Biodiversity of Entomopathogenic Fungi in the Soils of South China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil Sample Collection
2.2. Isolation of Fungal Species from the Soil Samples
2.3. Identification of Fungal Species and Analysis of Genetic Homology
2.4. Evaluation of Shannon–Wiener Index
2.5. Bioassay of the Fungal Strains on the B-Biotype Whitefly
3. Results
3.1. Entomopathogenic Fungi Species Diversity in Soils of South China
3.2. The Distribution of Soil EFs in Different Areas of South China
3.3. The Biodiversity of Soil EFs in Different Samples Environments
3.4. The Pathogenicities of Fungal Isolates against B-Biotype Whitefly
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species/Strain | GenBank Accession Number | Geographic Origin | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Beauveria bassiana ARSEF 8187 | HQ444271 | Canada | [24] |
Beauveria bassiana CBS 465.70 | MH859798 | Israel | [25] |
Beauveria bassiana CBS 110.25 | MH854802 | Sri Lanka | [25] |
Cephalotrichum microsporum CBS 127792 | MH864708 | USA | [25] |
Clonostachys rosea CBS 127881 | MH864739 | Spain | [25] |
Cordyceps cateniannulata CBS 152.83 | NR_111169 | Thailand | [26] |
Isaria cateniannulata ARSEF 6242 | GU734760 | Brazil | [27] |
Isaria farinosa ARSEF 4029 | HQ880828 | Denmark | [28] |
Isaria farinosa CBS 262.58 | AY624179 | Thailand | [29] |
Isaria fumosorosea ARSEF 887 | EU553334 | Brazil | [30] |
Isaria fumosorosea CBS 244.31 | AY624182 | Thailand | [29] |
Isaria javanica CBS 134.22 | DQ403723 | USA | [31] |
Isaria javanica CHE-CNRCB 303/2 | KM234213 | Mexico | [32] |
Lecanicillium psalliotae CBS 532.81 | JN049846 | USA | [33] |
Metarhizium anisopliae ARSEF 488 | FJ609303 | Philippines | [34] |
Metarhizium anisopliae CBS 657.67 | MH859066 | New Caledonia | [25] |
Metarhizium flavoviride CBS 218.56 | MH857590 | Czech | [25] |
Metarhizium flavoviride var. flavoviride ARSEF 2024 | AF138268 | Australia | [35] |
Metarhizium marquandii CBS 282.53 | MH857200 | UK | [25] |
Metarhizium marquandii CBS 130230 | MH865781 | USA | [25] |
Metapochonia bulbillosa 38G272 | EU999952 | Costa Rica | [36] |
Metapochonia bulbillosa CBS 145.70 | AJ292397 | UK | [37] |
Metapochonia bulbillosa FKI-4395 | AB709836 | Japan | [38] |
Nectria mauritiicola P288_D1_21 | JF311964 | Canada | [39] |
Paecilomyces carneus CBS 399.59 | AY624170 | Thailand | [29] |
Paecilomyces carneus CG 525 | EU553292 | Brazil | [30] |
Paecilomyces marquandii G28 | GU566261 | Czech | [40] |
Paecilomyces variotii CBS 338.51 | FJ389930 | Netherlands | [41] |
Penicillium citrinum CBS 117.64 | MH858380 | Netherlands | [25] |
Phialophora verrucosa CBS 286.47 | KF928455 | Netherlands | [42] |
Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulata CBS 504.66 | MH858871 | Canada | [25] |
Pochonia chlamydosporia CBS 103.65 | AJ292397 | UK | [37] |
Pochonia chlamydosporia CBS 429.64 | MH858477 | Brazil | [25] |
Purpureocillium lilacinum ATT161 | HQ607867 | USA | [43] |
Purpureocillium lilacinum CBS284.36 | NR_111432 | Spain | [26] |
Purpureocillium lilacinum NRRL 6453 | HQ842836 | Netherlands. | [44] |
Schizophyllum commune CBS 124811 | MH863418 | Netherlands | [25] |
Scopulariopsis brumptii CBS 121662 | LN850803 | USA | [45] |
Simplicillium lanosoniveum CBS 531.72 | MH860557 | USA | [25] |
Talaromyces pinophilus CBS 631.66 | NR_111691 | Netherlands | [26] |
Umbelopsis dimorpha CBS 110039 | KC489478 | New Zealand | [46] |
