Quantification of Polyphenols in Seaweeds: A Case Study of Ulva intestinalis
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Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégt. 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
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Alginor ASA, Haraldsgata 162, N-5525 Haugesund, Norway
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Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Science, Universitetstunet 3, N-1433 Ås, Norway
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antioxidants 2019, 8(12), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120612
Received: 14 October 2019
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Revised: 26 November 2019
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Accepted: 30 November 2019
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Published: 3 December 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Algal Antioxidants)
In this case study, we explored quantitative 1H NMR (qNMR), HPLC-DAD, and the Folin-Ciocalteu assay (TPC) as methods of quantifying the total phenolic content of a green macroalga, Ulva intestinalis, after optimized accelerated solvent extraction. Tentative qualitative data was also acquired after multiple steps of purification. The observed polyphenolic profile was complex with low individual concentrations. The qNMR method yielded 5.5% (DW) polyphenols in the crude extract, whereas HPLC-DAD and TPC assay yielded 1.1% (DW) and 0.4% (DW) respectively, using gallic acid as the reference in all methods. Based on the LC-MS observations of extracts and fractions, an average molar mass of 330 g/mol and an average of 4 aromatic hydrogens in each spin system was chosen for optimized qNMR calculations. Compared to the parallel numbers using gallic acid as the standard (170 g/mol, 2 aromatic H), the optimized parameters resulted in a similar qNMR result (5.3%, DW). The different results for the different methods highlight the difficulties with total polyphenolic quantification. All of the methods contain assumptions and uncertainties, and for complex samples with lower concentrations, this will be of special importance. Thus, further optimization of the extraction, identification, and quantification of polyphenols in marine algae must be researched.
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Keywords:
seaweeds; green algae; marine algae; Ulva intestinalis; Enteromorpha intestinalis; quantification; polyphenols; flavonoids; apigenin; accelerated solvent extraction; ASE; HPLC-LRMS; HPLC-HRMS; HPLC; TPC; Folin–Ciocalteu; TFC; qNMR
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MDPI and ACS Style
Wekre, M.E.; Kåsin, K.; Underhaug, J.; Holmelid, B.; Jordheim, M. Quantification of Polyphenols in Seaweeds: A Case Study of Ulva intestinalis. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 612. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120612
AMA Style
Wekre ME, Kåsin K, Underhaug J, Holmelid B, Jordheim M. Quantification of Polyphenols in Seaweeds: A Case Study of Ulva intestinalis. Antioxidants. 2019; 8(12):612. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120612
Chicago/Turabian StyleWekre, Marie E., Karoline Kåsin, Jarl Underhaug, Bjarte Holmelid, and Monica Jordheim. 2019. "Quantification of Polyphenols in Seaweeds: A Case Study of Ulva intestinalis" Antioxidants 8, no. 12: 612. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120612
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