper vegetation layer was eroded and led to slightly decreasing erosion rate with depth. In overflow simulations, the relatively densely-vegetated grass-dominated mixture experienced least erosion. Erosion was mainly initiated at bare spots emphasizing the major role of a closed vegetation cover and dike maintenance. The present results give new insights into erosion patterns of unreinforced and reinforced vegetated dike covers and the relation between vegetation parameters and hydraulic resistance to wave impacts and overflow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydraulic Model Testing Techniques)
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10 pages, 1746 KiB  
Article
Seakeeping Performance of a New Coastal Patrol Ship for the Croatian Navy
by Andrija Ljulj and Vedran Slapničar
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070518 - 15 Jul 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3432
Abstract
This paper presents seakeeping test results for a coastal patrol ship (CPS) in the Croatian Navy (CN). The full-scale tests were conducted on a CPS prototype that was accepted by the CN. The seakeeping numerical prediction and model tests were done during preliminary [...] Read more.
This paper presents seakeeping test results for a coastal patrol ship (CPS) in the Croatian Navy (CN). The full-scale tests were conducted on a CPS prototype that was accepted by the CN. The seakeeping numerical prediction and model tests were done during preliminary project design. However, these results are not fully comparable with the prototype tests since the ship was lengthened in the last phases of the project. Key numerical calculations are presented. The CPS project aims to renew a part of the Croatian Coast Guard with five ships. After successful prototype acceptance trials, the Croatian Ministry of Defence (MoD) will continue building the first ship in the series in early 2020. Full-scale prototype seakeeping test results could be valuable in the design of similar CPS projects. The main aim of this paper is to publish parts of the sea trial results related to the seakeeping performance of the CPS. Coast guards around the world have numerous challenges related to peacetime tasks such as preventing human and drug trafficking, fighting terrorism, controlling immigration, and protecting the marine environmental. They must have reliable platforms with good seakeeping characteristics that are important for overall ship operations. The scientific purpose of this paper is to contribute to the design process of similar CPS projects in terms of the development of seakeeping requirements and their level of fulfillment on an actual ship. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability and Seakeeping of Marine Vessels)
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12 pages, 262 KiB  
Article
Causes of and Preventive Measures for Complacency as Viewed by Officers in Charge of the Engineering Watch
by Toni Bielić, Jelena Čulin, Igor Poljak and Josip Orović
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070517 - 14 Jul 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6019
Abstract
Complacency has been recognised as a cause of maritime accidents, and there is a need to develop and execute relevant preventive measures. The effectiveness of preventive actions depends on the contribution of the seafarers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify [...] Read more.
Complacency has been recognised as a cause of maritime accidents, and there is a need to develop and execute relevant preventive measures. The effectiveness of preventive actions depends on the contribution of the seafarers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify causes and elicit proposals for preventing complacency by officers in charge of the engineering watch. A total of 63 Croatian engineering officers participated in four deliberative workshops, facilitated by an expert in the teaching of leadership and management. As causes of complacency, intensive workload, poor knowledge/understanding of the equipment, steep authority gradient, lack of collaboration, poor communication, efficiency-thoroughness trade-off, crewing strategies, and lack of organisational justice were identified. Efficient training on workload management, adequate familiarisation, reporting issues with technology, producing one’s own manuals, more effective leadership courses, more emphasis on non-technical skills as criteria for a promotion, joint workshops on teamwork for land-based managers and seafarers, open and objective performance evaluation, and direct communication between land-based managers and seafarers were proposed as feasible preventive measures. Human-centred design and standardisation of the equipment were evaluated as unlikely to be feasible. Some practical implications from the findings were discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
34 pages, 12927 KiB  
Article
Numerical Modelling of the Nearfield Longitudinal Wake Profiles of a High-Speed Prismatic Planing Hull
by Angus Gray-Stephens, Tahsin Tezdogan and Sandy Day
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070516 - 14 Jul 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2323
Abstract
This study investigates the level of accuracy with which Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is capable of modelling the nearfield longitudinal wake profiles of a high-speed planing hull. It also looks to establish how various set-ups influence the accuracy, with a specific emphasis on [...] Read more.