Region | Sample Numbers | Isolation Rate (%) | Isolate Number | EF Species | Shannon Wiener Index | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Fungi | EFs | Fungi | EFs | Total | EFs | |||
Fujian | 26 | 21 | 21 | 80.77 | 80.77 | 27 | 27 | 6 | 1.43 |
Guangdong | 78 | 68 | 55 | 87.18 | 70.51 | 85 | 68 | 10 | 1.86 |
Guangxi | 75 | 69 | 56 | 92.00 | 74.67 | 160 | 99 | 18 | 2.29 |
Hainan | 19 | 18 | 18 | 94.74 | 94.74 | 20 | 19 | 4 | 0.73 |
Total | 198 | 176 | 150 | 88.89 * | 75.76 * | 292 | 213 | 19 |
Sample Vegetation | Sample Numbers | Isolation Rate (%) | Isolate Number | EF Species | Shannon–Wiener Index | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Fungi | EFs | Fungi | EFs | Total | EFs | |||
Crop | 48 | 43 | 41 | 89.58 | 85.42 | 58 | 51 | 11 | 1.89 |
Eucalyptus | 30 | 23 | 19 | 76.67 | 63.33 | 41 | 26 | 9 | 1.93 |
Fallowland | 32 | 28 | 25 | 87.50 | 78.13 | 37 | 32 | 7 | 1.52 |
Forest | 32 | 28 | 24 | 87.50 | 75.00 | 53 | 38 | 12 | 1.97 |
Grass | 44 | 42 | 31 | 95.45 | 70.45 | 83 | 53 | 14 | 2.14 |
Orchard | 12 | 12 | 10 | 100 | 83.33 | 20 | 13 | 5 | 1.52 |
Total | 198 | 176 | 150 | 88.89 * | 75.76 * | 292 | 213 | 19 |
Isolate | Species | Accumulated Mortality (%) * on Post-Treatment Days | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 Days | 6 Days | 8 Days | 10 Days | ||
BbGD07 | Beauveria bassiana | 27.64 ± 5.32 a | 33.67 ± 4.69 a | 39.9 ± 5.48 a | 55.56 ± 7.89 c |
IfFJ05 | Isaria javanica | 6.94 ± 2.13 d | 17.87 ± 2.23 c | 42.68 ± 1.87 a | 61.03 ± 3.08 a |
LpGD62 | Lecanicillium psalliotae | 8.19 ± 3.15 c | 12.33 ± 1.96 c | 39.40 ± 4.32 a | 66.19 ± 8.25 a |
ClspGX21G03 | Clonostachys sp. | 12.67 ± 3.06 b | 22.17 ± 2.34 b | 35.06 ± 3.16 b | 44.04 ± 4.15 d |
MaFJ07 | Metarhizium anisopliae | 8.15 ± 3.18 c | 13.11 ± 4.98 c | 44.41 ± 8.08 a | 61.02 ± 5.33 a |
NmGX2905 | Nectria mauritiicola | 6.00 ± 2.00 d | 16.75 ± 4.06 c | 27.46 ± 5.48 c | 35.75 ± 7.47 e |
PamGD01 | Paecilomyces marquandii | 8.31 ± 3.22 c | 20.88 ± 6.48 b | 46.53 ± 0.42 a | 65.97 ± 2.99 a |
PhvGX77A02 | Phialophora verrucosa | 9.00 ± 3.83 c | 16.75 ± 3.71 c | 28.5 ± 5.21 c | 38.34 ± 5.45 e |
PlHN01 | Purpureocillium lilacinum | 10.26 ± 3.37 bc | 16.46 ± 2.71 c | 40.29 ± 3.13 a | 58.69 ± 3.51 b |
PocGD43 | Pochonia chlamydosporia | 7.89 ± 2.56 cd | 15.75 ± 1.38 c | 44.78 ± 2.01 a | 64.40 ± 1.87 a |
SbGX7705 | Scopulariopsis brumptii | 8.00 ± 3.65 c | 14.72 ± 3.71 c | 22.8 ± 4.27 c | 29.02 ± 3.54 f |
CmGX11G02 | Cephalotrichum microsporum | 1.32 ± 0.45 e | 3.15 ± 0.46 d | 4.25 ± 0.39 d | 4.75 ± 0.40 g |
PecGX1605 | Penicillium citrinum | 1.18 ± 0.45 e | 2.57 ± 0.41 d | 3.79 ± 0.32 d | 4.11 ± 0.33 g |
TpGX05A01 | Talaromyces pinophilus | 1.26 ± 0.31 e | 2.67 ± 0.37 d | 3.91 ± 0.38 d | 4.08 ± 0.34 g |
UdGX13S05 | Umbelopsis dimorpha | 1.31 ± 0.42 e | 2.78 ± 0.41 d | 3.79 ± 0.32 d | 3.92 ± 0.31 g |
Control | 1.25 ± 0.55 e | 2.50 ± 0.50 d | 3.50 ± 0.41 d | 3.75 ± 0.38 g |
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Niu, X.; Xie, W.; Zhang, J.; Hu, Q. Biodiversity of Entomopathogenic Fungi in the Soils of South China. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090311
Niu X, Xie W, Zhang J, Hu Q. Biodiversity of Entomopathogenic Fungi in the Soils of South China. Microorganisms. 2019; 7(9):311. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090311
Chicago/Turabian StyleNiu, Xiaoyan, Weiwen Xie, Jing Zhang, and Qiongbo Hu. 2019. "Biodiversity of Entomopathogenic Fungi in the Soils of South China" Microorganisms 7, no. 9: 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090311