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Minerals
Volume 14
Issue 10
10.3390/min14101006
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Article

Effects of Size and Mechanical Pre-Treatment on Aluminium Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash

by
Mertol Gökelma
1,*,
Utku Hatipoğlu
1,
Alicia Vallejo-Olivares
2,
Rabia Önen Tüzgel
1,
Olcay Kıvrak
1,
Elif Bazoğlu
1,
Zeynep Su Çizen
1 and
Gabriella Tranell
2
1
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Izmir, Türkiye
2
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Minerals 2024, 14(10), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14101006
Submission received: 3 September 2024 / Revised: 29 September 2024 / Accepted: 3 October 2024 / Published: 5 October 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste Valorization: Recycling and Recovery of Critical and Strategic Metals)
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Abstract

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is incinerated to reduce the volume and recover energy and materials. The generation of MSW has been increasing over the past few decades due to the increase in population and changing consumption habits. Rising environmental and economic concerns have increased the importance of waste treatment and recovery. Currently, MSW may take three alternate or parallel routes: direct recycling, incineration, or landfill, depending on the country and location. MSW incineration has three products in addition to energy: bottom ash, fly ash, and off-gas. After incineration, bottom ash usually still contains many materials to be recovered, such as glass, ceramics, and metals with a degree of oxidation. This study focuses on aluminium recovery from MSW incineration bottom ash from two different countries. The 2–30 mm fraction of aluminium particles was characterized in terms of its size, shape, and oxide thickness, and its effects on aluminium recovery were investigated. In addition, the ability of mechanical pre-treatment to remove oxides prior to melting was studied. The results were compared with the analytical modeling developed in this study. An increasing particle size and surface area resulted in an increase in aluminium recovery. Mechanical pre-treatment increased the yield for smaller particles to a larger extent than larger particles due to the difference in the oxide/metal ratio.
Keywords: incineration; oxidation; solid waste; recycling; compaction incineration; oxidation; solid waste; recycling; compaction

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gökelma, M.; Hatipoğlu, U.; Vallejo-Olivares, A.; Önen Tüzgel, R.; Kıvrak, O.; Bazoğlu, E.; Çizen, Z.S.; Tranell, G. Effects of Size and Mechanical Pre-Treatment on Aluminium Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash. Minerals 2024, 14, 1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14101006

AMA Style

Gökelma M, Hatipoğlu U, Vallejo-Olivares A, Önen Tüzgel R, Kıvrak O, Bazoğlu E, Çizen ZS, Tranell G. Effects of Size and Mechanical Pre-Treatment on Aluminium Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash. Minerals. 2024; 14(10):1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14101006

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gökelma, Mertol, Utku Hatipoğlu, Alicia Vallejo-Olivares, Rabia Önen Tüzgel, Olcay Kıvrak, Elif Bazoğlu, Zeynep Su Çizen, and Gabriella Tranell. 2024. "Effects of Size and Mechanical Pre-Treatment on Aluminium Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash" Minerals 14, no. 10: 1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14101006

APA Style

Gökelma, M., Hatipoğlu, U., Vallejo-Olivares, A., Önen Tüzgel, R., Kıvrak, O., Bazoğlu, E., Çizen, Z. S., & Tranell, G. (2024). Effects of Size and Mechanical Pre-Treatment on Aluminium Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash. Minerals, 14(10), 1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14101006

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