This study investigates the level of accuracy with which Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is capable of modelling the nearfield longitudinal wake profiles of a high-speed planing hull. It also looks to establish how various set-ups influence the accuracy, with a specific emphasis on turbulence modelling. It analyses a hull over a broad range of conditions to provide detailed insight into the strengths and limitations of CFD, comparing the numerical results to the experimental results previously generated by the authors. A quantitative comparison is made for the centreline (CL) and quarterbeam (QB) longitudinal wake profile plots. Following this, a qualitative comparison is made between photos of the flow pattern from the experimental testing and free surface elevation plots from CFD. The study concluded that CFD is an accurate and robust method of modelling the nearfield longitudinal wake profiles of a high-speed planning hull. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Simulations of Marine Hydrodynamics)
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21 pages, 7328 KiB  
Article
Buckling Analysis of an AUV Pressure Vessel with Sliding Stiffeners
by Artur Siqueira Nóbrega de Freitas, Alexander Alfonso Alvarez, Roberto Ramos, Jr. and Ettore Apolonio de Barros
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070515 - 14 Jul 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4212
Abstract
The structure of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), usually composed of a cylindrical shell, may be exposed to high hydrostatic pressures where buckling collapse occurs before yield stress failure. In conventional submarines, welded stiffeners increase the buckling resistance, however, in small AUVs, they [...] Read more.
The structure of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), usually composed of a cylindrical shell, may be exposed to high hydrostatic pressures where buckling collapse occurs before yield stress failure. In conventional submarines, welded stiffeners increase the buckling resistance, however, in small AUVs, they reduce the inner space and cause residual stresses. This work presents an innovative concept for the structural design of an AUV, proposing the use of sliding stiffeners that are part of the structure used to accommodate the electronics inside it. Since the sliding stiffeners are not welded to the shell, there are no residual stresses due to welding, the AUV fabrication process is simplified, enabling a reduction of the manufacturing cost, and the inner space is available to accommodate the equipment needed for the AUV mission. Moreover, they provide a higher buckling resistance when compared to that of an unstiffened cylindrical shell. A comparative analysis of the critical buckling loads for different shell designs was carried out considering the following: (i) the unstiffened shell, (ii) the shell with ring stiffeners, and (iii) the shell with sliding stiffeners. Results evidenced that major advantages were obtained by using the latter alternative against buckling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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19 pages, 3618 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Study for Performance Analysis of Kinematic Multi-Constellation GNSS PPP in Dynamic Environment
by Serdar Erol
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070514 - 14 Jul 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2828
Abstract
This case study aims to investigate the effect of different Multi-GNSS EXperiment (MGEX) precise products provided by International GNSS Service (IGS) Analysis Centers (ACs) on post-processing kinematic Precise Point Positioning (PPP) accuracy performance with different satellite system combinations in a dynamic environment. Within [...] Read more.
This case study aims to investigate the effect of different Multi-GNSS EXperiment (MGEX) precise products provided by International GNSS Service (IGS) Analysis Centers (ACs) on post-processing kinematic Precise Point Positioning (PPP) accuracy performance with different satellite system combinations in a dynamic environment. Within this frame, a test was carried out in a lake and kinematic data were collected over 6 h at 1 Hz rate from the available Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) constellations with the geodetic-grade receiver fixed on a marine vehicle for bathymetric mapping. PPP-derived coordinates were determined by a commercial GNSS post-processing software with different processing approaches as GPS (Global Positioning System)-only, GPS+GLObal’naya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS), GPS+GLONASS+European Global Navigation Satellite System (Galileo), GPS+GLONASS+Chinese Global Navigation Satellite System (BeiDou), and GPS+GLONASS+Galileo+BeiDou. The PPP coordinates were then compared to the reference coordinates obtained from the post-processed carrier phase-based differential kinematic solutions. In general, the results showed that the kinematic multi-constellation GNSS PPP technique could provide positioning accuracy from cm to decimeter level as depending on the collected data constellations and used precise products in the processing. Among all solutions, the GPS+GLONASS+Galileo+BeiDou combination with German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ)’s precise products presented the best multi-GNSS PPP performance, rather than the other combinations and quad-constellation alternatives using different precise products. In this study, the test procedure and the obtained results are given in detail. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GNSS and Geomatics Application for Navigation and Marine Engineering)
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